A Review of Atmospheric Electricity Research in China from 2011 to 2018
|
摘要
Atmospheric electricity research has been conducted actively in China, having profited from the development and application of high temporal and spatial resolution lightning detection and location technologies. This paper reviews the scientific advances made in the field of atmospheric electricity in China from 2011 to 2018, covering the following five aspects:(1)lightning detection and location techniques;(2) discharge processes and parameters associated with rocket-triggered lightning;(3) physical processes in natural lightning and attachment to the ground;(4) lightning activities and charge structure in different thunderstorms; and(5) effects of thunderstorms on the upper atmosphere. In addition, some outstanding questions for future research are outlined.
Atmospheric electricity research has been conducted actively in China, having profited from the development and application of high temporal and spatial resolution lightning detection and location technologies. This paper reviews the scientific advances made in the field of atmospheric electricity in China from 2011 to 2018, covering the following five aspects:(1)lightning detection and location techniques;(2) discharge processes and parameters associated with rocket-triggered lightning;(3) physical processes in natural lightning and attachment to the ground;(4) lightning activities and charge structure in different thunderstorms; and(5) effects of thunderstorms on the upper atmosphere. In addition, some outstanding questions for future research are outlined.
Atmospheric electricity research has been conducted actively in China, having profited from the development and application of high temporal and spatial resolution lightning detection and location technologies. This paper reviews the scientific advances made in the field of atmospheric electricity in China from 2011 to 2018, covering the following five aspects:(1)lightning detection and location techniques;(2) discharge processes and parameters associated with rocket-triggered lightning;(3) physical processes in natural lightning and attachment to the ground;(4) lightning activities and charge structure in different thunderstorms; and(5) effects of thunderstorms on the upper atmosphere. In addition, some outstanding questions for future research are outlined.
引文
Cao,D.J.,X.S.Qie,J.Yang,J.F.Wang,and D.F.Wang,2011a:Analysis on characteristics of sub-microsecond electric field change waveform during the initial stage of lightning discharge.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,35(4),645-656,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2011.04.05.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Cao,D.J.,L.Y.Tian,J.Xiao,J.Yang,J.F.Wang,and D.F.Wang,2011b:A fast recording,display and waveform analysis system on multi-parameter of lightning flash.Plateau Meteorology,30(2),518-524.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Cao,D.J.,X.S.Qie,S.Duan,Y.J.Xuan,and D.F.Wang,2012:Lightning discharge process based on short-baseline lightning VHF radiation source locating system.Acta Physica Sinica,61(6),069202,https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.61.069202.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen,L.W.,Y.J.Zhang,W.T.Lu,D.Zheng,Y.Zhang,S.D.Chen,and Z.H.Huang,2012:Performance evaluation for a lightning location system based on observations of artificially triggered lightning and natural lightning flashes.J.Atmos.Oceanic Technol.,29,1835-1844,https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00028.1.
Chen,L.W.,W.T.Lu,Y.J.Zhang,and D.H.Wang,2015:Optical progression characteristics of an interesting natural downward bipolar lightning flash.J.Geophys.Res.,120,708-715,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022463.
Chen,S.D.,Y.J.Zhang,C.Chen,X.Yan,W.T.Lu,and Y.Zhang,2016:Influence of the ground potential rise on the residual voltage of low-voltage surge protective devices due to nearby lightning flashes.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,31(2),596-604,https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2015.2441773.
Chen,S.D.,Y.J.Zhang,M.Zhou,X.Yan,W.T.Lu,and Y.Zhang,2018a:Influence on low-voltage surge protective devices of overhead distribution lines due to nearby return strokes.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,33,1099-1106,https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2017.2695662.
Chen,S.D.,Y.J.Zhang,M.Zhou,X.Yan,W.T.Lu,L.W.Chen,and Y.Zhang,2018b:Observation of residual voltage in lowvoltage surge protective devices due to nearby m-components.IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility,60(3),776-784,https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2017.2737648.
Chen,Z.X.,X.S.Qie,Y.Tian,D.F.Wang,and S.F.Yuan,2017:Assimilation of lightning data through comprehensively nudging water contents at the cloud-resolving scale.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,75(3),442-459,https://doi.org/10.11676/qxxb2017.035.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Dong,W.S.,X.S.Liu,Y.J.Zhang,and G.S.Zhang,2002:Observations on the leader-return stroke of cloud-to-ground lightning with the broadband interferometer.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,45,259-269,https://doi.org/10.1360/02yd9028.
Fan,P.L.,D.Zheng,Y.J.Zhang,S.Q.Gu,W.J.Zhang,W.Yao,B.W.Yan,and Y.B.Xu,2018a:A performance evaluation of the World Wide Lightning Location Network(WWLLN)over the Tibetan Plateau.J.Atmos.Oceanic Technol.,35,927-939,https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-17-0144.1.
Fan,X.P.,G.S.Zhang,Y.H.Wang,Y.J.Li,T.Zhang,and B.Wu,2014:Analyzing the transmission structures of long continuing current processes from negative ground flashes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.J.Geophys.Res.,119,2050-2063,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020402.
Fan,X.P.,Y.J.Zhang,G.S.Zhang,and D.Zheng,2018b:Lightning characteristics and electric charge structure of a hail-producing thunderstorm on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan plateau.Atmosphere,9,295,https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9080295.
Fan,X.P.,Y.J.Zhang,D.Zheng,Y.Zhang,W.T.Lu,H.Y.Liu,and L.T.Xu,2018c:A new method of three-dimensional location for low-frequency electric field detection array.J.Geophys.Res.,123,8792-8812,https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD028249.
Fan,Y.F.,G.P.Lu,R.B.Jiang,H.B.Zhang,M.Y.Liu,and X.S.Qie,2017:Application of low-frequency magnetic sensor for remote measurement of the initial continuous current in rocket-triggering lightning.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,41(5),1027-1036,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1702.16248.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Fan,Y.F.,and Coauthors,2018d:Characteristics of electromagnetic signals during the initial stage of negative rockettriggered lightning.J.Geophys.Res.,123,11 625-11 636,https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028744.
Gao,Y.,W.T.Lu,Y.Ma,L.W.Chen,Y.Zhang,X.Yan,and Y.J.Zhang,2014:Three-dimensional propagation characteristics of the upward connecting leaders in six negative tall-object flashes in Guangzhou.Atmospheric Research,149,193-203,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.06.008.
Guo,F.X.,Y.Li,Z.C.Huang,M.F.Wang,F.H.Zeng,C.H.Lian,and Y.J.Mu,2017:Numerical simulation of 23 June 2016Yancheng City EF4 tornadic supercell and analysis of lightning activity.Science China Earth Sciences,60(12),2204-2213,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-017-9109-8.
Hou,W.H.,Q.L.Zhang,L.Wang,and J.B.Zhang,2018a:Effect of striking a cone-shaped mountain top on the far lightningradiated electromagnetic field.IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility,https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2018.2843772.(in press)
Hou,W.H.,Q.L.Zhang,J.B.Zhang,L.Wang,and Y.Shen,2018b:A new approximate method for lightning-radiated ELF/VLF ground wave propagation over intermediate ranges.International Journal of Antennas and Propagation,Article ID 9353294,https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9353294.
Huang,A.J.,G.P.Lu,H.B.Zhang,F.F.Liu,B.Y.Zhu,J.Yang,and Z.C.Wang,2018:Locating parent lightning strokes of sprites observed over a mesoscale convective system in Shandong Province,China.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,35(11),1396-1414,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-018-7306-4.
Jiang,R.,X.Qie,J.Yang,C.Wang,and Y.Zhao,2013b:Characteristics of M-component in rocket-triggered lightning and a discussion on its mechanism.Radio Sci.,48,597-606,https://doi.org/10.1002/rds.20065.
Jiang,R.B.,and Coauthors,2011:Lightning M-components with peak currents of kilo amperes and their mechanism.Acta Physica Sinica,60(7),079201.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Jiang,R.B.,X.S.Qie,C.X.Wang,and J.Yang,2013a:Propagating features of upward positive leaders in the initial stage of rocket-triggered lightning.Atmospheric Research,129-130,90-96,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.09.005.
Jiang,R.B.,Z.J.Wu,X.S.Qie,D.F.Wang,and M.Y.Liu,2014a:High-speed video evidence of a dart leader with bidirectional development.Geophys.Res.Lett.,41,5246-5250,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060585.
Jiang,R.B.,X.S.Qie,Z.J.Wu,D.F.Wang,M.Y.Liu,G.P.Lu,and D.X.Liu,2014b:Characteristics of upward lightning from a 325-m-tall meteorology tower.Atmospheric Research,149,111-119,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.06.007.
Jiang,R.B.,Z.L.Sun,and Z.J.Wu,2014c:Concurrent upward lightning flashes from two towers.Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters,7(3),260-264,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1674-2834.13.0099.
Jiang,R.B.,X.S.Qie,Z.C.Wang,H.B.Zhang,G.P.Lu,Z.L.Sun,M.Y.Liu,and X.Li,2015:Characteristics of lightning leader propagation and ground attachment.J.Geophys.Res.,120,11 988-12 002,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023519.
Jiang,R.B.,X.S.Qie,H.B.Zhang,M.Y.Liu,Z.L.Sun,G.P.Lu,Z.C.Wang,and Y.Wang,2017:Channel branching and zigzagging in negative cloud-to-ground lightning.Scientific Reports,7,3457,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03686-w.
Kong,X.Z.,Y.Zhao,T.Zhang,and H.B.Wang,2015:Optical and electrical characteristics of in-cloud discharge activity and downward leaders in positive cloud-to-ground lightning flashes.Atmospheric Research,160,28-38,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.02.014.
Lan,Y.,Y.J.Zhang,W.S.Dong,W.T.Lu,H.Y.Liu,and D.Zheng,2011:Broadband analysis of chaotic pulse trains generated by negative cloud-to-ground lightning discharge.J.Geophys.Res.,116,D17109,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015159.
Li,D.S.,Q.L.Zhang,Z.H.Wang,and T.Liu,2014:Computation of lightning horizontal field over the two-dimensional rough ground by using the three-dimensional FDTD.IEEETransactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility,56(1),143-148,https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2013.2266479.
Li,X.,X.S.Qie,K.Liu,Y.Wang,D.F.Wang,M.Y.Liu,Z.L.Sun,and H.B.Zhang,2017a:Characteristics of cloudto-ground lightning return strokes in Beijing based on high temporal resolution data of fast electric field change.Climatic and Environmental Research,22(2),231-241,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2016.16007.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Li,W.L.,X.S.Qie,S.M.Fu,D.B.Su,and Y.H.Shen,2016:Simulation of quasi-linear mesoscale convective systems in northern China:Lightning activities and storm structure.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,33(1),85-100,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-015-4170-3.
Li,Y.J.,G.S.Zhang,J.Wen,Y.H.Wang,T.Zhang,X.P.Fan,and B.Wu,2012:Spatial and temporal evolution of a multicell thunderstorm charge structure in coastal areas.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,55(10),3203-3212.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Li,Y.J.,G.S.Zhang,J.Wen,D.H.Wang,Y.H.Wang,T.Zhang,X.P.Fan,and B.Wu,2013:Electrical structure of a Qinghai-Tibet Plateau thunderstorm based on threedimensional lightning mapping.Atmospheric Research,134,137-149,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.07.020.
