刘志丹牺牲之“谜”考辨
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摘要
1936年红军东征期间,担任红28军军长的刘志丹牺牲在山西前线。关于刘志丹牺牲的具体情节现存在四种迥异说法,即"政治谋杀说""重伤不治说""神秘死亡说"和"意外阵亡说"。这四种说法都有所谓"知情人"见证材料为依据,故而真假难辨,影响深远。"意外阵亡说"史料权威,主要史实能互相印证,因此真实可信。刘志丹阵前牺牲主要由三个原因交织在一起造成:一是刘志丹因"陕北肃反"背负着沉重的思想和政治包袱,导致其欲在阵前自明心迹;二是刘志丹所率部队实力较弱,促使他亲临前线指挥,危险性陡然增加;三是军事情报有误,刘志丹部对三交镇敌情和地形判断失误。刘志丹牺牲原因成"谜"并引起关注主要因该问题与"文革"后中共党史问题反思、当代思想多元化和现实政治关系微妙且密切相关。
During the Red Army's Eastern Expedition in 1936,Liu Zhidan,who served as the commander of the Red 28 Army,died in the front line of Shanxi. There are four different explanations for his death: "political murder","severe injury","mysterious death"and"accidental death". All these four arguments claim proof from"witness",so it is difficult to distinguish the true from the false and have far-reaching impact. The theory of " accidental death in battle" is authoritative,because many reliable sources and archives confirm so. Three major factors are responsible for his death. First,overburdened with the mental load of "counter-revolutionary campaign in northern Shaanxi",Liu was prone to death in battle so as to prove his innocence. Second,as commander of a weak army Liu Zhidan had to physically fight in battles rather than just command his soliders,which highly increased his safety risk. Third,the military intelligence was so wrong that Liu Zhidan made a fatal mistake regarding the enemy forces and terrain of Sanjiao Town. The "mystery"of Liu Zhidan's death "is the direct result"of three interwined factors,namely,the reflection of the history of the Communist Party after the "Cultural Revolution",the diversification of contemporary social thoughts and the actual political relationship.
During the Red Army's Eastern Expedition in 1936,Liu Zhidan,who served as the commander of the Red 28 Army,died in the front line of Shanxi. There are four different explanations for his death: "political murder","severe injury","mysterious death"and"accidental death". All these four arguments claim proof from"witness",so it is difficult to distinguish the true from the false and have far-reaching impact. The theory of " accidental death in battle" is authoritative,because many reliable sources and archives confirm so. Three major factors are responsible for his death. First,overburdened with the mental load of "counter-revolutionary campaign in northern Shaanxi",Liu was prone to death in battle so as to prove his innocence. Second,as commander of a weak army Liu Zhidan had to physically fight in battles rather than just command his soliders,which highly increased his safety risk. Third,the military intelligence was so wrong that Liu Zhidan made a fatal mistake regarding the enemy forces and terrain of Sanjiao Town. The "mystery"of Liu Zhidan's death "is the direct result"of three interwined factors,namely,the reflection of the history of the Communist Party after the "Cultural Revolution",the diversification of contemporary social thoughts and the actual political relationship.
引文
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[2]李生有.刘志丹牺牲的经过[M]//中国人民政治协商会议甘肃省委员会文史资料研究委员会.甘肃文史资料选辑:第22辑.兰州:甘肃人民出版社,1985.
[3]刘贵叶口述,栾国康,田惠整理.护送刘志丹遗体险归陕北[J].党史纵横,2007(3).
[4]裴周玉.刘志丹同志牺牲的经过[J].文史精华,1996(8).
[5]宋任穷.宋任穷回忆录[M].北京:解放军出版社,1994.
[6]艾绳良口述,艾克林,艾荣整理.我给刘志丹当警卫班长——艾绳良回忆刘志丹的几件事[J].党史博览,2011(1):61.
[7]《刘志丹纪念文集》编委会.刘志丹纪念文集[M].北京:军事科学出版社,2003.
[8]《怀念习仲勋》编辑组.怀念习仲勋[M].北京:中共党史出版社,中国文史出版社,2005:14.
[9]李维汉.回忆与研究[M].北京:中共党史资料出版社,1986:372.
[10]张秀山.我的八十五年——从西北到东北[M].北京:中共党史出版社,2007.
[11]中国人民解放军军事科学院.叶剑英年谱(1897—1986):上卷[M].北京:中央文献出版社,2007:124.
[12]王焰.彭德怀年谱[M].北京:人民出版社,1998:142.
[13]程子华.程子华回忆录[M].北京:解放军出版社,1987.
[14]《徐海东纪念文集》编委会.徐海东纪念文集[M].北京:军事科学出版社,2000:100.
[15]裴周玉.裴周玉回忆录[M].北京:中国统计出版社,1996:174.
[16]刘懋功.梦回吹角连营——一个老战士的回忆[M].北京:中央文献出版社,2010:82.
[17]陈清泉,宋广渭.陆定一传[M].北京:中共党史出版社,1999:214.
[18]曹瑛.在延安参加整风运动和七大[M]//欧阳淞,曲青山.红色往事:党史人物忆党史:第1册.济南:济南出版社,2012:353.
[19]魏德平.张闻天主持解决“陕北肃反”研究[J].党史研究与教学,2013(3):18.
[20]何方.释放刘志丹与痛说三门峡[J].新观察,2004(2):21.
[21]文萋.刘志丹牺牲之谜[J].陕西档案,2003(1):36.
[22]西北中央局审查肃反工作的决定(一九三五年十一月二十六日)[M]//中共中央书记处.六大以来——秘密文件:下.北京:人民出版社,1981:372.
[23]中共西北中央局党务委员会关于戴季英,聂洪钧二同志在陕甘区域肃反工作中所犯错误的决议(1935.11.30)[M]//吴殿尧,宋霖.朱理治传.北京:中共党史出版社,2007:138.
[24]高龙.刘志丹:侠盗罗宾汉“不知有家”[N].南方都市报,2014-07-09.
[25]马文瑞.马文瑞回忆录[M].西安:陕西人民出版社,1998:95.
[26]周国祥.“肃反”纪事[M].延安:内部资料,2018.
[27]刘志丹.刘志丹文集[M].北京:人民出版社,2012.
[28]马良盛.忆红二十八军[M]//兰州部队党史资料征集办公室.戎马春秋.兰州:甘肃人民出版社,1983:146.
[29]高克恭口述,李太友整理.我在红二十八军的一段经历[M]//人民出版社编辑部.革命回忆录:第10集.北京:人民出版社,1983.
[30]史泽波口述,陶广仁,戴树章整理.一个败军之将的自述[M]//中国人民政治协商会议河北省委员会文史资料研究委员会:河北文史资料:第1辑.石家庄:河北人民出版社,1991.
[31]黄石山.红军东征与中阳县红色政权的建立[M]//中国人民政治协商会议山西省委员会文史资料研究委员会.山西文史资料:第17辑.太原:山西人民出版社,1981:36.