鄂尔多斯盆地陕北地区长10_1低孔低渗储层孔隙演化及其定量模式
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摘要
孔隙演化是储层评价和油气成藏研究的重点和难点,低渗透储层中成岩作用是控制孔隙演化的主要原因。通过钻井岩心、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜等资料,系统研究了鄂尔多斯盆地陕北地区长10_1储层的基本特征、成岩作用及其与物性的响应关系,建立成岩演化序列;结合埋藏史、地热史以及生烃充注史,定性和定量分析了长10_1储层孔隙演化模式,恢复了油气成藏关键时期的古孔隙度。研究表明:陕北地区长10_1储层以长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩为主,孔隙度平均为10.21%,渗透率平均为2.88×10~(-3)μm~2,属于典型的低孔低渗储层,储集空间以粒间孔和次生溶蚀孔为主。成岩作用类型主要包括压实作用、胶结作用和溶蚀作用,综合判断储层处于中成岩A期。砂岩原始孔隙度平均值为35.71%,经历4个典型的演化阶段:强压实减孔阶段(-19.42%)、早期胶结减孔阶段(-6.46%)、溶蚀作用增孔阶段(+3.38%)和晚期胶结减孔阶段(-2.84%)。压实减孔率为54.38%,胶结减孔率为26.04%,溶蚀增孔率为9.46%,表明早期强压实作用是储层低孔低渗的主要原因,胶结作用则进一步强化低孔低渗特征。
Porosity evolution of reservoir is a key and difficult point of the study on hydrocarbon accumulation and regional reservoir evaluation.Diagenesis of low permeability reservoir dominates pore evolution.Through cores,thin sections,SEM and other methods,reservoir characteristics,diagenesis and relationship with physical property of Chang 10_1 reservoir in the Shanbei area of Ordos Basin were systematically studied,and the diagenetic evolution sequence was established.Combined with burial history,geothermal history and hydrocarbon filling history,pore evolution model were qualitatively and quantitatively studied and porosity of the critical period of hydrocarbon accumulation were restored.The results show that types of reservoir sandstone are arkose and lithic arkose.It is a typical low porosity and low permeability reservoir with an average porosity of 10.21%and an average permeability of 2.88×10~(-3)μm~2.The types of pores are inter-partical and dissolution pores with strong heterogeneity.The main diagenesis includes compaction,cementation and dissolution which belong to stage A of middle diagenesis phase according to comprehensive analysis.Original unconsolidated porosity is 35.71%.The process of pore evolution was summarized as:Strong compaction and pore reduction(-19.42%),early stage of cementation and pore reduction(-6.46%),stage of dissolution and pore increase(+3.38%)and late stage of cementation and pore reduction(-2.84%).Also,the reduction rate of porosity by compaction is 54.38%,the reduction rate of porosity by cementation is 26.04%,and the increment rate of porosity by dissolution is 9.46%,indicating early strong compaction is the main reason of low permeability and cementation further strengthens characteristics of low permeability.
Porosity evolution of reservoir is a key and difficult point of the study on hydrocarbon accumulation and regional reservoir evaluation.Diagenesis of low permeability reservoir dominates pore evolution.Through cores,thin sections,SEM and other methods,reservoir characteristics,diagenesis and relationship with physical property of Chang 10_1 reservoir in the Shanbei area of Ordos Basin were systematically studied,and the diagenetic evolution sequence was established.Combined with burial history,geothermal history and hydrocarbon filling history,pore evolution model were qualitatively and quantitatively studied and porosity of the critical period of hydrocarbon accumulation were restored.The results show that types of reservoir sandstone are arkose and lithic arkose.It is a typical low porosity and low permeability reservoir with an average porosity of 10.21%and an average permeability of 2.88×10~(-3)μm~2.The types of pores are inter-partical and dissolution pores with strong heterogeneity.The main diagenesis includes compaction,cementation and dissolution which belong to stage A of middle diagenesis phase according to comprehensive analysis.Original unconsolidated porosity is 35.71%.The process of pore evolution was summarized as:Strong compaction and pore reduction(-19.42%),early stage of cementation and pore reduction(-6.46%),stage of dissolution and pore increase(+3.38%)and late stage of cementation and pore reduction(-2.84%).Also,the reduction rate of porosity by compaction is 54.38%,the reduction rate of porosity by cementation is 26.04%,and the increment rate of porosity by dissolution is 9.46%,indicating early strong compaction is the main reason of low permeability and cementation further strengthens characteristics of low permeability.
