为什么日本是一个“创业真空”国度——来自全球创业观察的证据
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摘要
日本的创新水平处于全球前列,而日本社会创业的比例却很低,被称为"创业真空"国家。作为创业领域非常重要的概念和变量,一个国家新生创业者比例对于其经济发展至关重要。使用全球创业观察2014年的数据,采用个人层面是否为新生创业者和创业意愿作为主要因变量,分析国家层面的变量对于个人成为新生创业者的影响。结果发现,国家层面单一因素,如文化上的不确定性规避意识,对新生创业者并不产生显著影响,宏观经济的稳定性则会影响个人是否成为新生创业者。在加入年龄这一调节变量后,发现三者之间的交互项显著。这说明日本低创业率不仅仅是单方面因素导致的,而更是宏观经济不稳定性、不确定性规避以及老龄化三者之间共同影响的结果。研究结果对于正确理解日本创业现状以及制定促进创业的相关政策具有重要意义。
Innovation in Japan is always leading the world,but the entrepreneurial percentage in Japan is far below the average,which is called the "entrepreneurship vacuum".This article intends to investigate the reason of low entrepreneurship rate in Japan empirically.As an important variable in entrepreneurship research,the nascent entrepreneur rate has a significant meaning for all countries.Using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor(GEM)2010's data,we investigate the determinants of nascent entrepreneur and entrepreneurial intention in the personal level and incorporate the country/regional-level variables into our empirical model.Analyses showed that a simple country-level factor such as macroeconomic stability and uncertainty avoidance level cannot determine the probability of becoming a nascent entrepreneur.After considering age as a moderator,we have found that the three-way interaction effect is especially significant,meaning that the "entrepreneurship vacuum" in Japan is not simply caused by one single factor,but rather a combination of this country's aging population,macroeconomic instability and the high level of uncertainty avoidance in its cultural dimension.These results can help us better understand the Japaneses entrepreneurship and have implications for both the Japanese and Chinese government for policy making.
Innovation in Japan is always leading the world,but the entrepreneurial percentage in Japan is far below the average,which is called the "entrepreneurship vacuum".This article intends to investigate the reason of low entrepreneurship rate in Japan empirically.As an important variable in entrepreneurship research,the nascent entrepreneur rate has a significant meaning for all countries.Using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor(GEM)2010's data,we investigate the determinants of nascent entrepreneur and entrepreneurial intention in the personal level and incorporate the country/regional-level variables into our empirical model.Analyses showed that a simple country-level factor such as macroeconomic stability and uncertainty avoidance level cannot determine the probability of becoming a nascent entrepreneur.After considering age as a moderator,we have found that the three-way interaction effect is especially significant,meaning that the "entrepreneurship vacuum" in Japan is not simply caused by one single factor,but rather a combination of this country's aging population,macroeconomic instability and the high level of uncertainty avoidance in its cultural dimension.These results can help us better understand the Japaneses entrepreneurship and have implications for both the Japanese and Chinese government for policy making.
引文
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[18]DIAZGARCIA M C,JIMENEZMORENO J.Entrepreneurial intention:the role of gender[J].International Entrepreneurship&Management Journal,2010,6(3):261-283.
[19]PACO A D,FERREIRA J M,RAPOSO M,et al.Entrepreneurial intentions:is education enough[J].International Entrepreneurship&Management Journal,2015,11(1):57-75.
[20]张玉利,龙丹,杨俊,等.新生技术创业者及其创业过程解析---基于CPSED微观层次随机抽样调查的证据[J].研究与发展管理,2011,23(5):1-10.
[21]宋正刚.论期望落差与新生创业者放弃创业之关系---基于CPSED项目随机抽样调查分析[J].现代财经-天津财经大学学报,2012(2):65-73.
[22]BERGMANN H,STEPHAN U.Moving on from nascent entrepreneurship:measuring cross-national differences in the transition to new business ownership[J].Small Business Economics,2013,41(4):945-959.
[23]WENNEKERS S,WENNEKERS V,THURIK R,et al.Nascent entrepreneurship and the level of economic development[J].Small Business Economics,2005,24(3):293-309.
[24]GAUR A,DELIOS A,SINGH K.Institutional environments,staffing strategies and subsidiary performance[J].Journal of Management,2007,33(4):611-636.
[25]GAUR A S,LU J W.Ownership strategies and survival of foreign subsidiaries:impacts of institutional distance and experience[J].Journal of Management,2007,33(1):84-110.
[26]HOFSTEDE G.Culture's consequence:international differences in work related values[M].Sage Publications,1980.
[27]杨文杰,韦玮.日本对人口老龄化问题所采取的对策及其对我国的启示[J].日本问题研究,2000(2):27-30.
[28]RAY D M,TURPIN D V.Factors influencing Japanese entrepreneurs in high-technology ventures[J].Journal of Business Venturing,1990,5(2):91-102.
[29]ARENIUS P,MINNITI M.Perceptual variables and nascent entrepreneurship[J].Small Business Economics,2005,24(3):233-247.
