美国高校图书馆服务中小学生研究
|
摘要
对美国高校图书馆服务中小学生概况的调研显示,60%以上的州都有高校图书馆提供此类服务,其中多数隶属于位于城市的公立高校,服务对象以当地高中生为主。通过分别梳理美国高校图书馆服务中学生和小学生的发展历程,发现两者呈现出不同的特点。前者经历了半个多世纪的发展历程,主要服务内容包括:参观、信息素养教育、查阅馆藏、借书等;后者起步于20世纪90年代,其具体实践主要围绕阅读活动展开。此外,还分析了美国高校图书馆服务中小学生活动得以持续发展的深层原因,以及我国高校图书馆服务中小学生活动遇冷的根本原因。最后,探讨了我国高校图书馆对中小学生开放活动与中学研究性学习课程结合的可能性。
The survey on American academic libraries' services for K-12 students shows that more than 60% of American states have academic libraries serving K-12 students,most of the libraries are in urban public universities and they mainly serve high school students.By studying the progresses of American academic libraries' services for secondary and elementary school students respectively,the paper finds different characteristics.Services for the former which started half a century ago mainly include library visits,information literacy instruction,accessing the collections,borrowing privileges and so on.The Service for the latter which started in 1990s mainly focuses on reading programs.Besides,the paper analyzes the reasons why American academic libraries'services for K-12 students can last for such a long time and why those in China got few attentions.Finally,it discusses the possibility of combining Chinese academic libraries'services for K-12 students with inquiry-based learning.
The survey on American academic libraries' services for K-12 students shows that more than 60% of American states have academic libraries serving K-12 students,most of the libraries are in urban public universities and they mainly serve high school students.By studying the progresses of American academic libraries' services for secondary and elementary school students respectively,the paper finds different characteristics.Services for the former which started half a century ago mainly include library visits,information literacy instruction,accessing the collections,borrowing privileges and so on.The Service for the latter which started in 1990s mainly focuses on reading programs.Besides,the paper analyzes the reasons why American academic libraries'services for K-12 students can last for such a long time and why those in China got few attentions.Finally,it discusses the possibility of combining Chinese academic libraries'services for K-12 students with inquiry-based learning.
引文
1《普通高等学校图书馆规程》[EB/OL].[2016-11-25].http://baike.baidu.com/item.
2 52所高校图书馆向中小学开放[EB/OL].[2016-11-25].http://news.xinhuanet.com/local/2015-04/29/c_127748883.htm.
3高校图书馆“叫好不叫座”[EB/OL].[2016-11-25].http://www.stardaily.com.cn/2016/0509/21728.shtml.
4辽宁省首批普通本科高等学校周末向中小学生开放部分设施实施方案[EB/OL].[2016-11-25].http://www.upln.cn/html/2012/Column_0103_0606/1013.html.
5辽宁省第二批普通本科高等学校周末向中小学生开放部分设施实施方案[EB/OL].[2016-11-25].http://www.upln.cn/html/2013/Column_0103_0805/2220.html.
6原增,王虹菲.高校图书馆为中小学生服务的实践探索[J].图书馆学刊,2014(10):64-65,69.
7 Craig H J.,Perrine R H.Problems of urban universities:library services for the high school student[J].Library Trends,1962,10(4):469-481.
8-10同7.
11 Craver K W.Use of academic libraries by high school students:implications for research[J].RQ,1987,27(1):53-66.
12-20同11.
21 Kemp B E,Nofsinger M M,Spitzer A M.Building a bridge:articulation programs for bibliographic instruction[J].College&Research Libraries,1986,47(5):470-474.
22-25同21.
26 McCulley L.Linking secondary school students with college-level resources:guidelines for borrowing privileges and library instruction[J].Resource Sharing&Information Networks,1992,7(2):99-106.
27 Jesudason M.Academic libraries and outreach services through precollege programs:aproactive collaboration[J].Reference Services Review,1993,21(4):29-36,96.
28 Ury C J.Value added:high school research projects in an academic library[J].The Clearing House,1996,69(5):313-315.
29 Evans B.Building bridges between New York city public high schools and a college:the cooperative library project[J].Research Strategies,1997,15(2):89-99.