Li,Y.J.,G.S.Zhang,Y.H.Wang,B.Wu,and J.Li,2017b:Observation and analysis of electrical structure change and diversity in thunderstorms on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Atmospheric Research,194,130-141,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.04.031.
Liu,D.X.,X.S.Qie,Y.J.Xiong,and G.L.Feng,2011:Evolution of the total lightning activity in a leading-line and trailing stratiform mesoscale convective system over Beijing.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,28(4),866-878,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-010-0001-8.
Liu,D.X.,X.S.Qie,L.X.Pan,and L.Peng,2013a:Some characteristics of lightning activity and radiation source distribution in a squall line over north China.Atmospheric Research,132-133,423-433,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.06.010.
Liu,D.X.,X.S.Qie,Z.C.Wang,X.K.Wu,and L.X.Pan,2013b:Characteristics of lightning radiation source distribution and charge structure of squall line.Acta Physica Sinica,62(21),219201,https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.62.219201.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu,D.X.,X.S.Qie,L.Peng,and W.L.Li,2014:Charge structure of a summer thunderstorm in North China:Simulation using a regional atmospheric model system.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,31,1022-1034,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-014-3078-7.
Liu,F.F.,and Coauthors,2018a:Observations of blue discharges associated with negative narrow bipolar events in active deep convection.Geophys.Res.Lett.,45,2842-2851,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076207.
Liu,H.Y.,W.S.Dong,T.Wu,D.Zheng,and Y.J.Zhang,2012:Observation of compact intracloud discharges using VHFbroadband interferometers.J.Geophys.Res.,117,D01203,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016185.
Liu,H.Y.,S.Qiu,and W.S.Dong,2018b:The three-dimensional locating of VHF broadband lightning interferometers.Atmosphere,9,317,https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9080317.
Liu,K.,X.S.Qie,J.X.He,G.P.Lu,and Q.Xia,2015:Estimation of critical electric field of soil ionisation based on tangential electric field method.IET Science,Measurement&Technology,9(6),758-764,https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-smt.2014.0352.
Lu,G.P.,R.B.Jiang,X.S.Qie,H.B.Zhang,Z.L.Sun,M.Y.Liu,Z.C.Wang,and K.Liu,2014:Burst of intracloud current pulses during the initial continuous current in a rockettriggered lightning flash.Geophys.Res.Lett.,41,9174-9181,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062127.
Lu,G.P.,and Coauthors,2016a:Characterization of initial current pulses in negative rocket-triggered lightning with sensitive magnetic sensor.Radio Sci.,51,1432-1444,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RS005945.
Lu,G.P.,and Coauthors,2018:Measurement of continuing charge transfer in rocket-triggered lightning with low-frequency magnetic sensor at close range.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,175,76-86,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2018.02.010.
Lu,W.T.,and Coauthors,2012:Characteristics of unconnected upward leaders initiated from tall structures observed in Guangzhou.J.Geophys.Res.,117,D19211,https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018035.
Lu,W.T.,L.W.Chen,Y.Ma,V.A.Rakov,Y.Gao,Y.Zhang,Q.Y.Yin,and Y.J.Zhang,2013:Lightning attachment process involving connection of the downward negative leader to the lateral surface of the upward connecting leader.Geophys.Res.Lett.,40,5531-5535,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058060.
Lu,W.T.,and Coauthors,2015:Three-dimensional propagation characteristics of the leaders in the attachment process of a downward negative lightning flash.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,136,23-30,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2015.07.011.
Lu,W.T.,Q.Qi,Y.Ma,L.W.Chen,X.Yan,V.A.Rakov,D.H.Wang,and Y.J.Zhang,2016b:Two basic leader connection scenarios observed in negative lightning attachment process.High Voltage,1(1),11-17,https://doi.org/10.1049/hve.2016.0002.
Lü,F.C.,B.Y.Zhu,H.L.Zhou,V.A.Rakov,W.W.Xu,and Z.L.Qin,2013a:Observations of compact intracloud lightning discharges in the northernmost region(51?N)of China.J.Geophys.Res.,118,4458-4465,https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50295.
Lü,F.C.,B.Y.Zhu,M.Ma,L.X.Wei,and D.Ma,2013b:Observations of narrow bipolar events during two thunderstorms in Northeast China.Science China Earth Sciences,56(8),1459-1470,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-012-4484-2.
Pan,L.X.,X.S.Qie,D.X.Liu,D.F.Wang,and J.Yang,2010:The lightning activities in super typhoons over the Northwest Pacific.Science China Earth Sciences,53,1241-1248,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-010-3034-z.
Pan,L.X.,D.X.Liu,X.S.Qie,D.F.Wang,and R.P.Zhu,2013:Land-sea contrast in the lightning diurnal variation as observed by the WWLLN and LIS/OTD data.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,27(4),591-600,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-013-0408-0.
Pan,L.X.,X.S.Qie,and D.F.Wang,2014:Lightning activity and its relation to the intensity of typhoons over the Northwest Pacific Ocean.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,31(3),581-592,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-013-3115-y.
Pu,Y.J.,R.B.Jiang,X.S.Qie,M.Y.Liu,H.B.Zhang,Y.F.Fan,and X.K.Wu,2017:Upward negative leaders in positive triggered lightning:Stepping and branching in the initial stage.Geophys.Res.Lett.,44,7029-7035,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074228.
Qi,Q.,W.T.Lu,Y.Ma,L.W.Chen,Y.J.Zhang,and V.A.Rakov,2016:High-speed video observations of the fine structure of a natural negative stepped leader at close distance.Atmospheric Research,178-179,260-267,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.03.027.
Qie,X.S.,2012:Progresses in the atmospheric electricity researches in China during 2006-2010.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,29(5),993-1005,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-011-1195-0.
Qie,X.S.,R.B.Jiang,C.X.Wang,J.Yang,J.F.Wang,and D.X.Liu,2011:Simultaneously measured current,luminosity,and electric field pulses in a rocket-triggered lightning flash.J.Geophys.Res.,116,D10102,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015331.
Qie,X.S.,J.Yang,R.B.Jiang,C.X.Wang,G.L.Feng,S.J.Wu,and G.S.Zhang,2012:Shandong Artificially Triggering Lightning Experiment and current characterization of return stroke.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,36(1),77-88,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2012.01.07.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Qie,X.S.,Z.C.Wang,D.F.Wang,and M.Y.Liu,2013:Characteristics of positive cloud-to-ground lightning in Da Hinggan Ling forest region at relatively high latitude,northeastern China.J.Geophys.Res.,118,13 393-13 404,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020093.
Qie,X.S.,R.B.Jiang,and J.Yang,2014a:Characteristics of current pulses in rocket-triggered lightning.Atmospheric Research,135-136,322-329,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.11.012.
Qie,X.S.,R.P.Zhu,T.Yuan,X.K.Wu,W.L.Li,and D.X.Liu,2014b:Application of total-lightning data assimilation in a mesoscale convective system based on the WRF model.Atmospheric Research,145-146,255-266,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.04.012.
Qie,X.S.,and Coauthors,2017:Bi-directional leader development in a preexisting channel as observed in rocket-triggered lightning flashes.J.Geophys.Res.,122,586-599,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025224.
Qiu,S.,Z.D.Jiang,L.H.Shi,Z.C.Niu,and P.Zhang,2015:Characteristics of negative lightning leaders to ground observed by TVLS.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,136,31-38,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2015.07.008.
Qu,H.Y.,P.Yuan,H.M.Zhang,and X.S.Qie,2012a:Evolution characteristic of near-infrared spectra and temperature along the stroke channel of lightning discharge process.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,55(8),2508-2513,https://doi.org/10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.08.003.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Qu,H.Y.,P.Yuan,T.L.Zhang,X.S.Qie,Y.J.Zhang,and G.S.Zhang,2012b:Analysis on physical characteristic of lightning with multiple return strokes.Plateau Meteorology,31(1),218-222.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Shi,D.D.,D.Zheng,Y.Zhang,Y.J.Zhang,Z.G.Huang,W.T.Lu,S.D.Chen,and X.Yan,2017:Low-frequency E-field Detection Array(LFEDA)-Construction and preliminary results.Science China Earth Sciences,60,1896-1908,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-9093-9.
Shi,Z.,Y.B.Tan,H.Q.Tang,J.Sun,Y.Yang,L.Peng,and X.F.Guo,2015:Aerosol effect on the land-ocean contrast in thunderstorm electrification and lightning frequency.Atmospheric Research,164-165,131-141,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.05.006.
Srivastava,A.,and Coauthors,2017:Performance assessment of Beijing Lightning Network(BLNET)and comparison with other lightning location networks across Beijing.Atmospheric Research,197,76-83,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.06.026.
Sun,L.,and Coauthors,2018a:Evolution of lightning radiation sources of a strong squall line over Beijing metropolitan region and its relation to convection region and surface thermodynamic condition.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1805.18128.(in press)(in Chinese with English abstract)
Sun,L.,X.S.Qie,E.R.Mansell,Z.X.Chen,Y.Xu,R.B.Jiang,and Z.L.Sun,2018b:Feedback effect of electric field force on electrification and charge structure in thunderstorm.Acta Physica Sinica,67(16),169201.https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.67.20180505.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Sun,Z.L.,X.S.Qie,M.Y.Liu,D.J.Cao,and D.F.Wang,2013:Lightning VHF radiation location system based on shortbaseline TDOA technique-Validation in rocket-triggered lightning.Atmospheric Research,129-130,58-66,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.11.010.
Sun,Z.L.,X.S.Qie,and M.Y.Liu,2014a:Characteristics of a negative cloud-to-ground lightning discharge based on locations of VHF radiation sources.Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters,7(3),248-253,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1674-2834.13.0110.
Sun,Z.L.,X.S.Qie,R.B.Jiang,M.Y.Liu,X.K.Wu,Z.C.Wang,G.P.Lu,and H.B.Zhang,2014b:Characteristics of a rocket-triggered lightning flash with large stroke number and the associated leader propagation.J.Geophys.Res.,119(23),13 388-13 399,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022100.
Sun,Z.L.,X.S.Qie,and M.Y.Liu,2015:Analysis on very high frequency radiation and development characteristics of a negative cloud-to-ground lightning discharge with multiple return strokes.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,39(4),667-676,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1410.14106.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Sun,Z.L.,X.S.Qie,M.Y.Liu,R.B.Jiang,Z.C.Wang,and H.B.Zhang,2016:Characteristics of a negative lightning with multiple-ground terminations observed by a VHF lightning location system.J.Geophys.Res.,121,413-426,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023702.
Tan,Y.,X.Guo,J.Zhu,Z.Shi,and D.Zhang,2014c:Influence on simulation accuracy of atmospheric electric field around a building by space resolution.Atmospheric Research,138,301-307,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.11.023.
Tian,Y.,and Coauthors,2016:Characteristics of a bipolar cloudto-ground lightning flash containing a positive stroke followed by three negative strokes.Atmospheric Research,176-177,222-230,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.02.023.
Tan,Y.B.,Z.Shi,N.N.Wang,and X.F.Guo,2012:Numerical simulation of the effects of randomness and characteristics of electrical environment on ground strike sites of cloudto-ground lightning.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,55(11),3534-3541.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Tan,Y.B.,Z.W.Liang,Z.Shi,J.R.Zhu,and X.F.Guo,2014a:Numerical simulation of the effect of lower positive charge region in thunderstorms on different types of lightning.Science China Earth Sciences,57,2125-2134,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-014-4867-7.