引文
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[20] Yao Jingli,Li Wei,Wang Yaling,et al.Diagenesis and diagenetic facies of the Chang 101reservoir in northern Shaanxi Province[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2014,33(11):1842-1852.姚泾利,李渭,王亚玲,等.陕北地区延长组长101储层成岩作用与成岩相[J].地质通报,2014,33(11):1842-1852.
[21] Fu J H,Deng X Q,Chu M J,et al.Features of deepwater lithofacies,Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin and its petroleum significance[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2013,31(5):928-938.
[22] Zhu Jing.Study on Sedimentary System and Reservoir Characteristics in the Lower Part of Yanchang Formation in Triassic System of Ordos Basin[D].Xi’an:Northwest University,2013:40-89.朱静.鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组下部沉积体系与储层特征研究[D].西安:西北大学,2013:40-89.
[23] Lai J,Wang G,Ran Y,et al.Impact of diagenesis on the reservoir quality of tight oil sandstones:The case of Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation Chang 7oil layers in Ordos Basin,China[J].Journal of Petroleum Science&Engineering,2016,145:54-65.
[24] Sa6ag J,Brigaud B,ricPortier,et al.Sedimentological control on the diagenesis and reservoir quality of tidal sandstones of the Upper Cape Hay Formation(Permian,Bonaparte Basin,Australia)[J].Marine&Petroleum Geology,2016,77:597-624.
[25] Oluwadebi A G,Taylor K G,Dowey P J.Diagenetic controls on the reservoir quality of the tight gas Collyhurst sandstone formation,Lower Permian,east Irish Sea basin,United Kingdom[J].Sedimentary Geology,2018,371:55-74.
[26] Bai Qinghua,Liu Yiqun,Fan Tingting.Genesis and distribution of Laumontite in Yanchang Formation of Upper Triassic in Ordos Basin[J].Northwestern Geology,2009,42(2):100-107.白清华,柳益群,樊婷婷.鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组浊沸石分布及其成因分析[J].西北地质,2009,42(2):100-107.
[27] Yang Xiaoping,Qiu Yinan.Formation process and distribution of laumontite in Yanchang Formation(Upper Triassic)of Ordos Basin[J].Acta Sedimentological Sinica,2002,20(4):628-632.杨晓萍,裘怿楠.鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组浊沸石的形成机理、分布规律与油气关系[J].沉积学报,2002,20(4):628-632.
[28] Huang Sijing,Xie Lianwen,Zhang Meng,et al.Formation mechanism of authigenic chlorite and relation to preservation of porosity in nonmarine Triassic reservoir sandstones,Ordos Basin and Sichuan Basin,China[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology:Science&Technology Edition,2004,31(3):273-281.黄思静,谢连文,张萌,等.中国三叠系陆相砂岩中自生绿泥石的形成机制及其与储层孔隙保存的关系[J].成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2004,31(3):273-281.
[29] Ajdukiewicz J M,Larese R E.How clay grain coats inhibit quartz cement and preserve porosity in deeply buried sandstones:Observations and experiments[J].AAPG Bulletin,2012,96(11):2091-2119.
[30] Beard D C,Weyl P K.Influence of texture on porosity and permeability of unconsolidated sand[J].AAPG Bulletin,1973,57(2):349-369.
[31] Li Xiangbo,Liu Xianyang,Zhou Shixin,et al.Hydrocarbon origin and reservoir forming model of the Lower Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2012,39(2):172-180.李相博,刘显阳,周世新,等.鄂尔多斯盆地延长组下组合油气来源及成藏模式[J].石油勘探与开发,2012,39(2):172-180.
[2] Bloch S,Lander R H,Bonell L.Anomalously high porosity and permeability in deeply buried sandstones reservoirs:origin and predictability[J].AAPG Bulletin,2002,86(2):301-328.