30 Garcha R,Baldwin J.Bibliographic instruction for the Upward Bound residential students[J].The Reference Librarian,1997,27(58):135-141.
31 Kudlay R.Orienting neighborhood youth to an academic library:creating campus-community connections[J].The Reference Librarian 2000,32(67-68):111-130.
32 Gresham K,Tassel D V.Expanding the learning community:an academic library outreach program to high school[J].The Reference Librarian,2000,32(67-68):161-173.
33 Pearson D,Mcneil B.From high school users college students grow:providing academic library research opportunities to high school students[J].Knowledge Quest,2002,30(4):24-28.
34 Burhanna K J,Jensen M L.Collaborations for success:high school to college transitions[J].Reference Services Review,2006,34(4):509-519.
35 Adeyemon E.Integrating digital literacies into outreach services for underserved youth populations[J].The Reference Librarian,2009,50(1):85-98.
36 Carlito M D.Urban academic library outreach to secondary school students and teachers[J].Urban Library Journal,2009,15(2):35-49.
37 Zoellner K,Potter C.Libraries across the education continuum:relationships between library services at the University of Montana and regional high schools[J].Behavioral&Social Sciences Librarian,2010,29(3):184-206.
38 Martin C M,Garcia E P,Mcphee M.Information literacy outreach:building a high school program at California State University Northridge[J].Education Libraries,2012,35(1-2):34-47.
39 Angell K,Tewell E.Collaborating for academic success:a triinstitutional information literacy program for high school students[J].Public Services Quarterly,2013,9(1):1-19.
40 Godbey S,Fawley N,Goodman X,et al.Ethnography in action:active learning in academic library outreach to middle school students[J].Journal of Library Administration,2015,55(5):362-375.
41 Malanchuk I R,Ocha M N.Academic librarians and outreach beyond the college campus[J].The Southeastern Librarian,2005,53(3):23-29.
42同41.
43 Tvaruzka K.Warning:children in the library!Welcoming children and families into the academic library[J].Education Libraries,2009,32(2):21-26.
44 Knott D,Szabo K.Bigfoot hunting:academic library outreach to elementary school students[J].C&RL News,2013:346-348.
45 Cornell University Library.The Adelson Library.Children's book reading program[EB/OL].[2017-06-02].http://www.birds.cornell.edu/Adelson/services/children-s-reading-program.
46 Princeton University Library.Cotsen Children's Library.Our programs[EB/OL].[2017-06-02].http://www.princeton.edu/cotsen/gallery-programs/our-programs/.
47 Dartmouse College Library.Baker-Berry Library.Borrowing privileges-high school borrower[EB/OL].[2017-06-02].http://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/circ/highschool.html.
48 Duke University Libraries.Duke technology program reaches out to Durham schools[EB/OL].[2017-06-02].http://blogs.library.duke.edu/blog/2014/02/17/duke-technology-programreaches-durham-schools/.
49 University of Washington Libraries.Visitors from K-12[EB/OL].[2017-06-02].http://www.lib.washington.edu/services/k12.
50 University of Arkansas Libraries.Guidelines for visits by non-university groups[EB/OL].[2017-06-02].http://libraries.uark.edu/reference/visitors.asp.
51 University of Arkansas Libraries.Library privileges[EB/OL].[2017-06-07].http://libinfo.uark.edu/circulation/privileges.asp.
52 University of Delaware Library.UDLib/SEARCH[EB/OL].[2017-06-07].http://udlibsearch.lib.udel.edu/.
53 University of Minnesota Libraries.Wilson Library.History day visits[EB/OL].[2017-06-07].https://www.lib.umn.edu/wilson/history-day-visits.
54 Sonoma State University Library.Services for K-12[EB/OL].[2017-06-07].http://library.sonoma.edu/services/visitors/k12.
55 University of Texas at Arlington Libraries.Services for K12[EB/OL].[2017-06-07].http://library.uta.edu/k12.
56 University of Wisconsin Whitewater Anderson Library.High school visits[EB/OL].[2017-06-07].http://library.uww.edu/services/reference/high-school-visits.
