拟微绿球藻粉对大菱鲆幼鱼生理和脂肪酸组成的影响
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摘要
为探讨饲料中添加拟微绿球藻粉替代鱼油对大菱鲆幼鱼血清生化指标、体组成和脂肪酸组成的影响,用拟微绿球藻粉替代基础饲料中0(对照组)、8%、16%、24%和32%的鱼油,配制5种等氮等能的饲料。选取初始体质量(82.64±0.32)g的大菱鲆幼鱼375尾,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复25尾,养殖37d。试验结果显示,试验组的全鱼粗蛋白呈逐渐上升的趋势并且显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验组的全鱼粗脂肪呈逐渐下降的趋势并且显著低于对照组(P<0.05),试验组的肌肉粗蛋白和粗脂肪与全鱼具有相同的趋势;肌肉和肝脏的花生四烯酸含量随着饲料中拟微绿球藻粉含量的增加而上升,而n-3/n-6高不饱和脂肪酸呈下降的趋势;血清总超氧化物歧化酶和总抗氧化能力呈先升后降的趋势,在替代16%试验组达到最大值并且显著高于对照组(P<0.05),血清溶菌酶也呈先升后降的趋势,替代16%试验组和替代24%试验组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),血清丙二醛呈先降后升的趋势,在替代16%试验组达到最低值并且显著低于对照组(P<0.05),血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈下降趋势,试验组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,在16%～24%替代水平上,可提高试验组的非特异性免疫力和抗氧化能力,降低其血脂水平,而大菱鲆幼鱼高不饱和脂肪酸的含量不变,保持了其营养价值。
A feeding trial was conducted to study the effects of dietary fish oil replacement by green alga Nannochloropsis meal on serum biochemical indices,body proximate composition and body fatty acid composition in turbot Scophthalmus maximus.A total of 375 individuals of juvenile turbot with initial body weight of(82.64±0.32)g were randomly divided into 5groups,each with 3replicates,25 fish each replicate,reared in green cylindrical barrels(diameter 80 cm,high 70 cm,water depth of 50cm)and fed five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets formulated with 0(control group),8%(N8),16%(N16),24%(N24)and 32%(N32)fish oil replaced by the green alga meal for 37 days.The results showed that there were significantly higher crude protein content and lower crude lipid content in the whole fish in the test groups than those in the control group(P<0.05),with the same muscular rude protein and crude lipid contents in the fish in the test and control groups.The percentage of arachidonic acid in muscle and liver was found to be increased with the increasing dietary alga meal,with an opposite tendency of the n-3/n-6HUFA content.The serum total superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity were increased with the increase in dietary alga meal up to N16 diet,significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05),and thereafter declined.The serum lysozyme activity was increased firstly and then decreased,significantly higher in N16 and N24groups than that in the control group(P<0.05).The serum malondialdehyde content was shown to be first declining then rising,with the minimal value in N16 group,significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.05).The serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol level was decreased,significantly lower in the test groups than that in the control group(P<0.05).In conclusion,the non-specific immune response and antioxidant capacity were improved and high unsaturated fatty acids levels(high nutrition value)were maintained in the fish fed the diet containing fish oil replacement by green alga at the replacement levels of 16%—24%.
A feeding trial was conducted to study the effects of dietary fish oil replacement by green alga Nannochloropsis meal on serum biochemical indices,body proximate composition and body fatty acid composition in turbot Scophthalmus maximus.A total of 375 individuals of juvenile turbot with initial body weight of(82.64±0.32)g were randomly divided into 5groups,each with 3replicates,25 fish each replicate,reared in green cylindrical barrels(diameter 80 cm,high 70 cm,water depth of 50cm)and fed five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets formulated with 0(control group),8%(N8),16%(N16),24%(N24)and 32%(N32)fish oil replaced by the green alga meal for 37 days.The results showed that there were significantly higher crude protein content and lower crude lipid content in the whole fish in the test groups than those in the control group(P<0.05),with the same muscular rude protein and crude lipid contents in the fish in the test and control groups.The percentage of arachidonic acid in muscle and liver was found to be increased with the increasing dietary alga meal,with an opposite tendency of the n-3/n-6HUFA content.The serum total superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity were increased with the increase in dietary alga meal up to N16 diet,significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05),and thereafter declined.The serum lysozyme activity was increased firstly and then decreased,significantly higher in N16 and N24groups than that in the control group(P<0.05).The serum malondialdehyde content was shown to be first declining then rising,with the minimal value in N16 group,significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.05).The serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol level was decreased,significantly lower in the test groups than that in the control group(P<0.05).In conclusion,the non-specific immune response and antioxidant capacity were improved and high unsaturated fatty acids levels(high nutrition value)were maintained in the fish fed the diet containing fish oil replacement by green alga at the replacement levels of 16%—24%.
