无透镜显微技术
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摘要
无透镜显微成像(lens-free microscopy)是一种在不借助透镜的情况下进行成像的技术。它基于Gabor同轴全息原理,利用面阵探测器采集原始全息图,随后通过数字图像处理技术重建样本,从而实现数字显微成像。像素超分辨技术缩小了等效像素,提供更多细节信息使得再现像的分辨率得以直接提升,而且多种相位恢复手段通过去除孪生像也达到了间接提高分辨率的目的,尤其是对密集样本。无透镜显微成像技术突破了传统光学显微镜由透镜带来的空间带宽积的限制,实现了大视野范围下的高分辨率成像,因此,这一技术能够提供大视场下的临床样本快速诊断和准确检测。另外,新兴的算法和硬件都在不断地加快数据采集和计算速度,扩展了其在高速运动样本和纳米尺度样本上的应用。最近无透镜技术和其配套硬件设备发展方向趋向于硬件紧凑、算法密集、实时、三维、彩色、高分辨率的便携式分立器件或配件。
Lens-free microscopic technology utilizes Gabor-based in-line holographic optical path to capture the interference images generated by illuminating lights through the micro-samples,with the help of an area array detector but without any imaging lenses. It is a digital microscopic imaging technology which uses a digital-picture-processing method to reconstruct image for the sake of acquiring information from these micro-samples. The shrinkage of equivalent pixel elements achieved by pixel super-resolution gives more high-frequency information and,further,it promotes the resolution of reconstruction directly. Meanwhile,multiple phase recovery arithmetic tools make the same contributions to resolution indirectly by eliminating the twin-images,especially to the dense samples. Moreover,such technology breaks the limitation in spatial bandwidth product,comparing to the classical optics microscopes,which leads to the high-resolution imaging in a larger field of view( FOV). Therefore,it can provide powerful supports for rapidly diagnosing samples with a big field of view in clinical application and examination in the case of resource shortage. Additionally,the booming algorithm with optimizing hardwares renders impetus in data-sampling and computing effects,expanding the applications on specimens moving in high speed and on a nanometer scale. The developing tendency of lens-free technology and its matched hard devices are to become compacted both arithmetically and volumetrically. Ultimately,the real-time,three dimensional,colorfully-imaging,portable and separated devices with high-resolution can be manufactured.
Lens-free microscopic technology utilizes Gabor-based in-line holographic optical path to capture the interference images generated by illuminating lights through the micro-samples,with the help of an area array detector but without any imaging lenses. It is a digital microscopic imaging technology which uses a digital-picture-processing method to reconstruct image for the sake of acquiring information from these micro-samples. The shrinkage of equivalent pixel elements achieved by pixel super-resolution gives more high-frequency information and,further,it promotes the resolution of reconstruction directly. Meanwhile,multiple phase recovery arithmetic tools make the same contributions to resolution indirectly by eliminating the twin-images,especially to the dense samples. Moreover,such technology breaks the limitation in spatial bandwidth product,comparing to the classical optics microscopes,which leads to the high-resolution imaging in a larger field of view( FOV). Therefore,it can provide powerful supports for rapidly diagnosing samples with a big field of view in clinical application and examination in the case of resource shortage. Additionally,the booming algorithm with optimizing hardwares renders impetus in data-sampling and computing effects,expanding the applications on specimens moving in high speed and on a nanometer scale. The developing tendency of lens-free technology and its matched hard devices are to become compacted both arithmetically and volumetrically. Ultimately,the real-time,three dimensional,colorfully-imaging,portable and separated devices with high-resolution can be manufactured.
引文
[1]MCLEOD E,OZCAN A.Microscopy without lenses[J].Physics Today,2017,70(9):50-56.
[2]MCLEOD E,OZCAN A.Unconventional methods of imaging:computational microscopy and compact implementations[J].Reports on Progress in Physics,2016,79(7):076001.
