宗教世俗化语境下民间宗教仪式的功能变化
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摘要
现代化进程中,宗教从神圣向世俗的转变,即是所谓宗教"世俗化"。宗教仪式乃是对神圣者或终极存在的认知及由此认知而产生的行为,意在重申社会制度的合法性。但在世俗化语境下,现代化进程使宗教脱离对社会的控制,成为一种个人选择。作为重要宗教行为的宗教仪式,也在这种语境下有了新的功能,体现在其仪式功能从作为合法化社会制度的神圣象征,变为宗教组织争取信众的市场竞争手段,甚至进一步蜕变为纯粹性的文化表演,其仪式功能的神圣性已逐渐被世俗性所替代。然而,基于世俗化概念界定的争论与中国民间宗教具有自身的独特性,不能完全运用任何一种世俗化理论来解读民间宗教仪式的变化;不应简单认为宗教与社会便是完全的神圣与世俗二元对立;不可忽略现代化进程对于宗教产生的影响,但中国宗教应有自己的理论。
The concept of "religion secularization"refers to the changes from sacredness to secularity of religion during the process of modernization development. Religious rite is the act formed within the knowledge of the divine God or ultimate being,intending to reaffirm the legitimacy of the social system. However,in the secularization context,religion cannot control human's society any more,which has become the personal choice. Then religion has changed its function from a sacred symbol to legalize the social system into the means in the religious market,even further into the cultural performance. Then the religious rite has the new function that its sacredness has replaced gradually by secularity,which becomes the competitive means of religious organization using to achieve the trust of public and even becomes cultural performance. However,for the debate of the concept of secularization and the particular of Chinese original religion,there is no theory that secularization can be completely suitable for folk ritual changes. Furthermore,it is not appropriate to take it for granted that religion and society represent the two opposite parts—sacredness and secularity. Therefore,the influence of modernization process on religion could not be ignored and Chinese religion should have its own unique characteristics.
The concept of "religion secularization"refers to the changes from sacredness to secularity of religion during the process of modernization development. Religious rite is the act formed within the knowledge of the divine God or ultimate being,intending to reaffirm the legitimacy of the social system. However,in the secularization context,religion cannot control human's society any more,which has become the personal choice. Then religion has changed its function from a sacred symbol to legalize the social system into the means in the religious market,even further into the cultural performance. Then the religious rite has the new function that its sacredness has replaced gradually by secularity,which becomes the competitive means of religious organization using to achieve the trust of public and even becomes cultural performance. However,for the debate of the concept of secularization and the particular of Chinese original religion,there is no theory that secularization can be completely suitable for folk ritual changes. Furthermore,it is not appropriate to take it for granted that religion and society represent the two opposite parts—sacredness and secularity. Therefore,the influence of modernization process on religion could not be ignored and Chinese religion should have its own unique characteristics.
引文
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[2]彼得·贝格尔.神圣的帷幕———宗教社会学理论之要素[M].高师宁,译.上海:上海人民出版社,1991:128,154,158.
[3]李向平.当代美国宗教社会学理论研究[M].上海:中西书局,2015:380.
[4]彭兆荣.人类学仪式的理论与实践[M].北京:民族出版社,2007.
[5]菲奥纳·鲍伊.宗教人类学导论[M].金泽,何其敏,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004:176.
[6]孙尚扬.宗教社会学(修订版)[M].北京大学出版社,2003:92.
[7]爱弥儿·涂尔干.宗教生活的基本形式[M].渠东,汲喆,译.上海:上海人民出版社,1999:132-202.
[8]罗德尼·斯达克,罗杰尔·芬克.信仰的法则———解释宗教之人的方面[M].杨凤岗,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.
[9]杨庆堃.中国社会中的宗教———宗教的现代社会功能及其历史因素之研究[M].范丽珠,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2007:35.
[10]彼得·贝格尔,等.世界的非世俗化:复兴的宗教及全球政治[M].李骏康,译.上海:上海古籍出版社,2005:15.
[11]汲喆.如何超越经典世俗化理论?———评宗教社会学的三种后世俗化论述[J].社会学研究,2008(4):55-75.
[12]王铭铭.社会人类学与中国研究[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1997:156.
[2]彼得·贝格尔.神圣的帷幕———宗教社会学理论之要素[M].高师宁,译.上海:上海人民出版社,1991:128,154,158.
[3]李向平.当代美国宗教社会学理论研究[M].上海:中西书局,2015:380.
[4]彭兆荣.人类学仪式的理论与实践[M].北京:民族出版社,2007.
[5]菲奥纳·鲍伊.宗教人类学导论[M].金泽,何其敏,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004:176.
[6]孙尚扬.宗教社会学(修订版)[M].北京大学出版社,2003:92.
[7]爱弥儿·涂尔干.宗教生活的基本形式[M].渠东,汲喆,译.上海:上海人民出版社,1999:132-202.
[8]罗德尼·斯达克,罗杰尔·芬克.信仰的法则———解释宗教之人的方面[M].杨凤岗,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.
[9]杨庆堃.中国社会中的宗教———宗教的现代社会功能及其历史因素之研究[M].范丽珠,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2007:35.
[10]彼得·贝格尔,等.世界的非世俗化:复兴的宗教及全球政治[M].李骏康,译.上海:上海古籍出版社,2005:15.
[11]汲喆.如何超越经典世俗化理论?———评宗教社会学的三种后世俗化论述[J].社会学研究,2008(4):55-75.
[12]王铭铭.社会人类学与中国研究[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1997:156.