Tan,Y.B.,S.C.Tao,Z.W.Liang,and B.Y.Zhu,2014b:Numerical study on relationship between lightning types and distribution of space charge and electric potential.J.Geophys.Res.,119,1003-1014,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD019983.
Tan,Y.B.,C.Chen,J.C.Zhou,B.W.Zhou,D.D.Zhang,and X.F.Guo,2016:A parameterization scheme for upward lightning in the cloud model and a discussion of the initial favorable environmental characteristics in the cloud.Science China Earth Sciences,59(7),1440-1453,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-5309-5.
Wang,C.X.,R.B.Jiang,J.Yang,and M.Y.Liu,2012a:Current subsidiary peak in triggered lightning strokes.Radio Sci.,47,RS4002,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RS004933.
Wang,C.X.,X.S.Qie,R.B.Jiang,and J.Yang,2012b:Propagating properties of a upward positive leader in a negative triggered lightning.Acta Physica Sinica,61(3),039203,https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.61.039203.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang,C.X.,D.Zheng,Y.J.Zhang,and L.P.Liu,2017a:Relationship between lightning activity and vertical airflow characteristics in thunderstorms.Atmospheric Research,191,12-19,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.03.003.
Wang,C.X.,Z.L.Sun,R.B.Jiang,Y.M.Tian,and X.S.Qie,2018c:Characteristics of downward leaders in a cloudto-ground lightning strike on a lightning rod.Atmospheric Research,203,246-253,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.12.014.
Wang,D.F.,and Coauthors,2011a:Analyses on the characteristic of cloud-to-ground lightning flash in Da Hinggan ling forest region.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,35(1),147-156,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2011.01.12.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang,F.,Y.J.Zhang,D.Zheng,and L.T.Xu,2015a:Impact of the vertical velocity field on charging processes and charge separation in a simulated thunderstorm.Journal of Meteorological Research,29(2),328-343,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-015-4023-0.
Wang,F.,Y.J.Zhang,and D.Zheng,2015b:Impact of updraft on neutralized charge rate by lightning in thunderstorms:Asimulation case study.Journal of Meteorological Research,29(6),997-1010,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-015-5023-9.
Wang,F.,X.S.Qie,D.X.Liu,H.F.Shi,and A.Srivastava,2016a:Lightning activity and its relationship with typhoon intensity and vertical wind shear for Super Typhoon Haiyan(1330).Journal of Meteorological Research,30(1),117-127,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-016-4228-x.
Wang,F.,Y.J.Zhang,H.Y.Liu,W.Yao,and Q.Meng,2016b:Characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning strikes in the stratiform regions of mesoscale convective systems.Atmospheric Research,178-179,207-216,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.03.021.
Wang,F.,X.S.Qie,and X.D.Cui,2017b:Climatological characteristics of lightning activity within tropical cyclones and its relationship to cyclone intensity change over the Northwest Pacific.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,41(6),1167-1176,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1704.17102.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang,F.,Y.J.Zhang,D.Zheng,L.T.Xu,W.J.Zhang,and Q.Meng,2017c:Semi-idealized modeling of lightning initiation related to vertical air motion and cloud microphysics.Journal of Meteorological Research,31(5),976-986,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-017-6201-8.
Wang,F.,H.Y.Liu,W.S.Dong,Y.J.Zhang,and Q.Meng,2018a:Characteristics of lightning flashes associated with the charge layer near the 0?C isotherm in the stratiform region of mesoscale onvective systems.J.Geophys.Res.,123,9524-9541,https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028569.
Wang,F.,X.S.Qie,D.F.Wang,and A.Srivastava,2018b:Lightning activity in tropical cyclones and its relationship to dynamic and thermodynamic parameters over the northwest Pacific.Atmospheric Research,213,86-96,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.05.027.
Wang,H.L.,F.X.Guo,T.L.Zhao,M.O.Qin,and L.Zhang,2016c:A numerical study of the positive cloud-to-ground flash from the forward flank of normal polarity thunderstorm.Atmospheric Research,169,183-190,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.10.011.
Wang,H.L.,and Coauthors,2017d:Improving lightning and precipitation prediction of severe convection using lightning data assimilation with NCAR WRF-RTFDDA.J.Geophys.Res.,122,12 296-12 316,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027340.
Wang,H.L.,and Coauthors,2018d:Continuous assimilation of lightning data using time-lagged ensembles for a convectionallowing numerical weather prediction model.J.Geophys.Res.,123,9652-9673,https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028494.
Wang,J.F.,D.J.Cao,H.Lu,and D.F.Wang,2011b:Characteristics of lightning activities in Yangbajing region of Tibet.Plateau Meteorology,30(3),831-836.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang,J.F.,X.S.Qie,H.Lu,J.L.Zhang,X.X.Yu,and F.Shi,2012c:Effect of thunderstorm electric field on intensity of cosmic ray muons.Acta Physica Sinica,61(15),159202,https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.61.159202.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang,Y.,X.S.Qie,D.F.Wang,M.Y.Liu,and Z.C.Wang,2014a:Comparisons of preliminary breakdown pulse trains in positive and negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,38(1),21-31,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2013.12167.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang,Y.,Y.Yang,and C.H.Wang,2014b:Improving forecasting of strong convection by assimilating cloud-to-ground lightning data using the physical initialization method.Atmospheric Research,150,31-41,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.06.017.
Wang,Y.,and Coauthors,2015c:Beijing Lightning NET-work(BLNET):Configuration and preliminary results of lightning location.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,39(3),571-582,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1407.14138.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang,Y.,and Coauthors,2016d:Beijing Lightning Network(BLNET)and the observation on preliminary breakdown processes.Atmospheric Research,171,121-132,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.12.012.
Wang,Y.H.,G.S.Zhang,X.S.Qie,D.H.Wang,T.Zhang,Y.X.Zhao,Y.J.Li,and T.L.Zhang,2012d:Characteristics of compact intracloud discharges observed in a severe thunderstorm in northern part of China.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,84-85,7-14,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2012.05.003.
Wang,Y.H.,G.S.Zhang,T.Zhang,Y.J.Li,B.Wu,and T.L.Zhang,2013:Interaction between adjacent lightning discharges in clouds.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,30(4),1106-1116,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-2008-9.
Wang,Z.C.,J.Yang,G.P.Lu,D.X.Liu,Y.Wang,X.Xiao,and X.S.Qie,2015d:Sprites over a mesoscale convective system in north China and the corresponding characteristics of radar echo and lightning.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,39(4),839-848,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1412.14232.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang,Z.C.,X.S.Qie,R.B.Jiang,C.X.Wang,G.P.Lu,Z.L.Sun,M.Y.Liu,and Y.J.Pu,2016e:High-speed video observation of stepwise propagation of a natural upward positive leader.J.Geophys.Res.,121,14 307-14 315,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025605.
Wu,B.,G.S.Zhang,J.Wen,T.Zhang,Y.J.Li,and Y.H.Wang,2016a:Correlation analysis between initial preliminary breakdown process,the characteristic of radiation pulse,and the charge structure on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.J.Geophys.Res.,121,12 434-12 459,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025281.
Wu,F.,X.P.Cui,D.L.Zhang,D.X.Liu,and D.Zheng,2016b.SAFIr-3000 lightning statistics over the Beijing metropolitan region during 2005-07.Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,55,2613-2633,https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0030.1.
Wu,F.,X.P.Cui,D.L.Zhang,and L.Qiao,2017:The relationship of lightning activity and short-duration rainfall events during warm seasons over the Beijing metropolitan region.Atmospheric Research,195,31-43,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.04.032.
Wu,F.,X.P.Cui,and D.L.Zhang,2018:A lightning-based nowcast-warning approach for short-duration rainfall events:Development and testing over Beijing during the warm seasons of 2006-2007.Atmospheric Research,205,2-17,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.02.003.
Wu,T.,W.S.Dong,Y.J.Zhang,and T.Wang,2011:Comparison of positive and negative compact intracloud discharges.J.Geophys.Res.,116,D03111,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015233.
Wu,X.K.,T.Yuan,D.X.Liu,and G.L.Feng,2013a:Study of the relationship between cloud-to-ground lightning and radar echo of a severe squall line in Shandong peninsula.Plateau Meteorology,32(2),530-540.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wu,Z.J.,X.S.Qie,D.F.Wang,Y.J.Xuan,M.Y.Liu,and Z.C.Wang,2013b:Retrieval of the charge sources neutralized by negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in the Daxing’anling Forest region.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,71(4),783-796,https://doi.org/10.11676/qxxb2013.057.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wu,Z.J.,X.S.Qie,and D.F.Wang,2016d:Characteristics of charge sources retrieved from the multi-station synchronous electric field change measurements of negative return-stroke.Plateau Meteorology,35(4),1123-1134.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wu,Z.J.,X.S.Qie,D.F.Wang,and Y.Wang,2016c:Charge transferred by the return stroke of negative cloud-to-ground lightning in the Beijing region.Climatic and Environmental Research,21(3),247-257.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Xia,R.D.,D.L.Zhang,and B.L.Wang,2015:A 6-yr cloud-toground lightning climatology and its relationship to rainfall over central and Eastern China.Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,54(12),2443-2460,https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-15-0029.1.
Xia,R.D.,D.L.Zhang,C.H.Zhang,and Y.Q.Wang,2018:Synoptic control of convective rainfall rates and cloud-to-ground lightning frequencies in warm-season mesoscale convective systems over north China.Mon.Wea.Rev.,146(3),813-831,https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-17-0172.1.
Xie,Y.R.,J.Wu,X.T.Liu,T.F.Zhang,Y.J.Xie,Y.J.Xu,and D.M.Zhao,2015:Characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning activity in hailstorms over Yunnan province.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,136,2-7,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2015.10.011.
Xu,J.Y.,and Coauthors,2015:Concentric gravity waves over northern China observed by an airglow imager network and satellites.J.Geophys.Res.,120,11 058-11 078,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023786.
Xu,L.T.,Y.J.Zhang,F.Wang,and D.Zheng,2012:Coupling of electrification and discharge processes with WRF model and its preliminary verification.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,36,1041-1052,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2012.11235.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu,L.T.,Y.J.Zhang,F.Wang,and D.Zheng,2014:Simulation of the electrification of a tropical cyclone using the WRF-ARW model:An idealized case.Journal of Meteorological Research,28,453-468,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-014-3079-6.
Xu,L.T.,Y.J.Zhang,H.Y.Liu,D.Zheng,and F.Wang,2016a:The role of dynamic transport in the formation of the inverted charge structure in a simulated hailstorm.Science China Earth Sciences,59,1414-1426,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-5293-9.
Xu,L.T.,Y.J.Zhang,W.J.Zhang,F.Wang,and D.Zheng,2016b:Simulation of the evolution of the charge structure during the landfall of Typhoon Molave(2009).Acta Meteorologica Sinica,74,1002-1016,https://doi.org/10.11676/qxxb2016.071.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu,S.,D.Zheng,Y.Q.Wang,and P.Y.Hu,2016c:Characteristics of the two active stages of lightning activity in two hailstorms.Journal of Meteorological Research,30(2),265-281,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-016-5074-6.
Xu,Y.,and Coauthors,2018:Lightning activity of a severe squall line with cell merging process and its relationships with dynamic fields.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,42,1393-1406,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1801.17220.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yang,J.,and G.L.Feng,2012:A gigantic jet event observed over a thunderstorm in mainland China.Chinese Science Bulletin,57(36),4791-4800,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5486-3.
