混播种类和群体结构对豆禾牧草混播系统氮素利用效率的影响
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摘要
为从物种多样性和空间结构方面阐明豆禾牧草混播系统高效生产机制,将混播种类(单播、2种牧草混播、4种牧草混播和6种牧草混播)、混播群体空间结构(行距+同行/异行/异行阻隔)作为影响因素,从豆科牧草固氮能力、转氮效率、氮素营养竞争、种间相容性和生产性能分析和比较豆禾牧草在不同混播方式中氮素固定、转移和利用效率对混播系统生态功能的贡献程度。结果表明:1)混播处理的牧草产量、N产量均显著高于单播(P<0.05),生产性能显著提高;但生产性能未随混播种类的增加而提高,异行混播+30cm行距的混播群体结构具有较高的生产性能。2)固氮量随混播种类的增加而呈下降趋势,转氮量和转氮率随混播种类的增加而呈先下降后上升的趋势,而固氮率和贡献率变化不明显;异行混播+30cm行距的混播群体结构具有较高的转氮量、转氮率和贡献率。3)营养竞争比率随混播种类的增加变化不明显,豆科牧草相对产量和相对产量总和随混播种类的增加而呈增加趋势;异行混播+30cm行距的混播群体结构具有较高的豆科牧草相对产量和相对产量总和,但营养竞争比率较低。4)牧草产量与转氮量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),而相对产量总和与氮素营养竞争比率呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。因此,混播种类对于豆禾牧草混播系统生产性能的提升作用有限,高养分利用效率的物种组合可能更为关键;通过混播群体空间结构的优化可以使豆禾混播牧草根系氮素固定、转移、利用途径和效率得到提高,为混播系统生产性能的提升提供了重要途径。
This study investigated species diversity and effects of species spatial distribution on forage yield in mixed grass+legume pasture communities.N fixation,N transfer and N utilization efficiency in leguminous forage under different planting patterns with intermixed grasses were evaluated to gain insight into N fixation ability,N transfer efficiency,N nutrition competition,interspecies compatibility and production performance.The results showed:1)Both the forage yield and N yield in mixed pastures were significantly higher than in monoculture(P<0.05),However,productive capacity of mixed pastures did not increase with increasing number of grass species.A row spacing of 30 cm intercropping treatment+different line mixed treatment had higher productive capacity than other planting patterns.2)The amount of nitrogen derived from air(WN)declined with increasing grass content.The amount of nitrogen derived from legume(W_(Nt))and percentage of nitrogen derived from legume(P_(Nt))showed a curvilinear response with lowest values at intermediate levels of grass species,while,the percentage of nitrogen derived from air(PN)and contribution of biological nitrogen fixation(C_(BNF))were comparatively unchanged.Again,the treatment Row spacing of 30 cm+intercropping treatment had higher W_(Nt),P_(Nt)and C_(BNF)values than other treatments.3)No changes in competition ratio(C_(Rpm))were observed,but the relative yield and relative yield total of legume increased with increasing grass species content in the mixtures.The relative yield and relative yield total of legume in row spacing of 30 cm+intercropping treatment were higher and the C_(Rpm)value was lower than for other spacing patterns.4)Forage yield was significantly correlated with the W_(Nt)value(P<0.01),and relative yield total was negatively correlated with C_(Rpm)value(P<0.01).Therefore,species diversity had a limited impact on the productivity in mixed pastures,and high nutrient use efficiency species would be theoretically more important.Optimization of the spatial structure of legume-grass mixtures can improve biological N fixation,N transfer,N utilization,and N use efficiency.These principles potentially provide new methods to improve the productivity of mixed legume+grass pastures.