57 University of Louisville Library.Borrow.Temporary borrower[EB/OL].[2017-06-07].http://library.louisville.edu/borrow.
58 Blueprint for Collaboration[EB/OL].[2017-06-07].http://www.ala.org/acrl/publications/whitepapers/acrlaaslblueprint.
59同58.
60 Beaumont J J,Hall Mark D L.Introduction:school-university partnerships in urban settings[J].Urban Education,1998,32(5):557-560.
61同27.
62 Joseph M E.The cure for library anxiety-It may not be what you think[J].Catholic Library World,1991,63(2):111-114.
63同11.
64-65同7.
66同11.
67-69同21.
70同11.
71同21.
72同32.
73 Partnership for 21st Century Learning.Framework for 21st Century Learning[EB/OL].[2017-05-02].http://www.p21.org/our-work/p21-framework.
74同32.
75同35.
76同34.
77 Dole W V.,Hill J B.Community users in North American academic libraries[J].New Library World,2011,112(3/4):141-149.
78吴春浩.美国常春藤联盟高校图书馆面向校外读者服务调查分析及借鉴[J].图书情报工作,2015,59(18):72-76.
79同56.
80同51.
81 Eyre G.Back to basics:the role of reading in preparing young people for the information society[J].Reference Services Review,2003,31(3):219-226.
82 American Association of School Librarians.Standards for the 21st Century Learner[EB/OL].[2017-06-15].www.ala.org/aasl/sites/ala.org.aasl/files/content/guidelinesandstandards/learningstandards/AASL_Learning_Standards_2007.pdf.
83-84同41.
85同43.
86同45.
87徐文静.高校图书馆走进中小学生课堂---普林斯顿大学图书馆阅读推广案例分享[J].图书馆建设,2015(4):54-57.
88霍益萍.研究性学习:实验与探索[M].南宁:广西教育出版社,2001:10.
89张人红.国外及港台地区研究性学习资料选编[M].南宁:广西教育出版社,2002:63-64.
90王升.研究性学习的理论与实践[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2002:246-247.
91同11.
92 Islam R L,Murno L A.From perceptions to connections:informing information literacy program planning in academic libraries through examination of high school library media center curricula[J].College&Research Libraries,2006,67(6):492-514.
93同29.
94 Le Clercq A.High school access to an academic library[A].Reaching and teaching diverse library user groups:papers presented at the Sixteenth National LOEX Library Instruction Conference[C]//Ann Arbor:Pierian Press,1989:11-17.
95 Maxson S,Wright C R,Houck J W,et al.Urban teachers'views on areas of need for K-12/university collaboration.Action in Teacher Education,2000,22(2):39-53.
96同39.
97杨慧敏.美国基础教育[M].广州:广东教育出版社,2004:98,106.
98 Kenney D J.Teens in academe[J].School Library Journal,1989:181.
99同3.
100同88:21.
101同88:1-2.
102同88:19-21.
103教育部关于印发《普通高中“研究性学习”实施指南(试行)》的通知[EB/OL].[2017-06-21].http://old.moe.gov.cn//publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/moe_16/201001/82009.html.
104同100.
105同88:67.
106同88:64.
107同50.
108同29.
109同38.
110同3.
111同32.
112同36.