Yang,J.,X.S.Qie,and G.L.Feng,2013a:Characteristics of one sprite-producing summer thunderstorm.Atmospheric Research,127,90-115,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.08.001.
Yang,J.,M.R.Yang,C.Liu,and G.L.Feng,2013b:Case studies of sprite-producing and non-sprite-producing summer thunderstorms.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,30(6),1786-1808,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-013-2120-5.
Yang,J.,G.P.Lu,L.J.Lee,and G.L.Feng,2015:Longdelayed bright dancing sprite with large Horizontal displacement from its parent flash.Journal of Atmospheric and SolarTerrestrial Physics,129,1-5,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2015.04.001.
Yang,J.,G.P.Lu,N.Y.Liu,H.H.Cui,Y.Wang,and M.Cohen,2017a:Analysis of a mesoscale convective system that produced a single sprite.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,34(2),258-271,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-016-6092-0.
Yang,J.,G.P.Lu,N.Y.Liu,M.Sato,G.L.Feng,Y.Wang,and J.K.Chou,2017b:Sprite possibly produced by two distinct positive cloud-to-ground lightning flashes.Terrestrial,Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences,28,609-624,https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.2016.07.22.01.
Yang,J.,M.Sato,N.Y.Liu,G.P.Lu,Y.Wang,and Z.C.Wang,2018a:A gigantic jet observed over an mesoscale convective system in midlatitude region.J.Geophys.Res.,123,977-996,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026878.
Yang,J.,N.Y.Liu,M.Sato,G.P.Lu,Y.Wang,and G.L.Feng,2018b:Characteristics of thunderstorm structure and lightning activity causing negative and positive sprites.J.Geophys.Res.,123,8190-8207,https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD026759.
Yu,B.K.,and Coauthors,2015:Evidence for lightning-associated enhancement of the ionospheric sporadic E layer dependent on lightning stroke energy.J.Geophys.Res.,120(10),9202-9212,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021575.
Yu,B.K.,and Coauthors,2017:The enhancement of neutral metal Na layer above thunderstorms.Geophys.Res.Lett.,44,9555-9563,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074977.
Yuan,S.F.,R.B.Jiang,X.S.Qie,D.F.Wang,Z.L.Sun,and M.Y.Liu,2017:Characteristics of upward lightning on the Beijing 325 m meteorology tower and corresponding thunderstorm conditions.J.Geophys.Res.,122,12 093-12 105,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027198.
Yuan,T.,Y.L.Di,and K.Qie,2016:Variability of lightning flash and thunderstorm over East/Southeast Asia on the ENSO time scales.Atmospheric Research,169,377-390,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.10.022.
Zhang,C.X.,W.T.Lu,L.W.Chen,Q.Qi,Y.Ma,W.Yao,and Y.J.Zhang,2017a:Influence of the Canton Tower on the cloud-toground lightning in its vicinity.J.Geophys.Res.,122,5943-5954,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026229.
Zhang,G.S.,Y.H.Wang,X.S.Qie,T.Zhang,Y.X.Zhao,Y.J.Li,and D.J.Cao,2010:Using lightning locating system based on time-of-arrival technique to study three-dimensional lightning discharge processes.Science China Earth Sciences,53(4),591-602,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-009-0116-x.
Zhang,G.S.,Y.J.Li,Y.H.Wang,T.Zhang,B.Wu,and Y.X.Liu,2015a:Experimental study on location accuracy of a 3D VHF lightning-radiation-source locating network.Science China Earth Sciences,58,2034-2048,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-015-5119-1.
Zhang,H.B.,and Coauthors,2016a:Locating narrow bipolar events with single-station measurement of low-frequency magnetic fields.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,143-144,88-101,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2016.03.009.
Zhang,Q.,L.X.He,T.T.Ji,and W.H.Hou,2014a:On the fieldto-current conversion factors for lightning strike to tall objects considering the finitely conducting ground.J.Geophys.Res.,119,8189-8200,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021496.
Zhang,Q.L.,J.Yang,X.Q.Jing,D.S.Li,and Z.H.Wang,2012a:Propagation effect of a fractal rough ground boundary on the lightning-radiated vertical electric field.Atmospheric Research,104-105,202-208,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.10.009.
Zhang,Q.L.,J.Yang,D.S.Li,and Z.H.Wang,2012b:Propagation effects of a fractal rough ocean surface on the vertical electric field generated by lightning return strokes.Journal of Electrostatics,70(1),54-59,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2011.10.003.
Zhang,Q.L.,M.Y.Liu,J.Yang,X.D.Liu,J.Yang,and R.B.Jiang,2012c:Characteristics of the close leader/return stroke electric field change and its response to the corresponding charge density along the lightning channel.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,70(4),847-854,https://doi.org/10.11676/qxxb2012.070.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang,Q.L.,W.H.Hou,T.T.Ji,L.X.He,and J.F.Su,2014b:Validation and revision of far-field-current relationship for the lightning strike to electrically short objects.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,120,41-50,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2014.08.015.
Zhang,Q.L.,T.T.Ji,and W.H.Hou,2015b:Effect of frequencydependent soil on the propagation of electromagnetic fields radiated by subsequent lightning strike to tall objects.IEEETransactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility,57(1),112-120,https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2014.2361926.
Zhang,R.,Y.J.Zhang,L.T.Xu,D.Zheng,and W.Yao,2017b:Assimilation of total lightning data using the threedimensional variational method at convection-allowing resolution.Journal of Meteorological Research,31,731-746,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-017-6133-3.
Zhang,T.L.,J.Yang,R.Z.Chu,G.Zhao,and T.Zhang,2012d:Distribution of precipitation particle and electrical characteristic of a thunderstorm in Pingliang region.Plateau Meteorology,31(4),1091-1099.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang,T.L.,G.Zhao,C.X.Wei,Y.Gao,H.Yu,and F.C.Zhou,2017c:Relationships between cloud-to-ground flashes and hydrometeors in a thunderstorm in Fujian province.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,154,226-235,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2015.11.007.
Zhang,T.L.,H.Yu,F.C.Zhou,J.Chen,and M.H.Zhang,2018a:Measurements of vertical electric field in a thunderstorm in a Chinese inland plateau.Annales Geophysicae,36(4),979-986,https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-979-2018.
Zhang,W.J.,Y.J.Zhang,D.Zheng,F.Wang,and L.T.Xu,2015d:Relationship between lightning activity and tropical cyclone intensity over the northwest Pacific.J.Geophys.Res.,120,4072-4089,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022334.
Zhang,W.J.,Y.J.Zhang,D.Zheng,L.T.Xu,and W.T.Lyu,2018b:Lightning climatology over the northwest Pacific region:An 11-year study using data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network.Atmospheric Research,210,41-57,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.04.013.
Zhang,Y.,Y.J.Zhang,W.T.Lu,and D.Zheng,2013b:Analysis and comparison of initial breakdown pulses for positive cloud-to-ground flashes observed in Beijing and Guangzhou.Atmospheric Research,129-130,34-41,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.03.006.
Zhang,Y.,Y.J.Zhang,D.Zheng,and W.T.Lu,2015c:Preliminary breakdown,following lightning discharge processes and lower positive charge region.Atmospheric Research,161-162,52-56,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.03.017.
Zhang,Y.,Y.J.Zhang,C.Li,W.T.Lu,and D.Zheng,2016c:Simultaneous optical and electrical observations of“chaotic”leaders preceding subsequent return strokes.Atmospheric Research,170,131-139,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.11.012.
Zhang,Y.,Y.J.Zhang,M.Xie,D.Zheng,W.T.Lu,S.D.Chen,and X.Yan,2016d:Characteristics and correlation of return stroke,M component and continuing current for triggered lightning.Electric Power Systems Research,139,10-15,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2015.11.024.
Zhang,Y.,P.R.Krehbiel,Y.J.Zhang,W.T.Lu,D.Zheng,L.T.Xu,and Z.G.Huang,2017d:Observations of the initial stage of a rocket-and-wire-triggered lightning discharge.Geophys.Res.Lett.,44,4332-4340,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072843.
Zhang,Y.,Y.J.Zhang,D.Zheng,and W.T.Lu,2018c:Characteristics and discharge processes of M events with large current in triggered lightning.Radio Sci.,53,974-985,https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RS006552.
Zhang,Y.J.,S.D.Chen,D.Zheng,W.T.Lu,and B.Li,2013a:Experiments on lightning protection for automatic weather stations using artificially triggered lightning.IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering,8,313-321,https://doi.org/10.1002/tee.21861.
Zhang,Y.J.,and Coauthors,2014c:Experiments of artificially triggered lightning and its application in Conghua,Guangdong,China.Atmospheric Research,135-136,330-343,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.02.010.
Zhang,Y.J.,and Coauthors,2016b:A review of advances in lightning observations during the past decade in Guangdong,China.Journal of Meteorological Research,30(5),800-819,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-016-6928-7.
Zhang,Z.X.,D.Zheng,Y.J.Zhang,and G.P.Lu,2017e:Spatial-temporal characteristics of lightning flash size in a supercell storm.Atmospheric Research,197,201-210,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.06.029.
Zhao,P.G.,Y.Yin,and H.Xiao,2015:The effects of aerosol on development of thunderstorm electrification:A numerical study.Atmospheric Research,153,376-391,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.09.011.
Zhao,Y.,X.S.Qie,M.L.Chen,X.Z.Kong,G.S.Zhang,T.Zhang,T.L.Zhang,and G.L.Feng,2011:Characteristic of M-component in artificially-initiated triggered lightning.Plateau Meteorology,30(2),508-517.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zheng,D.,Y.J.Zhang,Q.Meng,W.T.Lu,and X.Y.Yi,2009:Total lightning characteristics and electric structure evolution in a hailstorm.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,23(2),233-249.
Zheng,D.,Y.J.Zhang,W.T.Lu,Y.Zhang,W.S.Dong,S.D.Chen,and J.R.Dan,2012:Optical and electrical observations of an abnormal triggered lightning event with two upward propagations.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,26(4),529-540,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-012-0411-x.
Zheng,D.,Y.J.Zhang,W.T.Lu,Y.Zhang,W.S.Dong,S.D.Chen,and J.R.Dan,2013:Characteristics of return stroke currents of classical and altitude triggered lightning in GCOELD in China.Atmospheric Research,129-130,67-78,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.11.009.
Zheng,D.,Y.J.Zhang,Q.Meng,L.W.Chen,and J.R.Dan,2016a:Climatology of lightning activity in South China and its relationships to precipitation and convective available potential energy.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,33(3),365-376,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-015-5124-5.
Zheng,D.,Y.J.Zhang,Q.Meng,L.W.Chen,and J.R.Dan,2016b:Climatological comparison of small-and large-current cloud-to-ground lightning flashes over Southern China.J.Climate,29,2831-2848,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0386.1.
Zheng,D.,and Coauthors,2017:Characteristics of the initial stage and return stroke currents of rocket-triggered lightning flashes in southern China.J.Geophys.Res.,122,6431-6452,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026235.
Zheng,T.X.,G.P.Lu,Y.B.Tan,Y.F.Fan,R.B.Jiang,H.B.Zhang,M.Y.Liu,and X.S.Qie,2018:Observation and analysis of polarity reversal for the burst-type magnetic pulses during the propagation of upward positive leader in rockettriggered lightning.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,42(1),124-133,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1705.17114.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhou,E.W.,W.T.Lu,Y.Zhang,B.Y.Zhu,D.Zheng,and Y.J.Zhang,2013:Correlation analysis between the channel current and luminosity of initial continuous and continuing current processes in an artificially triggered lightning flash.Atmospheric Research,129-130,79-89,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.10.020.