[3]LANGE D,STORMENT C W,CONLEY C A,et al.A microfluidic shadow imaging system for the study of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in space[J].Sensors&Actuators BChemical,2005,107(2):904-914.
[4]CUI X,LEE L M,HENG X,et al.Lensless high-resolution onchip optofluidic microscopes for Caenorhabditis elegans and cell imaging[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2008,105(31):10670-10675.
[5]SEO S,SU T W,TSENG D K,et al.Lensfree holographic imaging for on-chip cytometry and diagnostics[J].Lab on A Chip,2009,9(6):777-787.
[6]LEE S A,LEITAO R,ZHENG G,et al.Color capable sub-pixel resolving optofluidic microscope and its application to blood cell imaging for malaria diagnosis[J].Plos One,2011,6(10):e26127.
[7]OZCAN A,DEMIRCI U.Ultra wide-field lens-free monitoring of cells on-chip[J].Lab on A Chip,2007,8(1):98-106.
[8]COSKUN A F,SU T W,OZCAN A.Wide field-of-view lensfree fluorescent imaging on a chip[J].Lab on A Chip,2010,10(7):824-827.
[9]MARTINELLI L,CHOUMANE H,HA K N,et al.Sensor-integrated fluorescent microarray for ultrahigh sensitivity direct-imaging bioassays:role of a high rejection of excitation light[J].Applied Physics Letters,2007,91(8):083901.
[10]LEE S A,OU X,LEE J E,et al.Chip-scale fluorescence microscope based on a silo-filter complementary metal-oxide semiconductor image sensor[J].Optics Letters,2013,38(11):1817-1819.
[11]COSKUN A F,SENCAN I,SU T W,et al.Wide-field lensless fluorescent microscopy using a tapered fiber-optic faceplate on a chip[J].Analyst,2011,136(17):3512-3518.
[12]KHADEMHOSSEINIEH B,SENCAN I,BIENER G,et al.Lensfree on-chip imaging using nanostructured surfaces[J].Applied Physics Letters,2010,96(17):171106.
[13]COSKUN A F,IKBAL S,TING-WEI S,et al.Lensless widefield fluorescent imaging on a chip using compressive decoding of sparse objects[J].Optics Express,2010,18(10):10510-10523.
[14]ALLIER C P,KESAVAN S V,COUTARD J G,et al.Video lensfree microscopy of 2D and 3D culture of cells[C].Imaging,Manipulation,&Analysis of Biomolecules,Cells,&Tissues XII.International Society for Optics and Photonics,2014:89471H.
[15]BISHARA W,SU T W,COSKUN A F,et al.Lensfree onchip microscopy over a wide field-of-view using pixel super-resolution[J].Optics Express,2010,18(11):11181-11191.
[16]SOBIERANSKI A C,INCI F,TEKIN H C,et al.Portable lensless wide-field microscopy imaging platform based on digital inline holography and multi-frame pixel super-resolution[J].Light Science&Applications,2015,4(10):e346.
[17]ADACHI Y,TAMAKI T,MOTOMURA H,et al.Lensfree onchip high-resolution imaging using two-way lighting,and its limitations[C].Three-Dimensional and Multidimensional Microscopy:Image Acquisition and Processing XXIII International Society for Optics and Photonics,2016:9713W.
[18]LUO W,ZHANG Y,FEIZI A,et al.Pixel super-resolution using wavelength scanning[J].Light Science&Applications,2016,5(4):e16060.
[19]MUDANYALI O.Lensfree holographic microscopy and widefield optical imaging using wetting films and nano-lenses[D].University of California,Los Angeles,2012.
[20]SONG J,SWISHER C L,IM H,et al.Sparsity-based pixel super resolution for lens-free digital in-line holography[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6(1):24681.
[21]ZHANG W,CAO L,BRADY D J,et al.Twin-image-free holography:a Compressive sensing approach[J].Physical Review Letters,2018,121(9):093902.
