有机物料部分替代化肥氮对麦田土壤微生物及小麦产量的影响
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摘要
为了探究有机物料部分替代化肥氮对土壤微生物生态及土壤质量状况的影响,采用大田试验,共设置6个处理:T_1(不施化肥氮)、T_2(单施化肥氮)、T_3(牛粪替代50%化肥氮)、T_4(秸秆替代50%化肥氮)、T_5(牛粪替代50%化肥氮+腐熟剂)、T_6(秸秆替代50%化肥氮+腐熟剂),研究小麦不同生育时期土壤微生物量、活性及其区系组成。结果表明:在小麦成熟期,与T_2处理相比,T_5处理土壤微生物量增加最大,其中土壤微生物碳、氮分别显著提高13.20%、12.98%;T_3处理使土壤呼吸强度提高37.14%,且差异显著;T_5处理对土壤细菌、放线菌数量的增加效果最为显著,分别提高了96.23%、47.67%;T_4处理使土壤真菌数量的增加效果最为显著,提高了27.89%;T_3处理使小麦产量显著提高8.06%。相关分析表明,小麦穗数、穗粒数、千粒重以及产量与土壤微生物量、活性以及优化微生物区系组成,多数呈现显著正相关。无论从对土壤微生物量、活性以及优化微生物区系组成的影响方面还是对小麦产量提高方面,均以有机物料部分替代化肥氮处理为最佳。
In order to explore the effect of organic materials' replacement of chemical nitrogen on soil microbial ecology and soil quality, field experiments were conducted to determine the soil microbial biomass, activity and faunal composition in different growth stages of wheat. Six treatments were set up: T_1(no fertilizer nitrogen application as control), T_2(single application of fertilizer nitrogen), T_3(cow dung alternative 50% fertilizer nitrogen), T_4(straw instead of 50% fertilizer nitrogen), T_5(cow dung alternative 50% fertilizer nitrogen + curing agent), T_6(straw instead of 50% fertilizer nitrogen + curing agent). Compared with T_2 treatment, the results show that, during the ripening period of wheat, T_3 treatment could significantly increase the soil respiration and the yield of wheat by 37.14% and 8.06%, respectively; T_4 treatment obviously improved the number of soil fungi with 27.89%;the soil microbial biomass was increased maximally by T_5 treatment, and the soil microbial biomass C and N, soil bacteria and actinomycetes were significantly increased by 13.20%, 12.98%, 96.23% and 47.67%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that panicle number, number of spikes, thousand seed weight and yield of wheat were positively correlated with soil microbial biomass, activity, optimization of soil microbial flora composition. Therefore, organic material part of the alternative fertilizer nitrogen was better than single application of nitrogen. This job has given the practical base for the reduction of nitrogen fertilizer, the improvement of soil quality and the sustainable development of soil.
In order to explore the effect of organic materials' replacement of chemical nitrogen on soil microbial ecology and soil quality, field experiments were conducted to determine the soil microbial biomass, activity and faunal composition in different growth stages of wheat. Six treatments were set up: T_1(no fertilizer nitrogen application as control), T_2(single application of fertilizer nitrogen), T_3(cow dung alternative 50% fertilizer nitrogen), T_4(straw instead of 50% fertilizer nitrogen), T_5(cow dung alternative 50% fertilizer nitrogen + curing agent), T_6(straw instead of 50% fertilizer nitrogen + curing agent). Compared with T_2 treatment, the results show that, during the ripening period of wheat, T_3 treatment could significantly increase the soil respiration and the yield of wheat by 37.14% and 8.06%, respectively; T_4 treatment obviously improved the number of soil fungi with 27.89%;the soil microbial biomass was increased maximally by T_5 treatment, and the soil microbial biomass C and N, soil bacteria and actinomycetes were significantly increased by 13.20%, 12.98%, 96.23% and 47.67%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that panicle number, number of spikes, thousand seed weight and yield of wheat were positively correlated with soil microbial biomass, activity, optimization of soil microbial flora composition. Therefore, organic material part of the alternative fertilizer nitrogen was better than single application of nitrogen. This job has given the practical base for the reduction of nitrogen fertilizer, the improvement of soil quality and the sustainable development of soil.
引文
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[4] 栾江,仇焕广,井月,等. 我国化肥施用量持续增长的原因分解及趋势预测[J]. 自然资源学报,2013,28(11):1869-1878.
[5] 李丰丰, 朱红英, 段建设, 等. 肥料无机有机配施对稻茬小麦产量与肥料利用率的影响[J]. 麦类作物学报,2018,38(5): 593-599.
[6] 张立超,何昌福,张文明,等.不同施肥处理对马铃薯土壤有机质含量及微生物区系的影响[J]. 甘肃农业大学学报,2017,2(52):27-33.
[7] 蔡泽江,孙楠,王伯仁,等. 长期施肥对红壤pH、作物产量及氮、磷、钾养分吸收的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(1):71-78.