Zhu,B.Y.,H.L.Zhou,R.Thottappillil,and V.A.Rakov,2014:Simultaneous observations of electric field changes,wideband magnetic field pulses,and VHF emissions associated with K processes in lightning discharges.J.Geophys.Res.,119,2699-2710,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021006.
Zhu,B.Y.,M.Ma,W.W.Xu,and D.Ma,2015:Some properties of negative cloud-to-ground flashes from observations of a local thunderstorm based on accurate-stroke-count studies.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,136,16-22,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2015.07.007.
Zhu,R.P.,T.Yuan,W.L.Li,and G.W.Na,2013:Characteristics of global lightning activities based on satellite observations.Climatic and Environmental Research,18(5),639-650,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2012.12017.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Cao,D.J.,L.Y.Tian,J.Xiao,J.Yang,J.F.Wang,and D.F.Wang,2011b:A fast recording,display and waveform analysis system on multi-parameter of lightning flash.Plateau Meteorology,30(2),518-524.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Cao,D.J.,X.S.Qie,S.Duan,Y.J.Xuan,and D.F.Wang,2012:Lightning discharge process based on short-baseline lightning VHF radiation source locating system.Acta Physica Sinica,61(6),069202,https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.61.069202.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen,L.W.,Y.J.Zhang,W.T.Lu,D.Zheng,Y.Zhang,S.D.Chen,and Z.H.Huang,2012:Performance evaluation for a lightning location system based on observations of artificially triggered lightning and natural lightning flashes.J.Atmos.Oceanic Technol.,29,1835-1844,https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00028.1.
Chen,L.W.,W.T.Lu,Y.J.Zhang,and D.H.Wang,2015:Optical progression characteristics of an interesting natural downward bipolar lightning flash.J.Geophys.Res.,120,708-715,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022463.
Chen,S.D.,Y.J.Zhang,C.Chen,X.Yan,W.T.Lu,and Y.Zhang,2016:Influence of the ground potential rise on the residual voltage of low-voltage surge protective devices due to nearby lightning flashes.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,31(2),596-604,https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2015.2441773.
Chen,S.D.,Y.J.Zhang,M.Zhou,X.Yan,W.T.Lu,and Y.Zhang,2018a:Influence on low-voltage surge protective devices of overhead distribution lines due to nearby return strokes.IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,33,1099-1106,https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2017.2695662.
Chen,S.D.,Y.J.Zhang,M.Zhou,X.Yan,W.T.Lu,L.W.Chen,and Y.Zhang,2018b:Observation of residual voltage in lowvoltage surge protective devices due to nearby m-components.IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility,60(3),776-784,https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2017.2737648.
Chen,Z.X.,X.S.Qie,Y.Tian,D.F.Wang,and S.F.Yuan,2017:Assimilation of lightning data through comprehensively nudging water contents at the cloud-resolving scale.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,75(3),442-459,https://doi.org/10.11676/qxxb2017.035.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Dong,W.S.,X.S.Liu,Y.J.Zhang,and G.S.Zhang,2002:Observations on the leader-return stroke of cloud-to-ground lightning with the broadband interferometer.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,45,259-269,https://doi.org/10.1360/02yd9028.
Fan,P.L.,D.Zheng,Y.J.Zhang,S.Q.Gu,W.J.Zhang,W.Yao,B.W.Yan,and Y.B.Xu,2018a:A performance evaluation of the World Wide Lightning Location Network(WWLLN)over the Tibetan Plateau.J.Atmos.Oceanic Technol.,35,927-939,https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-17-0144.1.
Fan,X.P.,G.S.Zhang,Y.H.Wang,Y.J.Li,T.Zhang,and B.Wu,2014:Analyzing the transmission structures of long continuing current processes from negative ground flashes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.J.Geophys.Res.,119,2050-2063,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020402.
Fan,X.P.,Y.J.Zhang,G.S.Zhang,and D.Zheng,2018b:Lightning characteristics and electric charge structure of a hail-producing thunderstorm on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan plateau.Atmosphere,9,295,https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9080295.
Fan,X.P.,Y.J.Zhang,D.Zheng,Y.Zhang,W.T.Lu,H.Y.Liu,and L.T.Xu,2018c:A new method of three-dimensional location for low-frequency electric field detection array.J.Geophys.Res.,123,8792-8812,https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD028249.
Fan,Y.F.,G.P.Lu,R.B.Jiang,H.B.Zhang,M.Y.Liu,and X.S.Qie,2017:Application of low-frequency magnetic sensor for remote measurement of the initial continuous current in rocket-triggering lightning.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,41(5),1027-1036,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1702.16248.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Fan,Y.F.,and Coauthors,2018d:Characteristics of electromagnetic signals during the initial stage of negative rockettriggered lightning.J.Geophys.Res.,123,11 625-11 636,https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028744.
Gao,Y.,W.T.Lu,Y.Ma,L.W.Chen,Y.Zhang,X.Yan,and Y.J.Zhang,2014:Three-dimensional propagation characteristics of the upward connecting leaders in six negative tall-object flashes in Guangzhou.Atmospheric Research,149,193-203,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.06.008.
Guo,F.X.,Y.Li,Z.C.Huang,M.F.Wang,F.H.Zeng,C.H.Lian,and Y.J.Mu,2017:Numerical simulation of 23 June 2016Yancheng City EF4 tornadic supercell and analysis of lightning activity.Science China Earth Sciences,60(12),2204-2213,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-017-9109-8.
Hou,W.H.,Q.L.Zhang,L.Wang,and J.B.Zhang,2018a:Effect of striking a cone-shaped mountain top on the far lightningradiated electromagnetic field.IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility,https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2018.2843772.(in press)
Hou,W.H.,Q.L.Zhang,J.B.Zhang,L.Wang,and Y.Shen,2018b:A new approximate method for lightning-radiated ELF/VLF ground wave propagation over intermediate ranges.International Journal of Antennas and Propagation,Article ID 9353294,https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9353294.
Huang,A.J.,G.P.Lu,H.B.Zhang,F.F.Liu,B.Y.Zhu,J.Yang,and Z.C.Wang,2018:Locating parent lightning strokes of sprites observed over a mesoscale convective system in Shandong Province,China.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,35(11),1396-1414,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-018-7306-4.
Jiang,R.,X.Qie,J.Yang,C.Wang,and Y.Zhao,2013b:Characteristics of M-component in rocket-triggered lightning and a discussion on its mechanism.Radio Sci.,48,597-606,https://doi.org/10.1002/rds.20065.
Jiang,R.B.,and Coauthors,2011:Lightning M-components with peak currents of kilo amperes and their mechanism.Acta Physica Sinica,60(7),079201.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Jiang,R.B.,X.S.Qie,C.X.Wang,and J.Yang,2013a:Propagating features of upward positive leaders in the initial stage of rocket-triggered lightning.Atmospheric Research,129-130,90-96,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.09.005.
Jiang,R.B.,Z.J.Wu,X.S.Qie,D.F.Wang,and M.Y.Liu,2014a:High-speed video evidence of a dart leader with bidirectional development.Geophys.Res.Lett.,41,5246-5250,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060585.
Jiang,R.B.,X.S.Qie,Z.J.Wu,D.F.Wang,M.Y.Liu,G.P.Lu,and D.X.Liu,2014b:Characteristics of upward lightning from a 325-m-tall meteorology tower.Atmospheric Research,149,111-119,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.06.007.
Jiang,R.B.,Z.L.Sun,and Z.J.Wu,2014c:Concurrent upward lightning flashes from two towers.Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters,7(3),260-264,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1674-2834.13.0099.
Jiang,R.B.,X.S.Qie,Z.C.Wang,H.B.Zhang,G.P.Lu,Z.L.Sun,M.Y.Liu,and X.Li,2015:Characteristics of lightning leader propagation and ground attachment.J.Geophys.Res.,120,11 988-12 002,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023519.
Jiang,R.B.,X.S.Qie,H.B.Zhang,M.Y.Liu,Z.L.Sun,G.P.Lu,Z.C.Wang,and Y.Wang,2017:Channel branching and zigzagging in negative cloud-to-ground lightning.Scientific Reports,7,3457,https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03686-w.
Kong,X.Z.,Y.Zhao,T.Zhang,and H.B.Wang,2015:Optical and electrical characteristics of in-cloud discharge activity and downward leaders in positive cloud-to-ground lightning flashes.Atmospheric Research,160,28-38,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.02.014.
Lan,Y.,Y.J.Zhang,W.S.Dong,W.T.Lu,H.Y.Liu,and D.Zheng,2011:Broadband analysis of chaotic pulse trains generated by negative cloud-to-ground lightning discharge.J.Geophys.Res.,116,D17109,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015159.
Li,D.S.,Q.L.Zhang,Z.H.Wang,and T.Liu,2014:Computation of lightning horizontal field over the two-dimensional rough ground by using the three-dimensional FDTD.IEEETransactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility,56(1),143-148,https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2013.2266479.
Li,X.,X.S.Qie,K.Liu,Y.Wang,D.F.Wang,M.Y.Liu,Z.L.Sun,and H.B.Zhang,2017a:Characteristics of cloudto-ground lightning return strokes in Beijing based on high temporal resolution data of fast electric field change.Climatic and Environmental Research,22(2),231-241,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2016.16007.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Li,W.L.,X.S.Qie,S.M.Fu,D.B.Su,and Y.H.Shen,2016:Simulation of quasi-linear mesoscale convective systems in northern China:Lightning activities and storm structure.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,33(1),85-100,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-015-4170-3.
Li,Y.J.,G.S.Zhang,J.Wen,Y.H.Wang,T.Zhang,X.P.Fan,and B.Wu,2012:Spatial and temporal evolution of a multicell thunderstorm charge structure in coastal areas.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,55(10),3203-3212.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Li,Y.J.,G.S.Zhang,J.Wen,D.H.Wang,Y.H.Wang,T.Zhang,X.P.Fan,and B.Wu,2013:Electrical structure of a Qinghai-Tibet Plateau thunderstorm based on threedimensional lightning mapping.Atmospheric Research,134,137-149,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.07.020.
Li,Y.J.,G.S.Zhang,Y.H.Wang,B.Wu,and J.Li,2017b:Observation and analysis of electrical structure change and diversity in thunderstorms on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Atmospheric Research,194,130-141,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.04.031.
Liu,D.X.,X.S.Qie,Y.J.Xiong,and G.L.Feng,2011:Evolution of the total lightning activity in a leading-line and trailing stratiform mesoscale convective system over Beijing.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,28(4),866-878,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-010-0001-8.
Liu,D.X.,X.S.Qie,L.X.Pan,and L.Peng,2013a:Some characteristics of lightning activity and radiation source distribution in a squall line over north China.Atmospheric Research,132-133,423-433,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.06.010.
Liu,D.X.,X.S.Qie,Z.C.Wang,X.K.Wu,and L.X.Pan,2013b:Characteristics of lightning radiation source distribution and charge structure of squall line.Acta Physica Sinica,62(21),219201,https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.62.219201.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu,D.X.,X.S.Qie,L.Peng,and W.L.Li,2014:Charge structure of a summer thunderstorm in North China:Simulation using a regional atmospheric model system.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,31,1022-1034,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-014-3078-7.