[22]FIENUP J R.Phase retrieval algorithms:a comparison[J].Applied Optics,1982,21(15):2758-2769.
[23]GREENBAUM A,OZCAN A.Maskless imaging of dense samples using pixel super-resolution based multi-height lensfree onchip microscopy[J].Optics Express,2012,20(3):3129-3143.
[24]LUO W,G?R?CS Z,ZHANG Y,et al.Wavelength scanning achieves pixel super-resolution in holographic on-chip microscopy[C].Optics and Biophotonics in Low-resource Settings II.International Society for Optics and Photonics,2016:96990A.
[25]ZHANG Y,LEE S Y,ZHANG Y,et al.Wide-field imaging of birefringent synovial fluid crystals using lens-free polarized microscopy for gout diagnosis[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6(1):28793.
[26]BERNET S,HARM W,JESACHER A,et al.Lensless digital holography with diffuse illumination through a pseudo-random phase mask[J].Optics Express,2011,19(25):25113-25124.
[27]HUSSAIN A,LI Y,LIU D,et al.On-chip microscopy using random phase mask scheme[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):14768.
[28]RIVENSON Y,WU Y,WANG H,et al.Sparsity-based multiheight phase recovery in holographic microscopy[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6(1):37862.
[29]GUO C,LI Q,ZHANG X,et al.Enhancing imaging contrast via weighted feedback for iterative multi-image phase retrieval[J].Journal of Biomedical Optics,2018,23(1):016015.
[30]GUO C,ZHAO Y,TAN J,et al.Multi-distance phase retrieval with a weighted shrink-wrap constraint[J].Optics and Lasers in Engineering,2019,113(1):1-5.
[31]ZHANG J,SUN J,CHEN Q,et al.Adaptive pixel-super-resolved lensfree in-line digital holography for wide-field on-chip microscopy[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):11777.
[32]HAEFFELE B D,ROTH S,ZHOU L,et al.Removal of the twin image artifact in holographic lens-free imaging by sparse dictionary learning and coding[C].2017 IEEE 14th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging(ISBI 2017),IEEE,2017:741-744.
[33]GUO C,SHEN C,LI Q,et al.A fast-converging iterative method based on weighted feedback for multi-distance phase retrieval[J].Scientific Reports,2018,8(1):6436.
[34]LUO W,ZHANG Y,G?R?CS Z,et al.Propagation phasor approach for holographic image reconstruction[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6(1):22738.
[35]CUCHE E,MARQUET P,DEPEURSINGE C.Simultaneous amplitude-contrast and quantitative phase-contrast microscopy by numerical reconstruction of Fresnel off-axis holograms[J].Applied Optics,1999,38(34):6994-7001.
[36]RIVENSON Y,LIU T,WEI Z,et al.PhaseStain:digital staining of label-free quantitative phase microscopy images using deep learning[J].Light:Science&Applications,2018,8(1):23.
[37]RIVENSON Y,ZHANG Y,GüNAYDIN H,et al.Phase recovery and holographic image reconstruction using deep learning in neural networks[J].Light:Science&Applications,2017,7(2):17141.
[38]WU Y,RIVENSON Y,ZHANG Y,et al.Deep neural network-based phase-recovery and auto-focusing extend the depthof-Field in digital holography[C].Digital Holography and Three-dimensional Imaging,2018.
[39]WANG H,RIVENSON Y,JIN Y,et al.Deep learning enables cross-modality super-resolution in fluorescence microscopy[J].Nature Methods,2019,16:103-110.
[40]G?R?CS Z,TAMAMITSU M,BIANCO V,et al.A deep learning-enabled portable imaging flow cytometer for cost-effective,high-throughput,and label-free analysis of natural water samples[J].Light:Science&Applications,2018,7(1):66.
[41]MUDANYALI O,MCLEOD E,LUO W,et al.Wide-field optical detection of nanoparticles using on-chip microscopy and self-assembled nanolenses[J].Nature Photonics,2013,7(3):247-254.