(1)高中生:根据美国的学制,9-12年级为高中阶段。
(2)AP课程:全称为Advanced Placement,大学预修课程。这是高中阶段开设的具有大学一年级水平的课程,专门为特别优秀的学生而设立。如果高中生选修一门AP课程,并通过AP水平考试,那么这门课程的学分就能带入大学。AP成绩成为美国大学重要录取依据。
(1)Honors课程:指美国高中的荣誉课程。美国高中将英语、数学、科学、外语等主要课程划分成几个难易不同的水平供学生选择。常见的划分方法为:基本水平、正常水平、荣誉水平、AP水平。荣誉课程在难度上高于前两种水平的课程,但是低于AP课程。
(2)IB课程:全称为International Baccalaureate,国际文凭课程。这类课程起源于欧洲,在授课、考试和学分的计算上与AP课程基本相同,许多美国高中生也在选修这类课程。
(1)Upward Bound:“攀登跃进项目”。该项目由美国联邦资助,主要帮助特定群体接受高等教育。特定群体包括:低收入家庭的高中生、父母没有上过大学的高中生、出生在美国并且想上大学的低收入退伍军人。
(2)GEAR UP:全称为Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs,“快速启动规划项目”。该项目由美国教育部拨款,为低收入家庭的中学生提供教育支持和引导,以增加其被大学录取的几率。
(3)婴儿潮:二战结束后,大批美国军人回国,从1946-1964年,这18 年间婴儿潮人口高达7600万人,这一人群被通称为“婴儿潮一代”。
(1)阅读伴侣项目:1985年,威斯康星大学奥克莱尔校区与奥克莱尔学区共同创立该项目,旨在帮助来自少数民族家庭的儿童提高阅读能力及文化素养。参加该项目的大学生志愿者与儿童结对进行帮扶,在受助儿童家中进行提升阅读能力的一对一辅导。
2 52所高校图书馆向中小学开放[EB/OL].[2016-11-25].http://news.xinhuanet.com/local/2015-04/29/c_127748883.htm.
3高校图书馆“叫好不叫座”[EB/OL].[2016-11-25].http://www.stardaily.com.cn/2016/0509/21728.shtml.
4辽宁省首批普通本科高等学校周末向中小学生开放部分设施实施方案[EB/OL].[2016-11-25].http://www.upln.cn/html/2012/Column_0103_0606/1013.html.
5辽宁省第二批普通本科高等学校周末向中小学生开放部分设施实施方案[EB/OL].[2016-11-25].http://www.upln.cn/html/2013/Column_0103_0805/2220.html.
6原增,王虹菲.高校图书馆为中小学生服务的实践探索[J].图书馆学刊,2014(10):64-65,69.
7 Craig H J.,Perrine R H.Problems of urban universities:library services for the high school student[J].Library Trends,1962,10(4):469-481.
8-10同7.
11 Craver K W.Use of academic libraries by high school students:implications for research[J].RQ,1987,27(1):53-66.
12-20同11.
21 Kemp B E,Nofsinger M M,Spitzer A M.Building a bridge:articulation programs for bibliographic instruction[J].College&Research Libraries,1986,47(5):470-474.
22-25同21.
26 McCulley L.Linking secondary school students with college-level resources:guidelines for borrowing privileges and library instruction[J].Resource Sharing&Information Networks,1992,7(2):99-106.
27 Jesudason M.Academic libraries and outreach services through precollege programs:aproactive collaboration[J].Reference Services Review,1993,21(4):29-36,96.
28 Ury C J.Value added:high school research projects in an academic library[J].The Clearing House,1996,69(5):313-315.
29 Evans B.Building bridges between New York city public high schools and a college:the cooperative library project[J].Research Strategies,1997,15(2):89-99.
30 Garcha R,Baldwin J.Bibliographic instruction for the Upward Bound residential students[J].The Reference Librarian,1997,27(58):135-141.
31 Kudlay R.Orienting neighborhood youth to an academic library:creating campus-community connections[J].The Reference Librarian 2000,32(67-68):111-130.
32 Gresham K,Tassel D V.Expanding the learning community:an academic library outreach program to high school[J].The Reference Librarian,2000,32(67-68):161-173.
33 Pearson D,Mcneil B.From high school users college students grow:providing academic library research opportunities to high school students[J].Knowledge Quest,2002,30(4):24-28.
34 Burhanna K J,Jensen M L.Collaborations for success:high school to college transitions[J].Reference Services Review,2006,34(4):509-519.
35 Adeyemon E.Integrating digital literacies into outreach services for underserved youth populations[J].The Reference Librarian,2009,50(1):85-98.
36 Carlito M D.Urban academic library outreach to secondary school students and teachers[J].Urban Library Journal,2009,15(2):35-49.