Liu,F.F.,and Coauthors,2018a:Observations of blue discharges associated with negative narrow bipolar events in active deep convection.Geophys.Res.Lett.,45,2842-2851,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076207.
Liu,H.Y.,W.S.Dong,T.Wu,D.Zheng,and Y.J.Zhang,2012:Observation of compact intracloud discharges using VHFbroadband interferometers.J.Geophys.Res.,117,D01203,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016185.
Liu,H.Y.,S.Qiu,and W.S.Dong,2018b:The three-dimensional locating of VHF broadband lightning interferometers.Atmosphere,9,317,https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9080317.
Liu,K.,X.S.Qie,J.X.He,G.P.Lu,and Q.Xia,2015:Estimation of critical electric field of soil ionisation based on tangential electric field method.IET Science,Measurement&Technology,9(6),758-764,https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-smt.2014.0352.
Lu,G.P.,R.B.Jiang,X.S.Qie,H.B.Zhang,Z.L.Sun,M.Y.Liu,Z.C.Wang,and K.Liu,2014:Burst of intracloud current pulses during the initial continuous current in a rockettriggered lightning flash.Geophys.Res.Lett.,41,9174-9181,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062127.
Lu,G.P.,and Coauthors,2016a:Characterization of initial current pulses in negative rocket-triggered lightning with sensitive magnetic sensor.Radio Sci.,51,1432-1444,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RS005945.
Lu,G.P.,and Coauthors,2018:Measurement of continuing charge transfer in rocket-triggered lightning with low-frequency magnetic sensor at close range.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,175,76-86,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2018.02.010.
Lu,W.T.,and Coauthors,2012:Characteristics of unconnected upward leaders initiated from tall structures observed in Guangzhou.J.Geophys.Res.,117,D19211,https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018035.
Lu,W.T.,L.W.Chen,Y.Ma,V.A.Rakov,Y.Gao,Y.Zhang,Q.Y.Yin,and Y.J.Zhang,2013:Lightning attachment process involving connection of the downward negative leader to the lateral surface of the upward connecting leader.Geophys.Res.Lett.,40,5531-5535,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058060.
Lu,W.T.,and Coauthors,2015:Three-dimensional propagation characteristics of the leaders in the attachment process of a downward negative lightning flash.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,136,23-30,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2015.07.011.
Lu,W.T.,Q.Qi,Y.Ma,L.W.Chen,X.Yan,V.A.Rakov,D.H.Wang,and Y.J.Zhang,2016b:Two basic leader connection scenarios observed in negative lightning attachment process.High Voltage,1(1),11-17,https://doi.org/10.1049/hve.2016.0002.
Lü,F.C.,B.Y.Zhu,H.L.Zhou,V.A.Rakov,W.W.Xu,and Z.L.Qin,2013a:Observations of compact intracloud lightning discharges in the northernmost region(51?N)of China.J.Geophys.Res.,118,4458-4465,https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50295.
Lü,F.C.,B.Y.Zhu,M.Ma,L.X.Wei,and D.Ma,2013b:Observations of narrow bipolar events during two thunderstorms in Northeast China.Science China Earth Sciences,56(8),1459-1470,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-012-4484-2.
Pan,L.X.,X.S.Qie,D.X.Liu,D.F.Wang,and J.Yang,2010:The lightning activities in super typhoons over the Northwest Pacific.Science China Earth Sciences,53,1241-1248,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-010-3034-z.
Pan,L.X.,D.X.Liu,X.S.Qie,D.F.Wang,and R.P.Zhu,2013:Land-sea contrast in the lightning diurnal variation as observed by the WWLLN and LIS/OTD data.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,27(4),591-600,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-013-0408-0.
Pan,L.X.,X.S.Qie,and D.F.Wang,2014:Lightning activity and its relation to the intensity of typhoons over the Northwest Pacific Ocean.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,31(3),581-592,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-013-3115-y.
Pu,Y.J.,R.B.Jiang,X.S.Qie,M.Y.Liu,H.B.Zhang,Y.F.Fan,and X.K.Wu,2017:Upward negative leaders in positive triggered lightning:Stepping and branching in the initial stage.Geophys.Res.Lett.,44,7029-7035,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074228.
Qi,Q.,W.T.Lu,Y.Ma,L.W.Chen,Y.J.Zhang,and V.A.Rakov,2016:High-speed video observations of the fine structure of a natural negative stepped leader at close distance.Atmospheric Research,178-179,260-267,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.03.027.
Qie,X.S.,2012:Progresses in the atmospheric electricity researches in China during 2006-2010.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,29(5),993-1005,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-011-1195-0.
Qie,X.S.,R.B.Jiang,C.X.Wang,J.Yang,J.F.Wang,and D.X.Liu,2011:Simultaneously measured current,luminosity,and electric field pulses in a rocket-triggered lightning flash.J.Geophys.Res.,116,D10102,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015331.
Qie,X.S.,J.Yang,R.B.Jiang,C.X.Wang,G.L.Feng,S.J.Wu,and G.S.Zhang,2012:Shandong Artificially Triggering Lightning Experiment and current characterization of return stroke.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,36(1),77-88,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2012.01.07.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Qie,X.S.,Z.C.Wang,D.F.Wang,and M.Y.Liu,2013:Characteristics of positive cloud-to-ground lightning in Da Hinggan Ling forest region at relatively high latitude,northeastern China.J.Geophys.Res.,118,13 393-13 404,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020093.
Qie,X.S.,R.B.Jiang,and J.Yang,2014a:Characteristics of current pulses in rocket-triggered lightning.Atmospheric Research,135-136,322-329,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.11.012.
Qie,X.S.,R.P.Zhu,T.Yuan,X.K.Wu,W.L.Li,and D.X.Liu,2014b:Application of total-lightning data assimilation in a mesoscale convective system based on the WRF model.Atmospheric Research,145-146,255-266,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.04.012.
Qie,X.S.,and Coauthors,2017:Bi-directional leader development in a preexisting channel as observed in rocket-triggered lightning flashes.J.Geophys.Res.,122,586-599,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025224.
Qiu,S.,Z.D.Jiang,L.H.Shi,Z.C.Niu,and P.Zhang,2015:Characteristics of negative lightning leaders to ground observed by TVLS.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,136,31-38,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2015.07.008.
Qu,H.Y.,P.Yuan,H.M.Zhang,and X.S.Qie,2012a:Evolution characteristic of near-infrared spectra and temperature along the stroke channel of lightning discharge process.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,55(8),2508-2513,https://doi.org/10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.08.003.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Qu,H.Y.,P.Yuan,T.L.Zhang,X.S.Qie,Y.J.Zhang,and G.S.Zhang,2012b:Analysis on physical characteristic of lightning with multiple return strokes.Plateau Meteorology,31(1),218-222.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Shi,D.D.,D.Zheng,Y.Zhang,Y.J.Zhang,Z.G.Huang,W.T.Lu,S.D.Chen,and X.Yan,2017:Low-frequency E-field Detection Array(LFEDA)-Construction and preliminary results.Science China Earth Sciences,60,1896-1908,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-9093-9.
Shi,Z.,Y.B.Tan,H.Q.Tang,J.Sun,Y.Yang,L.Peng,and X.F.Guo,2015:Aerosol effect on the land-ocean contrast in thunderstorm electrification and lightning frequency.Atmospheric Research,164-165,131-141,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.05.006.
Srivastava,A.,and Coauthors,2017:Performance assessment of Beijing Lightning Network(BLNET)and comparison with other lightning location networks across Beijing.Atmospheric Research,197,76-83,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.06.026.
Sun,L.,and Coauthors,2018a:Evolution of lightning radiation sources of a strong squall line over Beijing metropolitan region and its relation to convection region and surface thermodynamic condition.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1805.18128.(in press)(in Chinese with English abstract)
Sun,L.,X.S.Qie,E.R.Mansell,Z.X.Chen,Y.Xu,R.B.Jiang,and Z.L.Sun,2018b:Feedback effect of electric field force on electrification and charge structure in thunderstorm.Acta Physica Sinica,67(16),169201.https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.67.20180505.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Sun,Z.L.,X.S.Qie,M.Y.Liu,D.J.Cao,and D.F.Wang,2013:Lightning VHF radiation location system based on shortbaseline TDOA technique-Validation in rocket-triggered lightning.Atmospheric Research,129-130,58-66,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.11.010.
Sun,Z.L.,X.S.Qie,and M.Y.Liu,2014a:Characteristics of a negative cloud-to-ground lightning discharge based on locations of VHF radiation sources.Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters,7(3),248-253,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1674-2834.13.0110.
Sun,Z.L.,X.S.Qie,R.B.Jiang,M.Y.Liu,X.K.Wu,Z.C.Wang,G.P.Lu,and H.B.Zhang,2014b:Characteristics of a rocket-triggered lightning flash with large stroke number and the associated leader propagation.J.Geophys.Res.,119(23),13 388-13 399,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022100.
Sun,Z.L.,X.S.Qie,and M.Y.Liu,2015:Analysis on very high frequency radiation and development characteristics of a negative cloud-to-ground lightning discharge with multiple return strokes.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,39(4),667-676,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1410.14106.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Sun,Z.L.,X.S.Qie,M.Y.Liu,R.B.Jiang,Z.C.Wang,and H.B.Zhang,2016:Characteristics of a negative lightning with multiple-ground terminations observed by a VHF lightning location system.J.Geophys.Res.,121,413-426,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023702.
Tan,Y.,X.Guo,J.Zhu,Z.Shi,and D.Zhang,2014c:Influence on simulation accuracy of atmospheric electric field around a building by space resolution.Atmospheric Research,138,301-307,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.11.023.
Tian,Y.,and Coauthors,2016:Characteristics of a bipolar cloudto-ground lightning flash containing a positive stroke followed by three negative strokes.Atmospheric Research,176-177,222-230,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.02.023.
Tan,Y.B.,Z.Shi,N.N.Wang,and X.F.Guo,2012:Numerical simulation of the effects of randomness and characteristics of electrical environment on ground strike sites of cloudto-ground lightning.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,55(11),3534-3541.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Tan,Y.B.,Z.W.Liang,Z.Shi,J.R.Zhu,and X.F.Guo,2014a:Numerical simulation of the effect of lower positive charge region in thunderstorms on different types of lightning.Science China Earth Sciences,57,2125-2134,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-014-4867-7.
Tan,Y.B.,S.C.Tao,Z.W.Liang,and B.Y.Zhu,2014b:Numerical study on relationship between lightning types and distribution of space charge and electric potential.J.Geophys.Res.,119,1003-1014,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD019983.
Tan,Y.B.,C.Chen,J.C.Zhou,B.W.Zhou,D.D.Zhang,and X.F.Guo,2016:A parameterization scheme for upward lightning in the cloud model and a discussion of the initial favorable environmental characteristics in the cloud.Science China Earth Sciences,59(7),1440-1453,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-5309-5.
Wang,C.X.,R.B.Jiang,J.Yang,and M.Y.Liu,2012a:Current subsidiary peak in triggered lightning strokes.Radio Sci.,47,RS4002,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RS004933.
Wang,C.X.,X.S.Qie,R.B.Jiang,and J.Yang,2012b:Propagating properties of a upward positive leader in a negative triggered lightning.Acta Physica Sinica,61(3),039203,https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.61.039203.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang,C.X.,D.Zheng,Y.J.Zhang,and L.P.Liu,2017a:Relationship between lightning activity and vertical airflow characteristics in thunderstorms.Atmospheric Research,191,12-19,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.03.003.