[3] Ge Jiawang,Zhu Xiaomin,Pan Rong,et al.A quantitative porosity evolution model of sandstone for Wenchang Formation in Huizhou Depression,Pearl River Mouth Basin:A case study for braided fluvial delta reservoir of HZ-A area[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2015,33(1):183-193.葛家旺,朱筱敏,潘荣,等.珠江口盆地惠州凹陷文昌组砂岩孔隙定量演化模式——以HZ-A地区辫状河三角洲储层为例[J].沉积学报,2015,33(1):183-193.
[4] Cao Zhe,Liu Guangdi,Liu Zhuang Xiaoxue,et al.Research status on tight oil and its prospects[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2014,25(10):1499-1508.曹喆,柳广弟,柳庄小雪,等.致密油地质研究现状及展望[J].天然气地球科学,2014,25(10):1499-1508.
[5] Reed J S,Reilcsson K A,Kowalewski M.Climate,deposition,and burial controls on diagenesis of Appalachina Carboniferous sandstones:Qualitative and quantitative method[J].Sedimentary Geology,2005,17(6):225-246.
[6] Zhu Haihua,Zhong Dakang,Yao Jingli,et al.Alkaline diagenesis and its effects on reservoir porosity:A case study of Upper Triassic Chang 7tight sandstones in Ordos Basin,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2015,42(1):51-59.祝海华,钟大康,姚泾利,等.碱性环境成岩作用及对储集层孔隙的影响——以鄂尔多斯盆地长7段致密砂岩为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2015,42(1):51-59.
[7] Athy L F.Density,porosity,and compaction of sedimentary rocks[J].AAPG Bulletin,1930,14(1):1-24.
[8] Maxwell J C.Influence of depth,temperature,and geologic age on porosity of quartzose sandstone:discussion[J].AAPG Bulletin,1964,48(5):697-709.
[9] Schmoker J.Sandstone porosity as function of thermal maturity[J].Geology,1988,16(12):1007-1010.
[10] Taylor T R,Giles M R,Hathon L A,et al.Sandstone diagenesis and reservoir quality prediction:models,myths,and reality[J].AAPG Bulletin,2010,94(8):1093-1132.
[11] Liu Mangui,Meng Yuanlin,Wei Wei.Porosity evolving history of low permeability reservoirs in the third and the fourth members of the Quantou Formation in the northern SongliaoBasin[J].Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry,2012,31(3):266-274.刘贵满,孟元林,魏巍.松辽盆地北部泉三、四段低渗透储层孔隙度演化史[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2012,31(3):266-274.
[12] Henares S,Caracciolo L,Cultrone G,et al.The role of diagenesis and depositional facies on pore system evolution in a Triassic outcrop analogue(SE Spain)[J].Marine&Petroleum Geology,2014,51(2):136-151.
[13] Zou C N,Zhang X Y,Luo P,et al.Shallow-lacustrine sandrich deltaic depositional cycles and sequence stratigraphy of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,China[J].Basin Research,2010,22(1):108-125.
[14] Fu Jinhua,Li Shixiang,Liu Xianyang.Geological theory and practice of petroleum exploration in the Ordos Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2013,24(6):1091-1101.付金华,李士祥,刘显阳.鄂尔多斯盆地石油勘探地质理论与实践[J].天然气地球科学,2013,24(6):1091-1101.
[15] Yang Hua,Zhang Wenzheng,Lin Hongbin,et al.Origin of Chang 10oil reservoir in Northern Shaanxi region of Ordos Basin[J].Geochimica,2010,39(3):274-279.杨华,张文正,蔺宏斌,等.鄂尔多斯盆地陕北地区长10油源及成藏条件分析[J].地球化学,2010,39(3):274-279.
[16] Li Shixiang,Liu Xianyang,Han Tianyou,et al.Characteristics of hydrocarbon pooling in Chang-10interval of the Yanchang Formation in the northern Shaanxi Province[J].Oil and Gas Geology,2011,32(5):698-709.李士祥,刘显阳,韩天佑,等.陕北地区延长组长10油层组成藏特征[J].石油与天然气地质,2011,32(5):698-709.
[17] Li Wenhou,Pang Jungang,Cao Hongxia,et al.Depositional system and paleogeographic evolution of the Late Triassic Yanchang stage in Ordos Basin[J].Journal of Northwest University:Natural Science Edition,2009,39(3):501-506.李文厚,庞军刚,曹红霞,等.鄂尔多斯盆地晚三叠世延长期沉积体系及岩相古地理演化[J].西北大学学报:自然科学版,2009,39(3):501-506.