37 Zoellner K,Potter C.Libraries across the education continuum:relationships between library services at the University of Montana and regional high schools[J].Behavioral&Social Sciences Librarian,2010,29(3):184-206.
38 Martin C M,Garcia E P,Mcphee M.Information literacy outreach:building a high school program at California State University Northridge[J].Education Libraries,2012,35(1-2):34-47.
39 Angell K,Tewell E.Collaborating for academic success:a triinstitutional information literacy program for high school students[J].Public Services Quarterly,2013,9(1):1-19.
40 Godbey S,Fawley N,Goodman X,et al.Ethnography in action:active learning in academic library outreach to middle school students[J].Journal of Library Administration,2015,55(5):362-375.
41 Malanchuk I R,Ocha M N.Academic librarians and outreach beyond the college campus[J].The Southeastern Librarian,2005,53(3):23-29.
42同41.
43 Tvaruzka K.Warning:children in the library!Welcoming children and families into the academic library[J].Education Libraries,2009,32(2):21-26.
44 Knott D,Szabo K.Bigfoot hunting:academic library outreach to elementary school students[J].C&RL News,2013:346-348.
45 Cornell University Library.The Adelson Library.Children's book reading program[EB/OL].[2017-06-02].http://www.birds.cornell.edu/Adelson/services/children-s-reading-program.
46 Princeton University Library.Cotsen Children's Library.Our programs[EB/OL].[2017-06-02].http://www.princeton.edu/cotsen/gallery-programs/our-programs/.
47 Dartmouse College Library.Baker-Berry Library.Borrowing privileges-high school borrower[EB/OL].[2017-06-02].http://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/circ/highschool.html.
48 Duke University Libraries.Duke technology program reaches out to Durham schools[EB/OL].[2017-06-02].http://blogs.library.duke.edu/blog/2014/02/17/duke-technology-programreaches-durham-schools/.
49 University of Washington Libraries.Visitors from K-12[EB/OL].[2017-06-02].http://www.lib.washington.edu/services/k12.
50 University of Arkansas Libraries.Guidelines for visits by non-university groups[EB/OL].[2017-06-02].http://libraries.uark.edu/reference/visitors.asp.
51 University of Arkansas Libraries.Library privileges[EB/OL].[2017-06-07].http://libinfo.uark.edu/circulation/privileges.asp.
52 University of Delaware Library.UDLib/SEARCH[EB/OL].[2017-06-07].http://udlibsearch.lib.udel.edu/.
53 University of Minnesota Libraries.Wilson Library.History day visits[EB/OL].[2017-06-07].https://www.lib.umn.edu/wilson/history-day-visits.
54 Sonoma State University Library.Services for K-12[EB/OL].[2017-06-07].http://library.sonoma.edu/services/visitors/k12.
55 University of Texas at Arlington Libraries.Services for K12[EB/OL].[2017-06-07].http://library.uta.edu/k12.
56 University of Wisconsin Whitewater Anderson Library.High school visits[EB/OL].[2017-06-07].http://library.uww.edu/services/reference/high-school-visits.
57 University of Louisville Library.Borrow.Temporary borrower[EB/OL].[2017-06-07].http://library.louisville.edu/borrow.
58 Blueprint for Collaboration[EB/OL].[2017-06-07].http://www.ala.org/acrl/publications/whitepapers/acrlaaslblueprint.
59同58.
60 Beaumont J J,Hall Mark D L.Introduction:school-university partnerships in urban settings[J].Urban Education,1998,32(5):557-560.
61同27.
62 Joseph M E.The cure for library anxiety-It may not be what you think[J].Catholic Library World,1991,63(2):111-114.
63同11.
64-65同7.
66同11.
67-69同21.
70同11.
71同21.
72同32.
73 Partnership for 21st Century Learning.Framework for 21st Century Learning[EB/OL].[2017-05-02].http://www.p21.org/our-work/p21-framework.
74同32.
75同35.
76同34.
77 Dole W V.,Hill J B.Community users in North American academic libraries[J].New Library World,2011,112(3/4):141-149.
78吴春浩.美国常春藤联盟高校图书馆面向校外读者服务调查分析及借鉴[J].图书情报工作,2015,59(18):72-76.