Wang,C.X.,Z.L.Sun,R.B.Jiang,Y.M.Tian,and X.S.Qie,2018c:Characteristics of downward leaders in a cloudto-ground lightning strike on a lightning rod.Atmospheric Research,203,246-253,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.12.014.
Wang,D.F.,and Coauthors,2011a:Analyses on the characteristic of cloud-to-ground lightning flash in Da Hinggan ling forest region.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,35(1),147-156,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2011.01.12.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang,F.,Y.J.Zhang,D.Zheng,and L.T.Xu,2015a:Impact of the vertical velocity field on charging processes and charge separation in a simulated thunderstorm.Journal of Meteorological Research,29(2),328-343,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-015-4023-0.
Wang,F.,Y.J.Zhang,and D.Zheng,2015b:Impact of updraft on neutralized charge rate by lightning in thunderstorms:Asimulation case study.Journal of Meteorological Research,29(6),997-1010,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-015-5023-9.
Wang,F.,X.S.Qie,D.X.Liu,H.F.Shi,and A.Srivastava,2016a:Lightning activity and its relationship with typhoon intensity and vertical wind shear for Super Typhoon Haiyan(1330).Journal of Meteorological Research,30(1),117-127,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-016-4228-x.
Wang,F.,Y.J.Zhang,H.Y.Liu,W.Yao,and Q.Meng,2016b:Characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning strikes in the stratiform regions of mesoscale convective systems.Atmospheric Research,178-179,207-216,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.03.021.
Wang,F.,X.S.Qie,and X.D.Cui,2017b:Climatological characteristics of lightning activity within tropical cyclones and its relationship to cyclone intensity change over the Northwest Pacific.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,41(6),1167-1176,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1704.17102.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang,F.,Y.J.Zhang,D.Zheng,L.T.Xu,W.J.Zhang,and Q.Meng,2017c:Semi-idealized modeling of lightning initiation related to vertical air motion and cloud microphysics.Journal of Meteorological Research,31(5),976-986,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-017-6201-8.
Wang,F.,H.Y.Liu,W.S.Dong,Y.J.Zhang,and Q.Meng,2018a:Characteristics of lightning flashes associated with the charge layer near the 0?C isotherm in the stratiform region of mesoscale onvective systems.J.Geophys.Res.,123,9524-9541,https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028569.
Wang,F.,X.S.Qie,D.F.Wang,and A.Srivastava,2018b:Lightning activity in tropical cyclones and its relationship to dynamic and thermodynamic parameters over the northwest Pacific.Atmospheric Research,213,86-96,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.05.027.
Wang,H.L.,F.X.Guo,T.L.Zhao,M.O.Qin,and L.Zhang,2016c:A numerical study of the positive cloud-to-ground flash from the forward flank of normal polarity thunderstorm.Atmospheric Research,169,183-190,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.10.011.
Wang,H.L.,and Coauthors,2017d:Improving lightning and precipitation prediction of severe convection using lightning data assimilation with NCAR WRF-RTFDDA.J.Geophys.Res.,122,12 296-12 316,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027340.
Wang,H.L.,and Coauthors,2018d:Continuous assimilation of lightning data using time-lagged ensembles for a convectionallowing numerical weather prediction model.J.Geophys.Res.,123,9652-9673,https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028494.
Wang,J.F.,D.J.Cao,H.Lu,and D.F.Wang,2011b:Characteristics of lightning activities in Yangbajing region of Tibet.Plateau Meteorology,30(3),831-836.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang,J.F.,X.S.Qie,H.Lu,J.L.Zhang,X.X.Yu,and F.Shi,2012c:Effect of thunderstorm electric field on intensity of cosmic ray muons.Acta Physica Sinica,61(15),159202,https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.61.159202.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang,Y.,X.S.Qie,D.F.Wang,M.Y.Liu,and Z.C.Wang,2014a:Comparisons of preliminary breakdown pulse trains in positive and negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,38(1),21-31,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2013.12167.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang,Y.,Y.Yang,and C.H.Wang,2014b:Improving forecasting of strong convection by assimilating cloud-to-ground lightning data using the physical initialization method.Atmospheric Research,150,31-41,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.06.017.
Wang,Y.,and Coauthors,2015c:Beijing Lightning NET-work(BLNET):Configuration and preliminary results of lightning location.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,39(3),571-582,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1407.14138.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang,Y.,and Coauthors,2016d:Beijing Lightning Network(BLNET)and the observation on preliminary breakdown processes.Atmospheric Research,171,121-132,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.12.012.
Wang,Y.H.,G.S.Zhang,X.S.Qie,D.H.Wang,T.Zhang,Y.X.Zhao,Y.J.Li,and T.L.Zhang,2012d:Characteristics of compact intracloud discharges observed in a severe thunderstorm in northern part of China.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,84-85,7-14,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2012.05.003.
Wang,Y.H.,G.S.Zhang,T.Zhang,Y.J.Li,B.Wu,and T.L.Zhang,2013:Interaction between adjacent lightning discharges in clouds.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,30(4),1106-1116,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-2008-9.
Wang,Z.C.,J.Yang,G.P.Lu,D.X.Liu,Y.Wang,X.Xiao,and X.S.Qie,2015d:Sprites over a mesoscale convective system in north China and the corresponding characteristics of radar echo and lightning.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,39(4),839-848,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1412.14232.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang,Z.C.,X.S.Qie,R.B.Jiang,C.X.Wang,G.P.Lu,Z.L.Sun,M.Y.Liu,and Y.J.Pu,2016e:High-speed video observation of stepwise propagation of a natural upward positive leader.J.Geophys.Res.,121,14 307-14 315,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025605.
Wu,B.,G.S.Zhang,J.Wen,T.Zhang,Y.J.Li,and Y.H.Wang,2016a:Correlation analysis between initial preliminary breakdown process,the characteristic of radiation pulse,and the charge structure on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.J.Geophys.Res.,121,12 434-12 459,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025281.
Wu,F.,X.P.Cui,D.L.Zhang,D.X.Liu,and D.Zheng,2016b.SAFIr-3000 lightning statistics over the Beijing metropolitan region during 2005-07.Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,55,2613-2633,https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0030.1.
Wu,F.,X.P.Cui,D.L.Zhang,and L.Qiao,2017:The relationship of lightning activity and short-duration rainfall events during warm seasons over the Beijing metropolitan region.Atmospheric Research,195,31-43,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.04.032.
Wu,F.,X.P.Cui,and D.L.Zhang,2018:A lightning-based nowcast-warning approach for short-duration rainfall events:Development and testing over Beijing during the warm seasons of 2006-2007.Atmospheric Research,205,2-17,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.02.003.
Wu,T.,W.S.Dong,Y.J.Zhang,and T.Wang,2011:Comparison of positive and negative compact intracloud discharges.J.Geophys.Res.,116,D03111,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015233.
Wu,X.K.,T.Yuan,D.X.Liu,and G.L.Feng,2013a:Study of the relationship between cloud-to-ground lightning and radar echo of a severe squall line in Shandong peninsula.Plateau Meteorology,32(2),530-540.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wu,Z.J.,X.S.Qie,D.F.Wang,Y.J.Xuan,M.Y.Liu,and Z.C.Wang,2013b:Retrieval of the charge sources neutralized by negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in the Daxing’anling Forest region.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,71(4),783-796,https://doi.org/10.11676/qxxb2013.057.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wu,Z.J.,X.S.Qie,and D.F.Wang,2016d:Characteristics of charge sources retrieved from the multi-station synchronous electric field change measurements of negative return-stroke.Plateau Meteorology,35(4),1123-1134.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wu,Z.J.,X.S.Qie,D.F.Wang,and Y.Wang,2016c:Charge transferred by the return stroke of negative cloud-to-ground lightning in the Beijing region.Climatic and Environmental Research,21(3),247-257.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Xia,R.D.,D.L.Zhang,and B.L.Wang,2015:A 6-yr cloud-toground lightning climatology and its relationship to rainfall over central and Eastern China.Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,54(12),2443-2460,https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-15-0029.1.
Xia,R.D.,D.L.Zhang,C.H.Zhang,and Y.Q.Wang,2018:Synoptic control of convective rainfall rates and cloud-to-ground lightning frequencies in warm-season mesoscale convective systems over north China.Mon.Wea.Rev.,146(3),813-831,https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-17-0172.1.
Xie,Y.R.,J.Wu,X.T.Liu,T.F.Zhang,Y.J.Xie,Y.J.Xu,and D.M.Zhao,2015:Characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning activity in hailstorms over Yunnan province.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,136,2-7,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2015.10.011.
Xu,J.Y.,and Coauthors,2015:Concentric gravity waves over northern China observed by an airglow imager network and satellites.J.Geophys.Res.,120,11 058-11 078,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023786.
Xu,L.T.,Y.J.Zhang,F.Wang,and D.Zheng,2012:Coupling of electrification and discharge processes with WRF model and its preliminary verification.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,36,1041-1052,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2012.11235.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu,L.T.,Y.J.Zhang,F.Wang,and D.Zheng,2014:Simulation of the electrification of a tropical cyclone using the WRF-ARW model:An idealized case.Journal of Meteorological Research,28,453-468,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-014-3079-6.
Xu,L.T.,Y.J.Zhang,H.Y.Liu,D.Zheng,and F.Wang,2016a:The role of dynamic transport in the formation of the inverted charge structure in a simulated hailstorm.Science China Earth Sciences,59,1414-1426,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-5293-9.
Xu,L.T.,Y.J.Zhang,W.J.Zhang,F.Wang,and D.Zheng,2016b:Simulation of the evolution of the charge structure during the landfall of Typhoon Molave(2009).Acta Meteorologica Sinica,74,1002-1016,https://doi.org/10.11676/qxxb2016.071.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu,S.,D.Zheng,Y.Q.Wang,and P.Y.Hu,2016c:Characteristics of the two active stages of lightning activity in two hailstorms.Journal of Meteorological Research,30(2),265-281,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-016-5074-6.
Xu,Y.,and Coauthors,2018:Lightning activity of a severe squall line with cell merging process and its relationships with dynamic fields.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,42,1393-1406,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1801.17220.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yang,J.,and G.L.Feng,2012:A gigantic jet event observed over a thunderstorm in mainland China.Chinese Science Bulletin,57(36),4791-4800,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5486-3.
Yang,J.,X.S.Qie,and G.L.Feng,2013a:Characteristics of one sprite-producing summer thunderstorm.Atmospheric Research,127,90-115,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.08.001.
Yang,J.,M.R.Yang,C.Liu,and G.L.Feng,2013b:Case studies of sprite-producing and non-sprite-producing summer thunderstorms.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,30(6),1786-1808,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-013-2120-5.
Yang,J.,G.P.Lu,L.J.Lee,and G.L.Feng,2015:Longdelayed bright dancing sprite with large Horizontal displacement from its parent flash.Journal of Atmospheric and SolarTerrestrial Physics,129,1-5,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2015.04.001.
Yang,J.,G.P.Lu,N.Y.Liu,H.H.Cui,Y.Wang,and M.Cohen,2017a:Analysis of a mesoscale convective system that produced a single sprite.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,34(2),258-271,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-016-6092-0.