引文
[1] Tacon A G J,Metian M.Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds:trends and future prospects[J].Aquaculture,2008,285(1):146-158.
[2] Bowyer J N,Qin J G,Smullen R P,et al.Replacement of fish oil by poultry oil and canola oil in yellowtail kingfish(Seriola lalandi)at optimal and suboptimal temperatures[J].Aquaculture,2012,356/357(4):211-222.
[3] Hixson S M,Parrish C C,Anderson D M.Use of camelina oil to replace fish oil in diets for farmed salmonids and Atlantic cod[J].Aquaculture,2014(431):44-52.
[4] Xue M,Lin L,Wu X,et al.Effects of six alternative lipid sources on growth and tissue fatty acid composition in Japanese sea bass(Lateolabrax japonicus)[J].Aquaculture,2006,260(1/4):206-214.
[5] Sarker P K,Bureau D P,Hua K,et al.Sustainability issues related to feeding salmonids:a Canadian perspective[J].Reviews in Aquaculture,2013,5(4):199-219.
[6] Thompson K R,Velasquez A,Patterson J T,et al.Evaluation of plant and animal protein sources as partial or total replacement of fish meal in diets for Nile tilapia fry and juvenile stages[J].North American Journal of Aquaculture,2012,74(3):365-375.
[7] Azaza M S,Kammoun W,Abdelmouleh A,et al.Growth performance,feed utilization,and body composition of Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus L.)fed with differently heated soybean-meal-based diets[J].Aquaculture International,2009,17(6):507-521.
[8]孙春晓,乔洪金,王际英,等.鱼油与微藻和植物油脂肪酸成分比较及其替代策略分析[J].广西科学,2016,23(2):125-130.
[9]吴吉林,周波,麻明友,等.微藻色素的研究进展[J].食品科学,2010,31(23):395-400.
[10]Marques A,Thanh T H,Sorgeloos P,et al.Use of micro-algae and bacteria to enhance protection of gnotobiotic Artemia,against different pathogens[J].Aquaculture,2006,258(1/4):116-126.
[11]Ryckebosch E,Bruneel C,Muylaert K,et al.Microalgae as an alternative source of omega-3long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids[J].Lipid Technology,2012,24(6):128-130.
[12]Hemaiswarya S,Raja R,Ravi K R,et al.Microalgae:a sustainable feed source for aquaculture[J].World Journal of Microbiology&Biotechnology,2011,27(8):1737-1746.
[13]Veillette M,Chamoumi M,Faucheux N,et al.Microalgae-based oil for biodiesel production[J].Biochemical Engineering Journal,2013,78(5):1-10.
[14]Qiao H,Wang H,Song Z,et al.Effects of dietary fish oil replacement by microalgae raw materials on growth performance,body composition and fatty acid profile of juvenile olive flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2015,20(6):646-653.
[15]王庆超.饲料调控大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼生长、营养素感知与代谢及相关信号通路的初步探究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2015.
[16]李红艳,刘天红,王璇璇,等.不同饲料配方中浒苔添加量对大菱鲆生长的影响[J].水产科学,2016,35(4):334-339.
[17]Xu H G,Ai Q H,Mai K S,et al.Effects of dietary arachidonic acid on growth performance,survival,immune response and tissue fatty acid composition of juvenile Japanese seabass,Lateolabrax japonicus[J].Aquaculture,2010,307(1):75-82.
[18]Atalah E,Cruz C M H,Izquierdo M S,et al.Two microalgae Crypthecodinium cohnii,and Phaeodactylum tricornutum,as alternative source of essential fatty acids in starter feeds for seabream(Sparus aurata)[J].Aquaculture,2007,270(1/4):178-185.
[19]Ganuza E,Atalah E,Vegaorellana O,et al.Crypthecodinium cohnii and Schizochytrium sp.as potential substitutes to fisheries-derived oils from seabream(Sparus aurata)microdiets[J].Aquaculture,2008,277(1/2):109-116.