[30]SEIKE A.Pensions and labour market reforms for the ageing society[M].Palgrave Macmillan:Human Resource Management in Ageing Societies,2008.
[2]TACHIBANA C.Life science technologies:innovation in Japan results from reforms[J].Science,2012,336(336):249.
[3]侯飞,葛宝山.日本创业环境优劣势分析及启示[J].现代日本经济,2014(4):64-76.
[4]马飞,秦彩萍,王江.美日创业文化对创业投资发展影响的比较及借鉴[J].东北亚论坛,2004,13(1):53-58.
[5]HAWKINS D I.New business entrepreneurship in the Japanese economy[J].Journal of Business Venturing,1993,8(2):137-150.
[6]徐宝林,肖扬清,吴娟娟.日本风险投资运作模式及其对我国的启示[J].现代日本经济,2007(2):61-64.
[7]NAKAGAWA K.Japanese entrepreneurship:can the silicon valley model be applied to Japan[D].California:Asia/Pacific Research Center,Stanford University,1999.
[8]贾生华,邬爱其.中美日三国不同文化背景下的创业特征比较[J].外国经济与管理,2006,28(10):1-10.
[9]JOHNSON P S,PARKER S C,WIJBENGA F.Nascent entrepreneurship research:achievements and opportunities[J].Small Business Economics,2006,27(1):1-4.
[10]DAVIDSSON P,HONIG B.The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2003,18(3):301-331.
[11]KIM P H,ALDRICH H E,KEISTER L A.Access(not)denied:the impact of financial,human,and cultural capital on entrepreneurial entry in the United States[J].Small Business Economics,2006,27(1):5-22.
[12]MINNITI M,NARDONE C.Being in someone else′s shoes:the role of gender in nascent entrepreneurship[J].Small Business Economics,2007,28(2/3):223-238.
[13]CARTNER N M,GARTNER W B,SHAVER K G,et al.The career reasons of nascent entrepreneurs[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2003,18(1):13-39.
[14]RENKO M,KROECK K G,BULLOUGH A.Expectancy theory and nascent entrepreneurship[J].Small Business E-conomics,2012,39(3):667-684.
[15]MUNOZ-BULLON F,SANCHEZ-BUENO M J,VOS-SAZA.Nascent entrepreneurs′personality attributes and the international dimension of new ventures[J].International Entrepreneurship&Management Journal,2015,11(3):473-492.
[16]STEL V,STOREY J,THURIK R.The effect of business regulations on nascent and young business entrepreneurship[J].Small Business Economics,2007,28(2-3):171-186.
[17]FERNANDEZ-SERRANO J,ROMERO I.About the interactive influence of culture and regulatory barriers on entrepreneurial activity[J].International Entrepreneurship&Management Journal,2014,10(4):781-802.
[18]DIAZGARCIA M C,JIMENEZMORENO J.Entrepreneurial intention:the role of gender[J].International Entrepreneurship&Management Journal,2010,6(3):261-283.
[19]PACO A D,FERREIRA J M,RAPOSO M,et al.Entrepreneurial intentions:is education enough[J].International Entrepreneurship&Management Journal,2015,11(1):57-75.
[20]张玉利,龙丹,杨俊,等.新生技术创业者及其创业过程解析---基于CPSED微观层次随机抽样调查的证据[J].研究与发展管理,2011,23(5):1-10.
[21]宋正刚.论期望落差与新生创业者放弃创业之关系---基于CPSED项目随机抽样调查分析[J].现代财经-天津财经大学学报,2012(2):65-73.
[22]BERGMANN H,STEPHAN U.Moving on from nascent entrepreneurship:measuring cross-national differences in the transition to new business ownership[J].Small Business Economics,2013,41(4):945-959.
[23]WENNEKERS S,WENNEKERS V,THURIK R,et al.Nascent entrepreneurship and the level of economic development[J].Small Business Economics,2005,24(3):293-309.
[24]GAUR A,DELIOS A,SINGH K.Institutional environments,staffing strategies and subsidiary performance[J].Journal of Management,2007,33(4):611-636.
[25]GAUR A S,LU J W.Ownership strategies and survival of foreign subsidiaries:impacts of institutional distance and experience[J].Journal of Management,2007,33(1):84-110.
[26]HOFSTEDE G.Culture's consequence:international differences in work related values[M].Sage Publications,1980.
[27]杨文杰,韦玮.日本对人口老龄化问题所采取的对策及其对我国的启示[J].日本问题研究,2000(2):27-30.
[28]RAY D M,TURPIN D V.Factors influencing Japanese entrepreneurs in high-technology ventures[J].Journal of Business Venturing,1990,5(2):91-102.
[29]ARENIUS P,MINNITI M.Perceptual variables and nascent entrepreneurship[J].Small Business Economics,2005,24(3):233-247.
[30]SEIKE A.Pensions and labour market reforms for the ageing society[M].Palgrave Macmillan:Human Resource Management in Ageing Societies,2008.