Yang,J.,G.P.Lu,N.Y.Liu,M.Sato,G.L.Feng,Y.Wang,and J.K.Chou,2017b:Sprite possibly produced by two distinct positive cloud-to-ground lightning flashes.Terrestrial,Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences,28,609-624,https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.2016.07.22.01.
Yang,J.,M.Sato,N.Y.Liu,G.P.Lu,Y.Wang,and Z.C.Wang,2018a:A gigantic jet observed over an mesoscale convective system in midlatitude region.J.Geophys.Res.,123,977-996,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026878.
Yang,J.,N.Y.Liu,M.Sato,G.P.Lu,Y.Wang,and G.L.Feng,2018b:Characteristics of thunderstorm structure and lightning activity causing negative and positive sprites.J.Geophys.Res.,123,8190-8207,https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD026759.
Yu,B.K.,and Coauthors,2015:Evidence for lightning-associated enhancement of the ionospheric sporadic E layer dependent on lightning stroke energy.J.Geophys.Res.,120(10),9202-9212,https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021575.
Yu,B.K.,and Coauthors,2017:The enhancement of neutral metal Na layer above thunderstorms.Geophys.Res.Lett.,44,9555-9563,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074977.
Yuan,S.F.,R.B.Jiang,X.S.Qie,D.F.Wang,Z.L.Sun,and M.Y.Liu,2017:Characteristics of upward lightning on the Beijing 325 m meteorology tower and corresponding thunderstorm conditions.J.Geophys.Res.,122,12 093-12 105,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027198.
Yuan,T.,Y.L.Di,and K.Qie,2016:Variability of lightning flash and thunderstorm over East/Southeast Asia on the ENSO time scales.Atmospheric Research,169,377-390,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.10.022.
Zhang,C.X.,W.T.Lu,L.W.Chen,Q.Qi,Y.Ma,W.Yao,and Y.J.Zhang,2017a:Influence of the Canton Tower on the cloud-toground lightning in its vicinity.J.Geophys.Res.,122,5943-5954,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026229.
Zhang,G.S.,Y.H.Wang,X.S.Qie,T.Zhang,Y.X.Zhao,Y.J.Li,and D.J.Cao,2010:Using lightning locating system based on time-of-arrival technique to study three-dimensional lightning discharge processes.Science China Earth Sciences,53(4),591-602,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-009-0116-x.
Zhang,G.S.,Y.J.Li,Y.H.Wang,T.Zhang,B.Wu,and Y.X.Liu,2015a:Experimental study on location accuracy of a 3D VHF lightning-radiation-source locating network.Science China Earth Sciences,58,2034-2048,https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-015-5119-1.
Zhang,H.B.,and Coauthors,2016a:Locating narrow bipolar events with single-station measurement of low-frequency magnetic fields.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,143-144,88-101,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2016.03.009.
Zhang,Q.,L.X.He,T.T.Ji,and W.H.Hou,2014a:On the fieldto-current conversion factors for lightning strike to tall objects considering the finitely conducting ground.J.Geophys.Res.,119,8189-8200,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021496.
Zhang,Q.L.,J.Yang,X.Q.Jing,D.S.Li,and Z.H.Wang,2012a:Propagation effect of a fractal rough ground boundary on the lightning-radiated vertical electric field.Atmospheric Research,104-105,202-208,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.10.009.
Zhang,Q.L.,J.Yang,D.S.Li,and Z.H.Wang,2012b:Propagation effects of a fractal rough ocean surface on the vertical electric field generated by lightning return strokes.Journal of Electrostatics,70(1),54-59,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2011.10.003.
Zhang,Q.L.,M.Y.Liu,J.Yang,X.D.Liu,J.Yang,and R.B.Jiang,2012c:Characteristics of the close leader/return stroke electric field change and its response to the corresponding charge density along the lightning channel.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,70(4),847-854,https://doi.org/10.11676/qxxb2012.070.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang,Q.L.,W.H.Hou,T.T.Ji,L.X.He,and J.F.Su,2014b:Validation and revision of far-field-current relationship for the lightning strike to electrically short objects.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,120,41-50,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2014.08.015.
Zhang,Q.L.,T.T.Ji,and W.H.Hou,2015b:Effect of frequencydependent soil on the propagation of electromagnetic fields radiated by subsequent lightning strike to tall objects.IEEETransactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility,57(1),112-120,https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2014.2361926.
Zhang,R.,Y.J.Zhang,L.T.Xu,D.Zheng,and W.Yao,2017b:Assimilation of total lightning data using the threedimensional variational method at convection-allowing resolution.Journal of Meteorological Research,31,731-746,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-017-6133-3.
Zhang,T.L.,J.Yang,R.Z.Chu,G.Zhao,and T.Zhang,2012d:Distribution of precipitation particle and electrical characteristic of a thunderstorm in Pingliang region.Plateau Meteorology,31(4),1091-1099.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang,T.L.,G.Zhao,C.X.Wei,Y.Gao,H.Yu,and F.C.Zhou,2017c:Relationships between cloud-to-ground flashes and hydrometeors in a thunderstorm in Fujian province.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,154,226-235,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2015.11.007.
Zhang,T.L.,H.Yu,F.C.Zhou,J.Chen,and M.H.Zhang,2018a:Measurements of vertical electric field in a thunderstorm in a Chinese inland plateau.Annales Geophysicae,36(4),979-986,https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-979-2018.
Zhang,W.J.,Y.J.Zhang,D.Zheng,F.Wang,and L.T.Xu,2015d:Relationship between lightning activity and tropical cyclone intensity over the northwest Pacific.J.Geophys.Res.,120,4072-4089,https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022334.
Zhang,W.J.,Y.J.Zhang,D.Zheng,L.T.Xu,and W.T.Lyu,2018b:Lightning climatology over the northwest Pacific region:An 11-year study using data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network.Atmospheric Research,210,41-57,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.04.013.
Zhang,Y.,Y.J.Zhang,W.T.Lu,and D.Zheng,2013b:Analysis and comparison of initial breakdown pulses for positive cloud-to-ground flashes observed in Beijing and Guangzhou.Atmospheric Research,129-130,34-41,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.03.006.
Zhang,Y.,Y.J.Zhang,D.Zheng,and W.T.Lu,2015c:Preliminary breakdown,following lightning discharge processes and lower positive charge region.Atmospheric Research,161-162,52-56,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.03.017.
Zhang,Y.,Y.J.Zhang,C.Li,W.T.Lu,and D.Zheng,2016c:Simultaneous optical and electrical observations of“chaotic”leaders preceding subsequent return strokes.Atmospheric Research,170,131-139,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.11.012.
Zhang,Y.,Y.J.Zhang,M.Xie,D.Zheng,W.T.Lu,S.D.Chen,and X.Yan,2016d:Characteristics and correlation of return stroke,M component and continuing current for triggered lightning.Electric Power Systems Research,139,10-15,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2015.11.024.
Zhang,Y.,P.R.Krehbiel,Y.J.Zhang,W.T.Lu,D.Zheng,L.T.Xu,and Z.G.Huang,2017d:Observations of the initial stage of a rocket-and-wire-triggered lightning discharge.Geophys.Res.Lett.,44,4332-4340,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072843.
Zhang,Y.,Y.J.Zhang,D.Zheng,and W.T.Lu,2018c:Characteristics and discharge processes of M events with large current in triggered lightning.Radio Sci.,53,974-985,https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RS006552.
Zhang,Y.J.,S.D.Chen,D.Zheng,W.T.Lu,and B.Li,2013a:Experiments on lightning protection for automatic weather stations using artificially triggered lightning.IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering,8,313-321,https://doi.org/10.1002/tee.21861.
Zhang,Y.J.,and Coauthors,2014c:Experiments of artificially triggered lightning and its application in Conghua,Guangdong,China.Atmospheric Research,135-136,330-343,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.02.010.
Zhang,Y.J.,and Coauthors,2016b:A review of advances in lightning observations during the past decade in Guangdong,China.Journal of Meteorological Research,30(5),800-819,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-016-6928-7.
Zhang,Z.X.,D.Zheng,Y.J.Zhang,and G.P.Lu,2017e:Spatial-temporal characteristics of lightning flash size in a supercell storm.Atmospheric Research,197,201-210,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.06.029.
Zhao,P.G.,Y.Yin,and H.Xiao,2015:The effects of aerosol on development of thunderstorm electrification:A numerical study.Atmospheric Research,153,376-391,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.09.011.
Zhao,Y.,X.S.Qie,M.L.Chen,X.Z.Kong,G.S.Zhang,T.Zhang,T.L.Zhang,and G.L.Feng,2011:Characteristic of M-component in artificially-initiated triggered lightning.Plateau Meteorology,30(2),508-517.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zheng,D.,Y.J.Zhang,Q.Meng,W.T.Lu,and X.Y.Yi,2009:Total lightning characteristics and electric structure evolution in a hailstorm.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,23(2),233-249.
Zheng,D.,Y.J.Zhang,W.T.Lu,Y.Zhang,W.S.Dong,S.D.Chen,and J.R.Dan,2012:Optical and electrical observations of an abnormal triggered lightning event with two upward propagations.Acta Meteorologica Sinica,26(4),529-540,https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-012-0411-x.
Zheng,D.,Y.J.Zhang,W.T.Lu,Y.Zhang,W.S.Dong,S.D.Chen,and J.R.Dan,2013:Characteristics of return stroke currents of classical and altitude triggered lightning in GCOELD in China.Atmospheric Research,129-130,67-78,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.11.009.
Zheng,D.,Y.J.Zhang,Q.Meng,L.W.Chen,and J.R.Dan,2016a:Climatology of lightning activity in South China and its relationships to precipitation and convective available potential energy.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,33(3),365-376,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-015-5124-5.
Zheng,D.,Y.J.Zhang,Q.Meng,L.W.Chen,and J.R.Dan,2016b:Climatological comparison of small-and large-current cloud-to-ground lightning flashes over Southern China.J.Climate,29,2831-2848,https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0386.1.
Zheng,D.,and Coauthors,2017:Characteristics of the initial stage and return stroke currents of rocket-triggered lightning flashes in southern China.J.Geophys.Res.,122,6431-6452,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026235.
Zheng,T.X.,G.P.Lu,Y.B.Tan,Y.F.Fan,R.B.Jiang,H.B.Zhang,M.Y.Liu,and X.S.Qie,2018:Observation and analysis of polarity reversal for the burst-type magnetic pulses during the propagation of upward positive leader in rockettriggered lightning.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,42(1),124-133,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1705.17114.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhou,E.W.,W.T.Lu,Y.Zhang,B.Y.Zhu,D.Zheng,and Y.J.Zhang,2013:Correlation analysis between the channel current and luminosity of initial continuous and continuing current processes in an artificially triggered lightning flash.Atmospheric Research,129-130,79-89,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.10.020.
Zhu,B.Y.,H.L.Zhou,R.Thottappillil,and V.A.Rakov,2014:Simultaneous observations of electric field changes,wideband magnetic field pulses,and VHF emissions associated with K processes in lightning discharges.J.Geophys.Res.,119,2699-2710,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021006.
Zhu,B.Y.,M.Ma,W.W.Xu,and D.Ma,2015:Some properties of negative cloud-to-ground flashes from observations of a local thunderstorm based on accurate-stroke-count studies.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,136,16-22,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2015.07.007.
Zhu,R.P.,T.Yuan,W.L.Li,and G.W.Na,2013:Characteristics of global lightning activities based on satellite observations.Climatic and Environmental Research,18(5),639-650,https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2012.12017.(in Chinese with English abstract)