[42]ALLIER C P,HIERNARD G,POHER V,et al.Bacteria detection with thin wetting film lensless imaging[J].Biomedical Optics Express,2010,1(3):762-770.
[43]MCLEOD E,NGUYEN C,HUANG P,et al.Tunable vaporcondensed nanolenses[J].American Chemical Society Nano,2014,8(7):7340-7349.
[44]HENNEQUIN Y,ALLIER C P,MCLEOD E,et al.Optical detection and sizing of single nanoparticles using continuous wetting films[J].American Chemical Society Nano,2013,7(9):7601-7609.
[45]SU T W,XUE L,OZCAN A.High-throughput lensfree 3Dtracking of human sperms reveals rare statistics of helical trajectories[J].Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences,2012,109(40):16018-16022.
[46]ISIKMAN S O,BISHARA W,MAVANDADI S,et al.Lensfree optical tomographic microscope with a large imaging volume on a chip[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Science,2011,108(18):7296-7301.
[47]BERDEU A,MOMEY F,LAPERROUSAZ B,et al.Comparative study of fully three-dimensional reconstruction algorithms for lens-free microscopy[J].Applied Optics,2017,56(13):3939-3951.
[48]BERDEU A,ALLIER C,MOMEY F,et al.Lensfree diffractive tomography for the imaging of 3D cell cultures[J].Biomedical Optics Express,2015,7(3):949-962.
[49]WOLF E.Three-dimensional structure determination of semitransparent objects from holographic data[J].Optics Communications,1969,1(4):153-156.
[50]NOCEDAL J.Updating quasi-newton matrices with limited storage[J].Mathematics of Computation,1980,35(151):773-782.
[51]G?R?CS Z,ORZóL,KISS M,et al.In-line color digital holographic microscope for water quality measurements[C].Proceedings of SPIE-International Society for Optics and Photonics.2010:737614.
[52]GREENBAUM A,FEIZI A,AKBARI N,et al.Wide-field computational color imaging using pixel super-resolved on-chip microscopy[J].Optics Express,2013,21(10):12469-12483.
[53]DIJKSTRA E W.A note on two problems in connexion with graphs[M].Springer-Verlag New York,Secaucus,NJ,USA,1959.
[54]ZHANG Y,WU Y,ZHANG Y,et al.Color calibration and fusion of lens-free and mobile-phone microscopy images for highresolution and accurate color reproduction[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6(1):27811.
[55]WEI Q,MCLEOD E,QI H,et al.On-chip cytometry using plasmonic nanoparticle enhanced lensfree holography[J].Scientific Reports,2013,3(1):1699.
[56]COLLE F,VERCRUYSSE D,PEETERS S,et al.Lens-free imaging of magnetic particles in DNA assays[J].Lab on AChip,2013,13(21):4257-4262.
[57]KHADEMHOSSEINIEH B,BIENER G,SENCAN I,et al.Lensfree sensing on a microfluidic chip using plasmonic nanoapertures[J].Applied Physics Letters,2010,97(22):221107.
[58]COSKUN A F,CETIN A E,GALARRETA B C,et al.Lensfree optofluidic plasmonic sensor for real-time and label-free monitoring of molecular binding events over a wide field-of-view[J].Scientific Reports,2014,4(1):6789.
[59]CETIN A E,IYIDOGAN P,HAYASHI Y,et al.Plasmonic sensor could enable label-free DNA sequencing[J].ACS sensors,2018,3(3):561-568.
[60]SAEKI T,HOSOKAWA M,LIM T K,et al.Digital cell counting device integrated with a single-cell array[J].Plos One,2013,9(2):e89011.
[61]STYBAYEVA G,MUDANYALI O,SEO S,et al.Lensfree holographic imaging of antibody microarrays for high-throughput detection of leukocyte numbers and function[J].Analytical Chemistry,2010,82(9):3736-4374.