[20]Miller M R,Nichols P D,Carter C G.Replacement of fish oil with thraustochytrid Schizochytrium,sp.L oil in Atlantic salmon parr(Salmo salar,L)diets[J].Comparative Biochemistry&Physiology Part A Molecular&Integrative Physiology,2007,148(2):382-392.
[21]Metcalfe L D,Schmitz A A,Pelka J R.Rapid reparation of fatty acid esters from lipids for gas chromatographic analysis[J].Analytical Chemistry,1966,38(3):514-515.
[22]马晶晶,王际英,孙建珍,等.饲料中DHA/EPA值对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成及血清生理指标的影响[J].水产学报,2014,38(2):244-256.
[23]张燕,乔洪金,李宝山,等.微藻粉替代鱼油对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成和生理指标的影响[J].中国水产科学,2017,24(6):1223-1233.
[24]谭青,王际英,李宝山,等.n-3/n-6HUFA对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、全鱼脂肪酸组成和血清生化指标的影响[J].水产学报,2018,42(5):754-765.
[25]王成强,梁萌青,徐后国,等.大规格鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)对饲料中花生四烯酸的需求量[J].渔业科学进展,2016,37(5):46-55.
[26]艾庆辉,严晶,麦康森.鱼类脂肪与脂肪酸的转运及调控研究进展[J].水生生物学报,2016,40(4):859-868.
[27]Lubián L M,Montero O,Moreno-Garrido I,et al.Nannochloropsis(Eustigmatophyceae)as source of commercially valuable pigments[J].Journal of Applied Phycology,2000,12(3/5):249-255.
[28]Villalta M,Estevez A,Bransden M P.Arachidonic acid enriched live prey induces albinism in Senegal sole(Solea senegalensis)larvae[J].Aquaculture,2005,245(1):193-209.
[29]彭墨,徐玮,麦康森,等.亚麻籽油替代鱼油对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、脂肪酸组成及脂肪沉积的影响[J].水产学报,2014,38(8):1131-1139.
[30]王骥腾,韩涛,田丽霞,等.3种植物油源对军曹鱼生长、体组成和脂肪酸组成的影响[J].浙江海洋学院学报:自然科学版,2007,26(3):237-245.
[31]Sargent J,Bell G,Mcevoy L,et al.Recent developments in the essential fatty acid nutrition of fish[J].Aquaculture,1999,177(1/4):191-199.
[32]Henderson R J,Sargent J R.Chain-length specificities of mitochondrial and peroxisimalβ-oxidation of fatty acids in livers of rainbow trout(Salmo gairdneri)[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,1985,82(1):79-85.
[33]Kiessling K H,Kiessling A.Selective utilization of fatty acids in rainbow trout(Oncorhychus mykiss Walbaum)red muscle mitochondria[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology,1993,71(2):248-251.
[34]Karalazos V,Bendiksen EA,Dick J R,et al.Effects of dietary protein,and fat level and rapeseed oil on growth and tissue fatty acid composition and metabolism in Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.)reared at low water temperatures[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2007,13(4):256-265.
[35]张红娟,陈秀玲,张瑞玲,等.海水鱼对脂肪的需求及脂肪源替代研究进展[J].水产科学,2015,34(2):122-127.
[36]许友卿,韩进华,陈亨德,等.高度不饱和脂肪酸对水生动物生长、发育和繁殖的影响与机理[J].水产科学,2018,37(2):271-277.
[37]袁禹惠.饲料中脂肪及花生四烯酸水平对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)稚鱼生长、脂肪酸组成及代谢相关基因表达的影响[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2015.
[38]Rainuzzo J R,Reitan K I,J?rgensen L,et al.Lipid composition in turbot larvae fed live feed cultured by emulsions of different lipid classes[J].Comparative Biochemistry&Physiology Part A Physiology,1994,107(4):699-710.
[39]Sargent J R,Bell J G,Bell M V,et al.Requirement criteria for essential fatty acids[J].Journal of Applied Ichthyology,2007,11(3/4):183-198.
[40]Lands W E M,Byrnes M J.The influence of ambient peroxides on the conversion of 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid to prostaglandins[J].Progress in Lipid Research,1981(20):287-290.
