慈善与救济:民国时期残疾人慈善事业发展的时代特征
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摘要
民国时期由于战争、疾病等诸多原因,社会上有大量残疾人存在,当时的政府和社会曾给予过残疾人群体必要的慈善救助,使得该时期残疾人慈善事业相比晚清时期而言得到了显著的发展。这不仅表现为国人救残、助残慈善观念的大为提高,更体现出了政府在残疾人慈善事业发展中的角色转变。尽管该时期残疾人慈善事业的发展在诸多方面还不尽完善,但整体的发展状况却初步奠定了中国近代残疾人慈善事业的实践和理论基础,并产生了特定的时代价值和深远的历史意义。
During the period of the Republic of China,as a result of a variety of reasons such as war and diseases,there were many disabled people. The government of the Republic of China and the social charity organizations gave the disabled people much help,which made the causes for the disabled people develop faster than in the late Qing Dynasty. This shows that the consciousness of the Chinese people to help the disabled has been greatly improved,and it also reflects role shift of the government in the transition in the development of charity for the disabled. Although the development of charitable aid for the disabled in many ways is still not perfect,the overall development lays the basis for the practice and theory of modern charity for the disabled,and has produced significant time value and profound historical significance.
During the period of the Republic of China,as a result of a variety of reasons such as war and diseases,there were many disabled people. The government of the Republic of China and the social charity organizations gave the disabled people much help,which made the causes for the disabled people develop faster than in the late Qing Dynasty. This shows that the consciousness of the Chinese people to help the disabled has been greatly improved,and it also reflects role shift of the government in the transition in the development of charity for the disabled. Although the development of charitable aid for the disabled in many ways is still not perfect,the overall development lays the basis for the practice and theory of modern charity for the disabled,and has produced significant time value and profound historical significance.
引文
[1]陈建华.理想与现实之间———民国时期残疾人教育成效的检讨[J].残疾人研究,2017(2).
[2]陆德阳.残疾人与中国近代残疾人教育事业的发展[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2012(5).
[3]李培超.中华民族道德生活史(近代卷)[M].上海:东方出版中心,2015.
[4]王银春.慈善伦理引论[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,2015.
[5]鹤林.残废与事业[J].空军,1934(67).
[6]邵雍.中国近现代社会问题研究[M].合肥:合肥工业大学出版社,2010.
[7]普育堂董陆伯鸿来函[N].申报,1913-03-05.
[8]戴目,宋鹏程.梦圆忆当年[M].上海:上海教育出版社,1999.
[9]残废工人之生产力[J].爱国,1919(3).
[10]许杰.残废者人类[J].学汇,1923(91).
[11]所得税暂行条例[J].东方杂志,1937(7).
[12]林檎.残废人的手杖[J].妇女世界,1943(11).
[13]傅步兰.残废儿童的问题[J].西风(上海),1941(60).
[14]附设精神病院[N].大公报,1919-02-12.
[15]中华续行委办会调查特委会. 1902-1920年中国基督教调查资料[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2007.
[16]限制内地传教之呼吁杭州[N].申报,1913-05-17.
[17]善堂拟养残废人[N].大公报,1919-11-25.
[18]马建强.中国特殊教育史话[M].北京:新华出版社,2015.
[19]芝.残废工人[J].新建设,1936(5).
[20]上海特别市救济院组织细则[N].申报,1928-12-06.
[21]政院昨通过救济特捐使用办法[N].大公报,1948-10-17.
[22]吴填.残疾人政策法规理论与实践[M].南京:南京大学出版社,2013.
[23]小学校令:教育部令[N].申报,1912-10-06.
[24]补录国民学校令[N].申报,1915-08-13.
[25]江苏省地方志编纂委员会.江苏省志:卫生志[M].南京:江苏古籍出版社,1999.
[26]内政部颁布管理私立慈善机关规则[N].申报,1928-06-13.
(1)世界卫生组织对残疾人的定义如下:“残疾人是指在心理、生理、人体结构上,某种组织、功能丧失或者存在严重障碍,日常生活或者社会活动受到持续性限制的人。”因此,残疾人群体包括肢体残疾、听力残疾、视力残疾、智力残疾、言语残疾、精神残疾、多重残疾和其他残疾人。
[2]陆德阳.残疾人与中国近代残疾人教育事业的发展[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2012(5).
[3]李培超.中华民族道德生活史(近代卷)[M].上海:东方出版中心,2015.
[4]王银春.慈善伦理引论[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,2015.
[5]鹤林.残废与事业[J].空军,1934(67).
[6]邵雍.中国近现代社会问题研究[M].合肥:合肥工业大学出版社,2010.
[7]普育堂董陆伯鸿来函[N].申报,1913-03-05.
[8]戴目,宋鹏程.梦圆忆当年[M].上海:上海教育出版社,1999.
[9]残废工人之生产力[J].爱国,1919(3).
[10]许杰.残废者人类[J].学汇,1923(91).
[11]所得税暂行条例[J].东方杂志,1937(7).
[12]林檎.残废人的手杖[J].妇女世界,1943(11).
[13]傅步兰.残废儿童的问题[J].西风(上海),1941(60).
[14]附设精神病院[N].大公报,1919-02-12.
[15]中华续行委办会调查特委会. 1902-1920年中国基督教调查资料[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2007.
[16]限制内地传教之呼吁杭州[N].申报,1913-05-17.
[17]善堂拟养残废人[N].大公报,1919-11-25.
[18]马建强.中国特殊教育史话[M].北京:新华出版社,2015.
[19]芝.残废工人[J].新建设,1936(5).
[20]上海特别市救济院组织细则[N].申报,1928-12-06.
[21]政院昨通过救济特捐使用办法[N].大公报,1948-10-17.
[22]吴填.残疾人政策法规理论与实践[M].南京:南京大学出版社,2013.
[23]小学校令:教育部令[N].申报,1912-10-06.
[24]补录国民学校令[N].申报,1915-08-13.
[25]江苏省地方志编纂委员会.江苏省志:卫生志[M].南京:江苏古籍出版社,1999.
[26]内政部颁布管理私立慈善机关规则[N].申报,1928-06-13.
(1)世界卫生组织对残疾人的定义如下:“残疾人是指在心理、生理、人体结构上,某种组织、功能丧失或者存在严重障碍,日常生活或者社会活动受到持续性限制的人。”因此,残疾人群体包括肢体残疾、听力残疾、视力残疾、智力残疾、言语残疾、精神残疾、多重残疾和其他残疾人。