[62]MUSAYEV J,ALTINER C,ADIGUZEL Y,et al.Capturing and detection of MCF-7 breast cancer cells with a CMOS image sensor[J].Sensors&Actuators A Physical,2014,215(16):105-114.
[63]HUANG K W,SU T W,OZCAN A,et al.Optoelectronic tweezers integrated with lensfree holographic microscopy for wide-field interactive cell and particle manipulation on a chip[J].Lab on A Chip,2013,13(12):2278-2284.
[2]MCLEOD E,OZCAN A.Unconventional methods of imaging:computational microscopy and compact implementations[J].Reports on Progress in Physics,2016,79(7):076001.
[3]LANGE D,STORMENT C W,CONLEY C A,et al.A microfluidic shadow imaging system for the study of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in space[J].Sensors&Actuators BChemical,2005,107(2):904-914.
[4]CUI X,LEE L M,HENG X,et al.Lensless high-resolution onchip optofluidic microscopes for Caenorhabditis elegans and cell imaging[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2008,105(31):10670-10675.
[5]SEO S,SU T W,TSENG D K,et al.Lensfree holographic imaging for on-chip cytometry and diagnostics[J].Lab on A Chip,2009,9(6):777-787.
[6]LEE S A,LEITAO R,ZHENG G,et al.Color capable sub-pixel resolving optofluidic microscope and its application to blood cell imaging for malaria diagnosis[J].Plos One,2011,6(10):e26127.
[7]OZCAN A,DEMIRCI U.Ultra wide-field lens-free monitoring of cells on-chip[J].Lab on A Chip,2007,8(1):98-106.
[8]COSKUN A F,SU T W,OZCAN A.Wide field-of-view lensfree fluorescent imaging on a chip[J].Lab on A Chip,2010,10(7):824-827.
[9]MARTINELLI L,CHOUMANE H,HA K N,et al.Sensor-integrated fluorescent microarray for ultrahigh sensitivity direct-imaging bioassays:role of a high rejection of excitation light[J].Applied Physics Letters,2007,91(8):083901.
[10]LEE S A,OU X,LEE J E,et al.Chip-scale fluorescence microscope based on a silo-filter complementary metal-oxide semiconductor image sensor[J].Optics Letters,2013,38(11):1817-1819.
[11]COSKUN A F,SENCAN I,SU T W,et al.Wide-field lensless fluorescent microscopy using a tapered fiber-optic faceplate on a chip[J].Analyst,2011,136(17):3512-3518.
[12]KHADEMHOSSEINIEH B,SENCAN I,BIENER G,et al.Lensfree on-chip imaging using nanostructured surfaces[J].Applied Physics Letters,2010,96(17):171106.
[13]COSKUN A F,IKBAL S,TING-WEI S,et al.Lensless widefield fluorescent imaging on a chip using compressive decoding of sparse objects[J].Optics Express,2010,18(10):10510-10523.
[14]ALLIER C P,KESAVAN S V,COUTARD J G,et al.Video lensfree microscopy of 2D and 3D culture of cells[C].Imaging,Manipulation,&Analysis of Biomolecules,Cells,&Tissues XII.International Society for Optics and Photonics,2014:89471H.
[15]BISHARA W,SU T W,COSKUN A F,et al.Lensfree onchip microscopy over a wide field-of-view using pixel super-resolution[J].Optics Express,2010,18(11):11181-11191.
[16]SOBIERANSKI A C,INCI F,TEKIN H C,et al.Portable lensless wide-field microscopy imaging platform based on digital inline holography and multi-frame pixel super-resolution[J].Light Science&Applications,2015,4(10):e346.
[17]ADACHI Y,TAMAKI T,MOTOMURA H,et al.Lensfree onchip high-resolution imaging using two-way lighting,and its limitations[C].Three-Dimensional and Multidimensional Microscopy:Image Acquisition and Processing XXIII International Society for Optics and Photonics,2016:9713W.
