“常常”和“往往”的主观性差异及其句法表现
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摘要
"常常""往往"是汉语中常见的频率副词。文章从句法形式、语义特征、历时演变等角度论证了二者的语义差异:"常常"表次数多,具有客观性特征;"往往"表大概率,具有主观性特征。"往往"的主观性特征导致了"高于预期"义与"反预期"义的凸显。文章分析了"高于预期"与"反预期"等语义特征的认知基础与句法表现,并认为上述语义特征是"往往"未能发展为典型的认识情态的重要原因。
"Chang Chang" and "Wang Wang" are two common adverbs denoting frequency in the Chinese language.This paper demonstrates their semantic differences in terms of their syntactic forms,semantic features and diachronic evolution."Chang Chang" means many times,possessing the feature of objectivity,while "Wang Wang" means large possibility featuring subjectivity,which leads to the prominence of the semantic features of "higher than expected" and "counter-expectation".By further analyzing their cognitive basis and syntactic performance,we conclude that the above semantic features are one of the significant reasons why "Wang Wang" fails to develop into a typical epistemic modality.
"Chang Chang" and "Wang Wang" are two common adverbs denoting frequency in the Chinese language.This paper demonstrates their semantic differences in terms of their syntactic forms,semantic features and diachronic evolution."Chang Chang" means many times,possessing the feature of objectivity,while "Wang Wang" means large possibility featuring subjectivity,which leads to the prominence of the semantic features of "higher than expected" and "counter-expectation".By further analyzing their cognitive basis and syntactic performance,we conclude that the above semantic features are one of the significant reasons why "Wang Wang" fails to develop into a typical epistemic modality.
引文
[1]吕叔湘.现代汉语800词[M].北京:商务印书馆,2005.
[2]周小兵.“常常”和“通常”[J].语言教学与研究,1994,(4):69.
[3]邹海清.频率副词的范围和类别[J].世界汉语教学,2006,(3):36.
[4]关黑拽.现代汉语频度副词研究[D].吉林:吉林大学,2015.
[5]石定栩.频率副词与概率副词——从“常常”与“往往”说起[J].世界汉语教学,2016,(3):291.
[6]周韧.现实性与非现实性范畴下的汉语副词研究[J].世界汉语教学,2015,(2):167.
[7]石定栩.客观副词与主观副词——再论“常常”和“往往”的区别[J].现代外语,2017,(1):4.
[8]Coates,Jennifer.The Semantic of the Modal Auxiliaries[M].London & Canberra:Croom Helm.1983.
[9]Heine,Bernd.Auxiliaries:Cognitive Forces and Grammaticalization[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.1993.
[10]琼·拜比.语法的演化[M].陈前瑞译.北京:商务印书馆,2017.
[11]董正存.汉语中约量到可能认识情态的语义演变——以“多半”为例[J].中国语文,2017,(1):63.
(1)本文语例,除特别说明外,均来自CCL北京大学中国语言学研究中心语料库。
(2)这10部王朔作品是:《动物凶猛》《空中小姐》《浮出海面》《一半是火焰,一半是海水》《过把瘾就死》《我是你爸爸》《你不是一个俗人》《痴人》《顽主》《许爷》。
(3)表中认识情态典型特征据Coates(1983)、Heine(1993)相关研究总结,见参考文献[8]、[9]条。
(4)参看《古代汉语虚词词典》:“副词‘往’的重叠式,有两种意义,(1)表示动作行为的普遍发生;(2)表示动作行为的经常出现。前者的用例,先秦少见,两汉时常见,后世只沿用于文言中,后者的用例,约始见于汉代,后一直沿用至今。”(中国社科院语言所古代汉语研究室编,北京:商务印书馆,1999年,第590页)
[2]周小兵.“常常”和“通常”[J].语言教学与研究,1994,(4):69.
[3]邹海清.频率副词的范围和类别[J].世界汉语教学,2006,(3):36.
[4]关黑拽.现代汉语频度副词研究[D].吉林:吉林大学,2015.
[5]石定栩.频率副词与概率副词——从“常常”与“往往”说起[J].世界汉语教学,2016,(3):291.
[6]周韧.现实性与非现实性范畴下的汉语副词研究[J].世界汉语教学,2015,(2):167.
[7]石定栩.客观副词与主观副词——再论“常常”和“往往”的区别[J].现代外语,2017,(1):4.
[8]Coates,Jennifer.The Semantic of the Modal Auxiliaries[M].London & Canberra:Croom Helm.1983.
[9]Heine,Bernd.Auxiliaries:Cognitive Forces and Grammaticalization[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.1993.
[10]琼·拜比.语法的演化[M].陈前瑞译.北京:商务印书馆,2017.
[11]董正存.汉语中约量到可能认识情态的语义演变——以“多半”为例[J].中国语文,2017,(1):63.
(1)本文语例,除特别说明外,均来自CCL北京大学中国语言学研究中心语料库。
(2)这10部王朔作品是:《动物凶猛》《空中小姐》《浮出海面》《一半是火焰,一半是海水》《过把瘾就死》《我是你爸爸》《你不是一个俗人》《痴人》《顽主》《许爷》。
(3)表中认识情态典型特征据Coates(1983)、Heine(1993)相关研究总结,见参考文献[8]、[9]条。
(4)参看《古代汉语虚词词典》:“副词‘往’的重叠式,有两种意义,(1)表示动作行为的普遍发生;(2)表示动作行为的经常出现。前者的用例,先秦少见,两汉时常见,后世只沿用于文言中,后者的用例,约始见于汉代,后一直沿用至今。”(中国社科院语言所古代汉语研究室编,北京:商务印书馆,1999年,第590页)