[41]Regost C,Arzel J,Cardinal M,et al.Dietary lipid level,hepatic lipogenesis and flesh quality in turbot(Psetta maxima)[J].Aquaculture,2001,193(3/4):291-309.
[42]纪利芹,蒋克勇,韩龙江,等.连续降温对大菱鲆成鱼代谢机能的影响[J].海洋科学,2014,38(5):46-53.
[2] Bowyer J N,Qin J G,Smullen R P,et al.Replacement of fish oil by poultry oil and canola oil in yellowtail kingfish(Seriola lalandi)at optimal and suboptimal temperatures[J].Aquaculture,2012,356/357(4):211-222.
[3] Hixson S M,Parrish C C,Anderson D M.Use of camelina oil to replace fish oil in diets for farmed salmonids and Atlantic cod[J].Aquaculture,2014(431):44-52.
[4] Xue M,Lin L,Wu X,et al.Effects of six alternative lipid sources on growth and tissue fatty acid composition in Japanese sea bass(Lateolabrax japonicus)[J].Aquaculture,2006,260(1/4):206-214.
[5] Sarker P K,Bureau D P,Hua K,et al.Sustainability issues related to feeding salmonids:a Canadian perspective[J].Reviews in Aquaculture,2013,5(4):199-219.
[6] Thompson K R,Velasquez A,Patterson J T,et al.Evaluation of plant and animal protein sources as partial or total replacement of fish meal in diets for Nile tilapia fry and juvenile stages[J].North American Journal of Aquaculture,2012,74(3):365-375.
[7] Azaza M S,Kammoun W,Abdelmouleh A,et al.Growth performance,feed utilization,and body composition of Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus L.)fed with differently heated soybean-meal-based diets[J].Aquaculture International,2009,17(6):507-521.
[8]孙春晓,乔洪金,王际英,等.鱼油与微藻和植物油脂肪酸成分比较及其替代策略分析[J].广西科学,2016,23(2):125-130.
[9]吴吉林,周波,麻明友,等.微藻色素的研究进展[J].食品科学,2010,31(23):395-400.
[10]Marques A,Thanh T H,Sorgeloos P,et al.Use of micro-algae and bacteria to enhance protection of gnotobiotic Artemia,against different pathogens[J].Aquaculture,2006,258(1/4):116-126.
[11]Ryckebosch E,Bruneel C,Muylaert K,et al.Microalgae as an alternative source of omega-3long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids[J].Lipid Technology,2012,24(6):128-130.
[12]Hemaiswarya S,Raja R,Ravi K R,et al.Microalgae:a sustainable feed source for aquaculture[J].World Journal of Microbiology&Biotechnology,2011,27(8):1737-1746.
[13]Veillette M,Chamoumi M,Faucheux N,et al.Microalgae-based oil for biodiesel production[J].Biochemical Engineering Journal,2013,78(5):1-10.
[14]Qiao H,Wang H,Song Z,et al.Effects of dietary fish oil replacement by microalgae raw materials on growth performance,body composition and fatty acid profile of juvenile olive flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2015,20(6):646-653.
[15]王庆超.饲料调控大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼生长、营养素感知与代谢及相关信号通路的初步探究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2015.
[16]李红艳,刘天红,王璇璇,等.不同饲料配方中浒苔添加量对大菱鲆生长的影响[J].水产科学,2016,35(4):334-339.
[17]Xu H G,Ai Q H,Mai K S,et al.Effects of dietary arachidonic acid on growth performance,survival,immune response and tissue fatty acid composition of juvenile Japanese seabass,Lateolabrax japonicus[J].Aquaculture,2010,307(1):75-82.
[18]Atalah E,Cruz C M H,Izquierdo M S,et al.Two microalgae Crypthecodinium cohnii,and Phaeodactylum tricornutum,as alternative source of essential fatty acids in starter feeds for seabream(Sparus aurata)[J].Aquaculture,2007,270(1/4):178-185.
[19]Ganuza E,Atalah E,Vegaorellana O,et al.Crypthecodinium cohnii and Schizochytrium sp.as potential substitutes to fisheries-derived oils from seabream(Sparus aurata)microdiets[J].Aquaculture,2008,277(1/2):109-116.
[20]Miller M R,Nichols P D,Carter C G.Replacement of fish oil with thraustochytrid Schizochytrium,sp.L oil in Atlantic salmon parr(Salmo salar,L)diets[J].Comparative Biochemistry&Physiology Part A Molecular&Integrative Physiology,2007,148(2):382-392.