This study investigated species diversity and effects of species spatial distribution on forage yield in mixed grass+legume pasture communities.N fixation,N transfer and N utilization efficiency in leguminous forage under different planting patterns with intermixed grasses were evaluated to gain insight into N fixation ability,N transfer efficiency,N nutrition competition,interspecies compatibility and production performance.The results showed:1)Both the forage yield and N yield in mixed pastures were significantly higher than in monoculture(P<0.05),However,productive capacity of mixed pastures did not increase with increasing number of grass species.A row spacing of 30 cm intercropping treatment+different line mixed treatment had higher productive capacity than other planting patterns.2)The amount of nitrogen derived from air(WN)declined with increasing grass content.The amount of nitrogen derived from legume(W_(Nt))and percentage of nitrogen derived from legume(P_(Nt))showed a curvilinear response with lowest values at intermediate levels of grass species,while,the percentage of nitrogen derived from air(PN)and contribution of biological nitrogen fixation(C_(BNF))were comparatively unchanged.Again,the treatment Row spacing of 30 cm+intercropping treatment had higher W_(Nt),P_(Nt)and C_(BNF)values than other treatments.3)No changes in competition ratio(C_(Rpm))were observed,but the relative yield and relative yield total of legume increased with increasing grass species content in the mixtures.The relative yield and relative yield total of legume in row spacing of 30 cm+intercropping treatment were higher and the C_(Rpm)value was lower than for other spacing patterns.4)Forage yield was significantly correlated with the W_(Nt)value(P<0.01),and relative yield total was negatively correlated with C_(Rpm)value(P<0.01).Therefore,species diversity had a limited impact on the productivity in mixed pastures,and high nutrient use efficiency species would be theoretically more important.Optimization of the spatial structure of legume-grass mixtures can improve biological N fixation,N transfer,N utilization,and N use efficiency.These principles potentially provide new methods to improve the productivity of mixed legume+grass pastures.
引文
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[2] Wang P,Zhou D W,Jiang S C.Research on biological nitrogen fixation of grass-legume mixtures in a semi-arid area of China.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2010,19(6):276-280.王平,周道玮,姜世成.半干旱地区禾-豆混播草地生物固氮作用研究.草业学报,2010,19(6):276-280.
[3] Chen Y X,Liu J,Chen X P,et al.Dry matter accumulation,yield and nitrogen use efficiency of crops rotation and intercropping systems in Sichuan.Journal of China Agricultural University,2013,18(6):68-79.陈远学,刘静,陈新平,等.四川轮套作体系的干物质积累、产量及氮素利用效率研究.中国农业大学学报,2013,18(6):68-79.
[4] Xiao J X,Tang L,Zheng Y,et al.Effects of N level on yield of crops,N absorption and accumulation of barley in barley and faba bean intercropping system.Journal of Triticeae Crops,2011,31(3):499-503.肖靖秀,汤利,郑毅,等.大麦/蚕豆间作条件下供氮水平对作物产量和大麦氮吸收累积的影响.麦类作物学报,2011,31(3):499-503.
[5] Hauggaard-Nielsen H,Gooding M,Ambus P,et al.Pea barley intercropping for efficient symbiotic N2-fixation,soil N acquisition and use of other nutrients in European organic cropping systems.Field Crops Research,2009,113:64-71.
[6] Li C J,Li Y Y,Yu C B,et al.Crop nitrogen use and soil mineral nitrogen accumulation under different crop combinations and patterns of strip intercropping in northwest China.Plant and Soil,2011,342:221-231.
[7] Li L,Zhang F S,Li X,et al.Interspecific facilitation of nutrient uptake by intercropped maize and faba bean.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2003,65:61-71.
[8] Liu X M,Yong T W,Liu W Y,et al.Effect of reduced N application on soil N residue and N loss in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(8):2267-2274.刘小明,雍太文,刘文钰,等.减量施氮对玉米—大豆套作体系土壤氮素残留和氮肥损失的影响.应用生态学报,2014,25(8):2267-2274.
