旅游承载力评估在海滩旅游管理中的应用
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摘要
文章探讨旅游承载力作为海滩旅游管理工具的有效性,以日照万平口海滩为例,基于旅游承载力评估框架,评估在不危害周围生态、社会和文化环境以及不降低旅游体验的情况下应该允许的最佳人数。结果表明:物理环境有效承载力为9 232人(情景1)和4 616人(情景2),游客每日轮换系数设为4,日均有效承载力为36 928人/天(情景1)和18 464人/天(情景2);平均而言,受访者在万平口海滩上遇到了2 307名其他游客,社会心理承载力或最大影响可接受水平为2 092人,日均社会心理承载力为8 368人/天。虽然物理环境承载力与社会心理承载力之间存在显著差异,但文章认为物理环境承载力可以应用于景区基础设施管理,而社会心理承载力可以应用于游客空间分布和游览时段管理。
The purpose of this study is to explore the effectiveness of tourism carrying capacity as a tool for beach tourism management. Taking Wanpingkou Beach in Rizhao City as a research area and based on the tourism carrying capacity assessment framework, this study evaluates the optimal number of people that should be allowed without jeopardizing the surrounding ecological, social and cultural environment and without reducing the travel experience. The results show that: The effective carrying capacity of physical environment was 9 232 people(scenario 1) and 4 616 people(scenario 2), the daily rotation coefficient of tourists was set to 4, and the daily effective carrying capacity was set to 36 928 people/day(scenario 1) and 18 464 people/day(scenario 2). On average, the respondents encountered 2 307 other visitors on Wanpingkou Beach, with the social psychological carrying capacity/the maximum impact acceptable level was 2 092 people, and the daily social psychosocial carrying capacity was 8 368 people/day. Although there are significant differences between physical environment carrying capacity and social psychological carrying capacity, this study believes that physical environment carrying capacity can be applied to infrastructure management, and social psychological carrying capacity can be applied to tourism time and spatial distribution management.
The purpose of this study is to explore the effectiveness of tourism carrying capacity as a tool for beach tourism management. Taking Wanpingkou Beach in Rizhao City as a research area and based on the tourism carrying capacity assessment framework, this study evaluates the optimal number of people that should be allowed without jeopardizing the surrounding ecological, social and cultural environment and without reducing the travel experience. The results show that: The effective carrying capacity of physical environment was 9 232 people(scenario 1) and 4 616 people(scenario 2), the daily rotation coefficient of tourists was set to 4, and the daily effective carrying capacity was set to 36 928 people/day(scenario 1) and 18 464 people/day(scenario 2). On average, the respondents encountered 2 307 other visitors on Wanpingkou Beach, with the social psychological carrying capacity/the maximum impact acceptable level was 2 092 people, and the daily social psychosocial carrying capacity was 8 368 people/day. Although there are significant differences between physical environment carrying capacity and social psychological carrying capacity, this study believes that physical environment carrying capacity can be applied to infrastructure management, and social psychological carrying capacity can be applied to tourism time and spatial distribution management.
引文
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[18]赵红红.苏州旅游环境容量问题初探[J].城市规划,1983(3):46-53.
[19]保继刚.颐和园旅游环境容量研究[J].中国环境科学,1987,7(2):32-38.
[20]尹新哲,李菁华,雷莹.森林公园旅游环境承载力评估以重庆黄水国家森林公园为例[J].人文地理,2013(2):154-159.
[21]吴伟伟,刘业鑫,张春艳.基于承载容量的冰雪旅游资源预警管理研究[J].中国管理科学,2014,22(S1):659-665.
[22]韦健华,王尔大.基于游客体验效用的旅游承载力评价方法[J].旅游学刊,2015,30(4):105-114.
[23]马骏.基于生态环境阈限与旅游承载力背景下生物多样性保护策略研究——以世界自然遗产武陵源核心景区为例[J].经济地理,2016,36(4):195-202.
[24]周庆,李立雄,欧阳志勤.原始部落翁丁古寨旅游环境承载力研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(5):254-257.
[25]林祖锐,周维楠,常江,等. LAC理论指导下的古村落旅游容量研究——以国家级历史文化名村小河村为例[J].资源开发与市场,2018,34(2):274-280.
[26]陶晓燕.海岸旅游地的承载力评价[J].统计与决策,2008(2):59-61.
[27]张广海,刘佳.我国东部沿海地区旅游环境相对承载力研究[J].经济地理,2009,29(7):1 222-1 227.
[28]韩美,路广,史丽华,等.东营市海岸带区域综合承载力评估[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(2):93-101.
[29]郑佳.环渤海地区滨海旅游承载力水平评价研究[J].大连:大连师范大学,2018.
[30] Zacarias D A,Williams A T,Newton A. Recreation carrying capacity estimations to support beach management at Praia de Faro,Portugal[J]. Applied Geography,2011,31:1 075-1 081.
[31]王文海,吴桑云.山东省海岸侵蚀灾害研究[J].自然灾害学报,1993,2(4):60-66.