[21]Metcalfe L D,Schmitz A A,Pelka J R.Rapid reparation of fatty acid esters from lipids for gas chromatographic analysis[J].Analytical Chemistry,1966,38(3):514-515.
[22]马晶晶,王际英,孙建珍,等.饲料中DHA/EPA值对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成及血清生理指标的影响[J].水产学报,2014,38(2):244-256.
[23]张燕,乔洪金,李宝山,等.微藻粉替代鱼油对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成和生理指标的影响[J].中国水产科学,2017,24(6):1223-1233.
[24]谭青,王际英,李宝山,等.n-3/n-6HUFA对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、全鱼脂肪酸组成和血清生化指标的影响[J].水产学报,2018,42(5):754-765.
[25]王成强,梁萌青,徐后国,等.大规格鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)对饲料中花生四烯酸的需求量[J].渔业科学进展,2016,37(5):46-55.
[26]艾庆辉,严晶,麦康森.鱼类脂肪与脂肪酸的转运及调控研究进展[J].水生生物学报,2016,40(4):859-868.
[27]Lubián L M,Montero O,Moreno-Garrido I,et al.Nannochloropsis(Eustigmatophyceae)as source of commercially valuable pigments[J].Journal of Applied Phycology,2000,12(3/5):249-255.
[28]Villalta M,Estevez A,Bransden M P.Arachidonic acid enriched live prey induces albinism in Senegal sole(Solea senegalensis)larvae[J].Aquaculture,2005,245(1):193-209.
[29]彭墨,徐玮,麦康森,等.亚麻籽油替代鱼油对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、脂肪酸组成及脂肪沉积的影响[J].水产学报,2014,38(8):1131-1139.
[30]王骥腾,韩涛,田丽霞,等.3种植物油源对军曹鱼生长、体组成和脂肪酸组成的影响[J].浙江海洋学院学报:自然科学版,2007,26(3):237-245.
[31]Sargent J,Bell G,Mcevoy L,et al.Recent developments in the essential fatty acid nutrition of fish[J].Aquaculture,1999,177(1/4):191-199.
[32]Henderson R J,Sargent J R.Chain-length specificities of mitochondrial and peroxisimalβ-oxidation of fatty acids in livers of rainbow trout(Salmo gairdneri)[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,1985,82(1):79-85.
[33]Kiessling K H,Kiessling A.Selective utilization of fatty acids in rainbow trout(Oncorhychus mykiss Walbaum)red muscle mitochondria[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology,1993,71(2):248-251.
[34]Karalazos V,Bendiksen EA,Dick J R,et al.Effects of dietary protein,and fat level and rapeseed oil on growth and tissue fatty acid composition and metabolism in Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.)reared at low water temperatures[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2007,13(4):256-265.
[35]张红娟,陈秀玲,张瑞玲,等.海水鱼对脂肪的需求及脂肪源替代研究进展[J].水产科学,2015,34(2):122-127.
[36]许友卿,韩进华,陈亨德,等.高度不饱和脂肪酸对水生动物生长、发育和繁殖的影响与机理[J].水产科学,2018,37(2):271-277.
[37]袁禹惠.饲料中脂肪及花生四烯酸水平对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)稚鱼生长、脂肪酸组成及代谢相关基因表达的影响[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2015.
[38]Rainuzzo J R,Reitan K I,J?rgensen L,et al.Lipid composition in turbot larvae fed live feed cultured by emulsions of different lipid classes[J].Comparative Biochemistry&Physiology Part A Physiology,1994,107(4):699-710.
[39]Sargent J R,Bell J G,Bell M V,et al.Requirement criteria for essential fatty acids[J].Journal of Applied Ichthyology,2007,11(3/4):183-198.
[40]Lands W E M,Byrnes M J.The influence of ambient peroxides on the conversion of 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid to prostaglandins[J].Progress in Lipid Research,1981(20):287-290.
[41]Regost C,Arzel J,Cardinal M,et al.Dietary lipid level,hepatic lipogenesis and flesh quality in turbot(Psetta maxima)[J].Aquaculture,2001,193(3/4):291-309.
[42]纪利芹,蒋克勇,韩龙江,等.连续降温对大菱鲆成鱼代谢机能的影响[J].海洋科学,2014,38(5):46-53.