79同56.
80同51.
81 Eyre G.Back to basics:the role of reading in preparing young people for the information society[J].Reference Services Review,2003,31(3):219-226.
82 American Association of School Librarians.Standards for the 21st Century Learner[EB/OL].[2017-06-15].www.ala.org/aasl/sites/ala.org.aasl/files/content/guidelinesandstandards/learningstandards/AASL_Learning_Standards_2007.pdf.
83-84同41.
85同43.
86同45.
87徐文静.高校图书馆走进中小学生课堂---普林斯顿大学图书馆阅读推广案例分享[J].图书馆建设,2015(4):54-57.
88霍益萍.研究性学习:实验与探索[M].南宁:广西教育出版社,2001:10.
89张人红.国外及港台地区研究性学习资料选编[M].南宁:广西教育出版社,2002:63-64.
90王升.研究性学习的理论与实践[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2002:246-247.
91同11.
92 Islam R L,Murno L A.From perceptions to connections:informing information literacy program planning in academic libraries through examination of high school library media center curricula[J].College&Research Libraries,2006,67(6):492-514.
93同29.
94 Le Clercq A.High school access to an academic library[A].Reaching and teaching diverse library user groups:papers presented at the Sixteenth National LOEX Library Instruction Conference[C]//Ann Arbor:Pierian Press,1989:11-17.
95 Maxson S,Wright C R,Houck J W,et al.Urban teachers'views on areas of need for K-12/university collaboration.Action in Teacher Education,2000,22(2):39-53.
96同39.
97杨慧敏.美国基础教育[M].广州:广东教育出版社,2004:98,106.
98 Kenney D J.Teens in academe[J].School Library Journal,1989:181.
99同3.
100同88:21.
101同88:1-2.
102同88:19-21.
103教育部关于印发《普通高中“研究性学习”实施指南(试行)》的通知[EB/OL].[2017-06-21].http://old.moe.gov.cn//publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/moe_16/201001/82009.html.
104同100.
105同88:67.
106同88:64.
107同50.
108同29.
109同38.
110同3.
111同32.
112同36.
(1)高中生:根据美国的学制,9-12年级为高中阶段。
(2)AP课程:全称为Advanced Placement,大学预修课程。这是高中阶段开设的具有大学一年级水平的课程,专门为特别优秀的学生而设立。如果高中生选修一门AP课程,并通过AP水平考试,那么这门课程的学分就能带入大学。AP成绩成为美国大学重要录取依据。
(1)Honors课程:指美国高中的荣誉课程。美国高中将英语、数学、科学、外语等主要课程划分成几个难易不同的水平供学生选择。常见的划分方法为:基本水平、正常水平、荣誉水平、AP水平。荣誉课程在难度上高于前两种水平的课程,但是低于AP课程。
(2)IB课程:全称为International Baccalaureate,国际文凭课程。这类课程起源于欧洲,在授课、考试和学分的计算上与AP课程基本相同,许多美国高中生也在选修这类课程。
(1)Upward Bound:“攀登跃进项目”。该项目由美国联邦资助,主要帮助特定群体接受高等教育。特定群体包括:低收入家庭的高中生、父母没有上过大学的高中生、出生在美国并且想上大学的低收入退伍军人。
(2)GEAR UP:全称为Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs,“快速启动规划项目”。该项目由美国教育部拨款,为低收入家庭的中学生提供教育支持和引导,以增加其被大学录取的几率。
(3)婴儿潮:二战结束后,大批美国军人回国,从1946-1964年,这18 年间婴儿潮人口高达7600万人,这一人群被通称为“婴儿潮一代”。
(1)阅读伴侣项目:1985年,威斯康星大学奥克莱尔校区与奥克莱尔学区共同创立该项目,旨在帮助来自少数民族家庭的儿童提高阅读能力及文化素养。参加该项目的大学生志愿者与儿童结对进行帮扶,在受助儿童家中进行提升阅读能力的一对一辅导。