[32] Sole E A. A system of integral quality indicators as a tool for beach management[D]. Spain:University of Catalunya,2007.
(1)https://www.sohu.com/a/233010244_477856.
[2] Needham M D,Tynon J F,Ceurvorst R L,et al. Recreation carrying capacity and management at Kailua beach Park on Oahu,Hawaii[R]. Hawaii:University of Hawaii,Oregon State University,2008.
[3]刘俊,陈丽坤.海滩管理制度对游客行为及态度的影响——以深圳大小梅沙为例[J].地理研究,2010,29(1):68-78.
[4] Manning R.“To provide for the enjoyment”:recreation management in the National Parks[J]. George Wright Forum,1998,15,6-20.
[5] Papageorgiou K,Brotherton I. A management planning framework based on ecological,perceptual and economic carrying capacity:the case study of Vikos-Aoos National Park,Greece[J].Journal of Environmental Management,1999,56,271-284.
[6] UNEP/PAP. Guidelines for carrying capacity assessment for tourism in Mediterranean coastal areas[R]. Turkey:Priority Actions Programmers Regional Activity Centre,1997.
[7] Laipeqi. The capacity to absorb tourists[J]. Built Environment,1963,3(8):239-263.
[8] Wagar J A. The carrying capacity of wild lands for recreation[J]. Forest Science Monograph,1964,7(3):62-72.
[9] Mathieson A,Wall G. Tourism:economic,physical and social impacts[M]. London:Longman,1982:21-59.
[10] Mcintyre G. Sustainable tourism development:Guide for local planners[M]. Madrid:World Tourism Organization,1993:23-69.
[11] Butler R. The concept of a tourism area cycle of evolution:implications for management of resources[J]. Canadian Geographer,2010,24(1):5-12.
[12] Rajan B,Varghese V M,Pradeepkumar A P. Recreational boat carrying capacity of Vembanad lake ecosystem,Kerala,South India[J]. Environmental Research Engineering&Management,2011,2(56):11-19.
[13] Pinos O Q. Estimation of tourist carrying capacity in the Huaquillas Trail in the National Recreation Area of Santay Island[J].Asian Journal of Management Research,2016,6(3):514-525.
[14] Vishwambhar P S. Carrying capacity analysis and destination development:a case study of Gangotri tourists/pilgrims’circuit in the Himalaya[J]. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,2018,23(3):312-322.
[15] Nuzula N I,Armono H D,Rosyid D M. Management of Baluran National Park resources for coastal ecotourism based on suitability and carrying capacity[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2017,862:161-167.
[16] Sousa R C D,Pereira L C C,Costa R M D,et al. Management of estuarine beaches on the Amazon coast though the application of recreational carrying capacity indices[J]. Tourism Management,2017,59:216-225.
[17] Cupul-magana A L,Rodriguez-troncoso A P. Tourist carrying capacity at Islas Marietas National Park:An essential tool to protect the coral community[J]. Applied Geography,2017,88:15-23.
[18]赵红红.苏州旅游环境容量问题初探[J].城市规划,1983(3):46-53.
[19]保继刚.颐和园旅游环境容量研究[J].中国环境科学,1987,7(2):32-38.
[20]尹新哲,李菁华,雷莹.森林公园旅游环境承载力评估以重庆黄水国家森林公园为例[J].人文地理,2013(2):154-159.
[21]吴伟伟,刘业鑫,张春艳.基于承载容量的冰雪旅游资源预警管理研究[J].中国管理科学,2014,22(S1):659-665.
[22]韦健华,王尔大.基于游客体验效用的旅游承载力评价方法[J].旅游学刊,2015,30(4):105-114.
[23]马骏.基于生态环境阈限与旅游承载力背景下生物多样性保护策略研究——以世界自然遗产武陵源核心景区为例[J].经济地理,2016,36(4):195-202.
[24]周庆,李立雄,欧阳志勤.原始部落翁丁古寨旅游环境承载力研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(5):254-257.
[25]林祖锐,周维楠,常江,等. LAC理论指导下的古村落旅游容量研究——以国家级历史文化名村小河村为例[J].资源开发与市场,2018,34(2):274-280.
[26]陶晓燕.海岸旅游地的承载力评价[J].统计与决策,2008(2):59-61.
[27]张广海,刘佳.我国东部沿海地区旅游环境相对承载力研究[J].经济地理,2009,29(7):1 222-1 227.
[28]韩美,路广,史丽华,等.东营市海岸带区域综合承载力评估[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(2):93-101.
[29]郑佳.环渤海地区滨海旅游承载力水平评价研究[J].大连:大连师范大学,2018.
[30] Zacarias D A,Williams A T,Newton A. Recreation carrying capacity estimations to support beach management at Praia de Faro,Portugal[J]. Applied Geography,2011,31:1 075-1 081.
[31]王文海,吴桑云.山东省海岸侵蚀灾害研究[J].自然灾害学报,1993,2(4):60-66.
[32] Sole E A. A system of integral quality indicators as a tool for beach management[D]. Spain:University of Catalunya,2007.
(1)https://www.sohu.com/a/233010244_477856.