[18]LUO W,ZHANG Y,FEIZI A,et al.Pixel super-resolution using wavelength scanning[J].Light Science&Applications,2016,5(4):e16060.
[19]MUDANYALI O.Lensfree holographic microscopy and widefield optical imaging using wetting films and nano-lenses[D].University of California,Los Angeles,2012.
[20]SONG J,SWISHER C L,IM H,et al.Sparsity-based pixel super resolution for lens-free digital in-line holography[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6(1):24681.
[21]ZHANG W,CAO L,BRADY D J,et al.Twin-image-free holography:a Compressive sensing approach[J].Physical Review Letters,2018,121(9):093902.
[22]FIENUP J R.Phase retrieval algorithms:a comparison[J].Applied Optics,1982,21(15):2758-2769.
[23]GREENBAUM A,OZCAN A.Maskless imaging of dense samples using pixel super-resolution based multi-height lensfree onchip microscopy[J].Optics Express,2012,20(3):3129-3143.
[24]LUO W,G?R?CS Z,ZHANG Y,et al.Wavelength scanning achieves pixel super-resolution in holographic on-chip microscopy[C].Optics and Biophotonics in Low-resource Settings II.International Society for Optics and Photonics,2016:96990A.
[25]ZHANG Y,LEE S Y,ZHANG Y,et al.Wide-field imaging of birefringent synovial fluid crystals using lens-free polarized microscopy for gout diagnosis[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6(1):28793.
[26]BERNET S,HARM W,JESACHER A,et al.Lensless digital holography with diffuse illumination through a pseudo-random phase mask[J].Optics Express,2011,19(25):25113-25124.
[27]HUSSAIN A,LI Y,LIU D,et al.On-chip microscopy using random phase mask scheme[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):14768.
[28]RIVENSON Y,WU Y,WANG H,et al.Sparsity-based multiheight phase recovery in holographic microscopy[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6(1):37862.
[29]GUO C,LI Q,ZHANG X,et al.Enhancing imaging contrast via weighted feedback for iterative multi-image phase retrieval[J].Journal of Biomedical Optics,2018,23(1):016015.
[30]GUO C,ZHAO Y,TAN J,et al.Multi-distance phase retrieval with a weighted shrink-wrap constraint[J].Optics and Lasers in Engineering,2019,113(1):1-5.
[31]ZHANG J,SUN J,CHEN Q,et al.Adaptive pixel-super-resolved lensfree in-line digital holography for wide-field on-chip microscopy[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):11777.
[32]HAEFFELE B D,ROTH S,ZHOU L,et al.Removal of the twin image artifact in holographic lens-free imaging by sparse dictionary learning and coding[C].2017 IEEE 14th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging(ISBI 2017),IEEE,2017:741-744.
[33]GUO C,SHEN C,LI Q,et al.A fast-converging iterative method based on weighted feedback for multi-distance phase retrieval[J].Scientific Reports,2018,8(1):6436.
[34]LUO W,ZHANG Y,G?R?CS Z,et al.Propagation phasor approach for holographic image reconstruction[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6(1):22738.
[35]CUCHE E,MARQUET P,DEPEURSINGE C.Simultaneous amplitude-contrast and quantitative phase-contrast microscopy by numerical reconstruction of Fresnel off-axis holograms[J].Applied Optics,1999,38(34):6994-7001.
[36]RIVENSON Y,LIU T,WEI Z,et al.PhaseStain:digital staining of label-free quantitative phase microscopy images using deep learning[J].Light:Science&Applications,2018,8(1):23.
[37]RIVENSON Y,ZHANG Y,GüNAYDIN H,et al.Phase recovery and holographic image reconstruction using deep learning in neural networks[J].Light:Science&Applications,2017,7(2):17141.
[38]WU Y,RIVENSON Y,ZHANG Y,et al.Deep neural network-based phase-recovery and auto-focusing extend the depthof-Field in digital holography[C].Digital Holography and Three-dimensional Imaging,2018.