[8] 何杰, 李冰, 王昌全, 等. 不同控释氮肥比率对土壤无机氮、微生物及小麦生长的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2017, 37(3): 349-356.
[9] 胡可, 李华兴, 卢维盛, 等. 生物有机肥对土壤微生物活性的影响[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2010, 18(2): 303-306.
[10] 张国荣, 李菊梅, 徐明岗, 等. 长期不同施肥对水稻产量及土壤肥力的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2009, 42(2): 543-551.
[11] 门倩, 海江波, 岳忠娜, 等. 化肥减量对玉米田土壤酶活性及微生物量的影响[J]. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2012, 40(6): 133-140.
[12] FIERER N, LEFF J W, ADAMS B J, et al. Cross-biome met-agenomic analyses of soil microbial communities and their functional attributes[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2012, 109(52): 21390-21395.
[13] 郭旭欣. 化肥减量对玉米田土壤酶活性及微生物量碳、氮的影响[J]. 南方农业, 2015, 9(15): 49-51.
[14] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].第3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000:25-110.
[15] 许光辉,郑洪元.土壤微生物分析方法手册[M].北京:农业出版社, 1986: 102-109.
[16] 蔡艳, 郝明德, 臧逸飞, 等. 不同轮作制下长期施肥旱地土壤微生物多样性特征[J]. 核农学报, 2015, 29(2): 344-350.
[17] 薛卫杰, 杨艳霞, 王国文, 等. 秸秆还田条件下不同有机肥对土壤养分和冬小麦养分积累的影响[J]. 麦类作物学报, 2017, 37(3): 390-395.
[18] ZHU Y G,DUAN G L,CHEN B D,et al. Mineral weathering and element cycling in soil-microorganism-plant system[J]. Science China Earth Sciences,2014,57(5): 888-896.
[19] 王春阳, 周建斌, 董燕婕, 等. 黄土区六种植物凋落物与不同形态氮素对土壤微生物量碳氮含量的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2010, 30(24): 7092-7100.
[20] 刘恩科, 梅旭荣, 赵秉强, 等. 长期不同施肥制度对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的影响[J]. 中国农业大学学报, 2009, 14(3): 63-68.
[21] 陈旸, 李忠佩, 周立祥, 等. 不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土微生物生物量及呼吸强度的影响[J]. 土壤, 2008, 40(3): 437-442.
[22] 艾孜古丽·木拉提. 施肥及秸秆还田对农田土壤有机碳及其组分和酶活性的影响[D]. 杨凌:西北农林科技大学, 2012.
[23] 张博, 董瑜, 张薇. 土壤微生物区系研究国际发展态势分析[J]. 科学观察, 2012, 7(4): 28-39.
[24] 刘四义, 贾淑霞, 张晓平, 等. 玉米和大豆秸秆还田对黑土微生物量及呼吸的影响[J]. 土壤与作物, 2014, 3(3): 105-111.
[25] 陈述悦, 李俊, 陆佩玲, 等. 华北平原麦田土壤呼吸特征[J]. 应用生态学报, 2004, 15(9): 1552-1560.
[26] 刘合明, 刘树庆. 不同施氮水平对华北平原冬小麦土壤CO2通量的影响[J]. 生态环境, 2008, 17(3): 1125-1129.
[27] 马冬云, 郭天财, 宋晓, 等. 尿素施用量对小麦根际土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2007, 17(12): 5222-5228.
[28] 杨文平, 单长卷, 王春虎. 秸秆还田量对冬小麦根际土壤微生物及产量的影响[J]. 广东农业科学, 2012,39(5): 59-61.
[29] 王庆, 海江波, 岳忠娜, 等. 化肥减量对麦田土壤微生物量及微生物区系的影响[J]. 麦类作物学报, 2012, 32(3): 484-487.
[30] 徐凤娇,田奇卓,裴艳婷,等.土壤肥力和施氮方式对冬小麦不同生育期两类氮源吸收利用的影响[J].麦类作物学报2011, 31(2): 257-264.
[31] 张文静, 江东国, 黄正来,等. 氮肥施用对稻茬小麦冠层结构及产量、品质的影响[J]. 麦类作物学报,2018,38(2):164-174.
[32] GOYAL S, CHANDER K, MUNDRA M C, et al. Influence of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments on soil organic matter and soil microbial properties under tropical conditions[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 1999, 29(2): 196-200.
[2] 张嘉云,李志鑫,乔志远,等. 我国农田化肥施用现状[J].北方农业学报,2016,44(3):118-119;123.
[3] 闫湘, 金继运, 何萍, 等.提高肥料利用率技术研究进展[J].中国农业科学. 2008, 41(2):450-459.
[4] 栾江,仇焕广,井月,等. 我国化肥施用量持续增长的原因分解及趋势预测[J]. 自然资源学报,2013,28(11):1869-1878.