[9] Li Y Y,Yu C B,Sun J H,et al.Nitrogen environmental endurance and economically-ecologically appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer in faba bean/maize intercropping system.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2008,24(3):223-227.李玉英,余常兵,孙建好,等.蚕豆玉米间作系统经济生态施氮量及对氮素环境承受力.农业工程学报,2008,24(3):223-227.
[10] Anita A,Veena J,Nainawatee H S.Effect of low temperature and rhizospheric application of naringenin on pea-rhizlbium leguminosarum biovar viciae symbiosis.Plant Biochemistry,1998,7(1):35-38.
[11] Karpenstein-Machan M,Stuelpnagel R.Biomass yield nitrogen fixation of legumes monocropped and intercropped with rye and rotation effects on a subsequent maize crop.Plant and Soil,2000,218(1/2):215-232.
[12] Zhao P,Zheng Y,Tang L,et al.Effect of N supply and wheat/faba bean intercropping on N uptake and accumulation of wheat.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2010,18(4):742-747.赵平,郑毅,汤利,等.小麦蚕豆间作施氮对小麦氮素吸收、累积的影响.中国生态农业学报,2010,18(4):742-747.
[13] Haynes R.Competitive aspects of the grass-legume association.Advances in Agronomy,1980,33:227-261.
[14] Ledgard S F.Transfer of fixed nitrogen from white clover to associated grasses in swards grazed by dairy cows,estimated using 15 N methods.Plant and Soil,1991,131(2):215-224.
[15] Burity H,Ta T,Faris M,et al.Estimation of nitrogen fixation and transfer from alfalfa to associated grasses in mixed swards under field conditions.Plant and Soil,1989,114(2):249-255.
[16] Vallis I,Haydock K,Ross P,et al.Isotopic studies on the uptake of nitrogen by pasture plants.III.The uptake of small additions of 15 N-labeled fertilizer by Rhodes grass and Townsville lucerne.Australian Journal Agricultural Research,1967,18:865-877.
[17] Li S M,Wu F.Nitrogen uptake facilitation in soybean/maize intercropping system inoculated with rhizobium and arbuscularm ycorrhizal fungi.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2011,17(1):110-116.李淑敏,武帆.大豆/玉米间作体系中接种AM真菌和根瘤菌对氮素吸收的促进作用.植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(1):110-116.
[18] Goodman P.Nitrogen fixation,transfer and turnover in upland and lowland grass-clover swards,using 15 N isotope dilution.Plant and Soil,1988,112(2):247-254.
[19] Donald C M.Competition for light in crops and pastures.In Syposium of the Society for Experimental Biology,1961,15:282-313.
[20] Ledgard S F,Steele K W.Biological nitrogen fixation in mixed legume/grass pastures.Plant and Soil,1992,141(1):137-153.
[21] Sinclair T R,Rachid S.Legume nitrogen fixation and drought.Nature,1995,378(23):344.
[22] Dong W L,Yu Y,Zhang L Z,et al.Nitrogen uptake and utilization in sunflower and potato intercropping.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(7):98-108.董宛麟,于洋,张立祯,等.向日葵和马铃薯间作条件下氮素的吸收和利用.农业工程学报,2013,29(7):98-108.
[23] Yang W T,Li Z X,Wang J W,et al.Crop yield,nitrogen acquisition and sugarcane quality as affected by interspecific competition and nitrogen application.Field Crops Research,2013,146:44-50.
[24] Chen Y L,Wu Q P,Chen X C,et al.Root growth and its response to increasing planting density in different maize hybrids.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Scicience,2012,18:52-59.陈延玲,吴秋平,陈晓超,等.不同耐密性玉米品种的根系生长及其对种植密度的响应.植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18:52-59.
[25] Qi J,Zheng W,Zhang X H,et al.Determination and comparison of the production performance of pastures among different spatial structure of legume-grass mixtures.Pratacultural Science,2016,33(1):116-128.祁军,郑伟,张鲜花,等.不同豆禾混播模式的草地生产性能.草业科学,2016,33(1):116-128.
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