[39]WANG H,RIVENSON Y,JIN Y,et al.Deep learning enables cross-modality super-resolution in fluorescence microscopy[J].Nature Methods,2019,16:103-110.
[40]G?R?CS Z,TAMAMITSU M,BIANCO V,et al.A deep learning-enabled portable imaging flow cytometer for cost-effective,high-throughput,and label-free analysis of natural water samples[J].Light:Science&Applications,2018,7(1):66.
[41]MUDANYALI O,MCLEOD E,LUO W,et al.Wide-field optical detection of nanoparticles using on-chip microscopy and self-assembled nanolenses[J].Nature Photonics,2013,7(3):247-254.
[42]ALLIER C P,HIERNARD G,POHER V,et al.Bacteria detection with thin wetting film lensless imaging[J].Biomedical Optics Express,2010,1(3):762-770.
[43]MCLEOD E,NGUYEN C,HUANG P,et al.Tunable vaporcondensed nanolenses[J].American Chemical Society Nano,2014,8(7):7340-7349.
[44]HENNEQUIN Y,ALLIER C P,MCLEOD E,et al.Optical detection and sizing of single nanoparticles using continuous wetting films[J].American Chemical Society Nano,2013,7(9):7601-7609.
[45]SU T W,XUE L,OZCAN A.High-throughput lensfree 3Dtracking of human sperms reveals rare statistics of helical trajectories[J].Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences,2012,109(40):16018-16022.
[46]ISIKMAN S O,BISHARA W,MAVANDADI S,et al.Lensfree optical tomographic microscope with a large imaging volume on a chip[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Science,2011,108(18):7296-7301.
[47]BERDEU A,MOMEY F,LAPERROUSAZ B,et al.Comparative study of fully three-dimensional reconstruction algorithms for lens-free microscopy[J].Applied Optics,2017,56(13):3939-3951.
[48]BERDEU A,ALLIER C,MOMEY F,et al.Lensfree diffractive tomography for the imaging of 3D cell cultures[J].Biomedical Optics Express,2015,7(3):949-962.
[49]WOLF E.Three-dimensional structure determination of semitransparent objects from holographic data[J].Optics Communications,1969,1(4):153-156.
[50]NOCEDAL J.Updating quasi-newton matrices with limited storage[J].Mathematics of Computation,1980,35(151):773-782.
[51]G?R?CS Z,ORZóL,KISS M,et al.In-line color digital holographic microscope for water quality measurements[C].Proceedings of SPIE-International Society for Optics and Photonics.2010:737614.
[52]GREENBAUM A,FEIZI A,AKBARI N,et al.Wide-field computational color imaging using pixel super-resolved on-chip microscopy[J].Optics Express,2013,21(10):12469-12483.
[53]DIJKSTRA E W.A note on two problems in connexion with graphs[M].Springer-Verlag New York,Secaucus,NJ,USA,1959.
[54]ZHANG Y,WU Y,ZHANG Y,et al.Color calibration and fusion of lens-free and mobile-phone microscopy images for highresolution and accurate color reproduction[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6(1):27811.
[55]WEI Q,MCLEOD E,QI H,et al.On-chip cytometry using plasmonic nanoparticle enhanced lensfree holography[J].Scientific Reports,2013,3(1):1699.
[56]COLLE F,VERCRUYSSE D,PEETERS S,et al.Lens-free imaging of magnetic particles in DNA assays[J].Lab on AChip,2013,13(21):4257-4262.
[57]KHADEMHOSSEINIEH B,BIENER G,SENCAN I,et al.Lensfree sensing on a microfluidic chip using plasmonic nanoapertures[J].Applied Physics Letters,2010,97(22):221107.
[58]COSKUN A F,CETIN A E,GALARRETA B C,et al.Lensfree optofluidic plasmonic sensor for real-time and label-free monitoring of molecular binding events over a wide field-of-view[J].Scientific Reports,2014,4(1):6789.
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