[5] 李丰丰, 朱红英, 段建设, 等. 肥料无机有机配施对稻茬小麦产量与肥料利用率的影响[J]. 麦类作物学报,2018,38(5): 593-599.
[6] 张立超,何昌福,张文明,等.不同施肥处理对马铃薯土壤有机质含量及微生物区系的影响[J]. 甘肃农业大学学报,2017,2(52):27-33.
[7] 蔡泽江,孙楠,王伯仁,等. 长期施肥对红壤pH、作物产量及氮、磷、钾养分吸收的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(1):71-78.
[8] 何杰, 李冰, 王昌全, 等. 不同控释氮肥比率对土壤无机氮、微生物及小麦生长的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2017, 37(3): 349-356.
[9] 胡可, 李华兴, 卢维盛, 等. 生物有机肥对土壤微生物活性的影响[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2010, 18(2): 303-306.
[10] 张国荣, 李菊梅, 徐明岗, 等. 长期不同施肥对水稻产量及土壤肥力的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2009, 42(2): 543-551.
[11] 门倩, 海江波, 岳忠娜, 等. 化肥减量对玉米田土壤酶活性及微生物量的影响[J]. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2012, 40(6): 133-140.
[12] FIERER N, LEFF J W, ADAMS B J, et al. Cross-biome met-agenomic analyses of soil microbial communities and their functional attributes[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2012, 109(52): 21390-21395.
[13] 郭旭欣. 化肥减量对玉米田土壤酶活性及微生物量碳、氮的影响[J]. 南方农业, 2015, 9(15): 49-51.
[14] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].第3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000:25-110.
[15] 许光辉,郑洪元.土壤微生物分析方法手册[M].北京:农业出版社, 1986: 102-109.
[16] 蔡艳, 郝明德, 臧逸飞, 等. 不同轮作制下长期施肥旱地土壤微生物多样性特征[J]. 核农学报, 2015, 29(2): 344-350.
[17] 薛卫杰, 杨艳霞, 王国文, 等. 秸秆还田条件下不同有机肥对土壤养分和冬小麦养分积累的影响[J]. 麦类作物学报, 2017, 37(3): 390-395.
[18] ZHU Y G,DUAN G L,CHEN B D,et al. Mineral weathering and element cycling in soil-microorganism-plant system[J]. Science China Earth Sciences,2014,57(5): 888-896.
[19] 王春阳, 周建斌, 董燕婕, 等. 黄土区六种植物凋落物与不同形态氮素对土壤微生物量碳氮含量的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2010, 30(24): 7092-7100.
[20] 刘恩科, 梅旭荣, 赵秉强, 等. 长期不同施肥制度对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的影响[J]. 中国农业大学学报, 2009, 14(3): 63-68.
[21] 陈旸, 李忠佩, 周立祥, 等. 不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土微生物生物量及呼吸强度的影响[J]. 土壤, 2008, 40(3): 437-442.
[22] 艾孜古丽·木拉提. 施肥及秸秆还田对农田土壤有机碳及其组分和酶活性的影响[D]. 杨凌:西北农林科技大学, 2012.
[23] 张博, 董瑜, 张薇. 土壤微生物区系研究国际发展态势分析[J]. 科学观察, 2012, 7(4): 28-39.
[24] 刘四义, 贾淑霞, 张晓平, 等. 玉米和大豆秸秆还田对黑土微生物量及呼吸的影响[J]. 土壤与作物, 2014, 3(3): 105-111.
[25] 陈述悦, 李俊, 陆佩玲, 等. 华北平原麦田土壤呼吸特征[J]. 应用生态学报, 2004, 15(9): 1552-1560.
[26] 刘合明, 刘树庆. 不同施氮水平对华北平原冬小麦土壤CO2通量的影响[J]. 生态环境, 2008, 17(3): 1125-1129.
[27] 马冬云, 郭天财, 宋晓, 等. 尿素施用量对小麦根际土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2007, 17(12): 5222-5228.
[28] 杨文平, 单长卷, 王春虎. 秸秆还田量对冬小麦根际土壤微生物及产量的影响[J]. 广东农业科学, 2012,39(5): 59-61.
[29] 王庆, 海江波, 岳忠娜, 等. 化肥减量对麦田土壤微生物量及微生物区系的影响[J]. 麦类作物学报, 2012, 32(3): 484-487.
[30] 徐凤娇,田奇卓,裴艳婷,等.土壤肥力和施氮方式对冬小麦不同生育期两类氮源吸收利用的影响[J].麦类作物学报2011, 31(2): 257-264.
[31] 张文静, 江东国, 黄正来,等. 氮肥施用对稻茬小麦冠层结构及产量、品质的影响[J]. 麦类作物学报,2018,38(2):164-174.
[32] GOYAL S, CHANDER K, MUNDRA M C, et al. Influence of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments on soil organic matter and soil microbial properties under tropical conditions[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 1999, 29(2): 196-200.