[18] Ding Xiong,Tian Jingchun,Yao Jingli,et al.Sedimentary characteristics of sandstone in Chang 101stage of Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin[J].Lithologic Reservoirs,2015,27(5):25-31,39.丁熊,田景春,姚泾利,等.鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长101期沉积特征[J].岩性油气藏,2015,27(4):25-31,39.
[19] Li Yuanhao,Guo Xiaojun,Liang Yan,et al.Sedimentary characteristics and provenance of the Chang 10interval of Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2018,20(5):787-802.李元昊,郭小军,梁艳,等.鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组长10油层组沉积特征及物源[J].古地理学报,2018,20(5):787-802.
[20] Yao Jingli,Li Wei,Wang Yaling,et al.Diagenesis and diagenetic facies of the Chang 101reservoir in northern Shaanxi Province[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2014,33(11):1842-1852.姚泾利,李渭,王亚玲,等.陕北地区延长组长101储层成岩作用与成岩相[J].地质通报,2014,33(11):1842-1852.
[21] Fu J H,Deng X Q,Chu M J,et al.Features of deepwater lithofacies,Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin and its petroleum significance[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2013,31(5):928-938.
[22] Zhu Jing.Study on Sedimentary System and Reservoir Characteristics in the Lower Part of Yanchang Formation in Triassic System of Ordos Basin[D].Xi’an:Northwest University,2013:40-89.朱静.鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组下部沉积体系与储层特征研究[D].西安:西北大学,2013:40-89.
[23] Lai J,Wang G,Ran Y,et al.Impact of diagenesis on the reservoir quality of tight oil sandstones:The case of Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation Chang 7oil layers in Ordos Basin,China[J].Journal of Petroleum Science&Engineering,2016,145:54-65.
[24] Sa6ag J,Brigaud B,ricPortier,et al.Sedimentological control on the diagenesis and reservoir quality of tidal sandstones of the Upper Cape Hay Formation(Permian,Bonaparte Basin,Australia)[J].Marine&Petroleum Geology,2016,77:597-624.
[25] Oluwadebi A G,Taylor K G,Dowey P J.Diagenetic controls on the reservoir quality of the tight gas Collyhurst sandstone formation,Lower Permian,east Irish Sea basin,United Kingdom[J].Sedimentary Geology,2018,371:55-74.
[26] Bai Qinghua,Liu Yiqun,Fan Tingting.Genesis and distribution of Laumontite in Yanchang Formation of Upper Triassic in Ordos Basin[J].Northwestern Geology,2009,42(2):100-107.白清华,柳益群,樊婷婷.鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组浊沸石分布及其成因分析[J].西北地质,2009,42(2):100-107.
[27] Yang Xiaoping,Qiu Yinan.Formation process and distribution of laumontite in Yanchang Formation(Upper Triassic)of Ordos Basin[J].Acta Sedimentological Sinica,2002,20(4):628-632.杨晓萍,裘怿楠.鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组浊沸石的形成机理、分布规律与油气关系[J].沉积学报,2002,20(4):628-632.
[28] Huang Sijing,Xie Lianwen,Zhang Meng,et al.Formation mechanism of authigenic chlorite and relation to preservation of porosity in nonmarine Triassic reservoir sandstones,Ordos Basin and Sichuan Basin,China[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology:Science&Technology Edition,2004,31(3):273-281.黄思静,谢连文,张萌,等.中国三叠系陆相砂岩中自生绿泥石的形成机制及其与储层孔隙保存的关系[J].成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2004,31(3):273-281.
[29] Ajdukiewicz J M,Larese R E.How clay grain coats inhibit quartz cement and preserve porosity in deeply buried sandstones:Observations and experiments[J].AAPG Bulletin,2012,96(11):2091-2119.
[30] Beard D C,Weyl P K.Influence of texture on porosity and permeability of unconsolidated sand[J].AAPG Bulletin,1973,57(2):349-369.
[31] Li Xiangbo,Liu Xianyang,Zhou Shixin,et al.Hydrocarbon origin and reservoir forming model of the Lower Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2012,39(2):172-180.李相博,刘显阳,周世新,等.鄂尔多斯盆地延长组下组合油气来源及成藏模式[J].石油勘探与开发,2012,39(2):172-180.