国外历史/历时隐喻研究述评
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摘要
作为以现代—共时视角为主体的认知隐喻研究的重要补充,历史/历时视角的隐喻研究在近二十年来为认知隐喻理论贡献出来自不同历史时期的研究成果,已经在国内外的认知隐喻学界引起关注。本文根据近十多年来国外该领域研究的相关成果,评述国外历史/历时视角隐喻研究的理论依据、模式、方法和理论成果,探讨当前国外历时视角隐喻研究中存在的问题和发展方向。
As the complement of contemporary or synchronic approach, the studies on cognitive metaphor from the historical or diachronic perspective have made a great development in the past two decades.This paper reviews the historical or diachronic studies on cognitive metaphor from abroad over the past years. It summarizes the theoretical motivation, the research patterns and the research methodology of these studies. It also discusses their contributions and issues, and further explores the future research direction in the field.
As the complement of contemporary or synchronic approach, the studies on cognitive metaphor from the historical or diachronic perspective have made a great development in the past two decades.This paper reviews the historical or diachronic studies on cognitive metaphor from abroad over the past years. It summarizes the theoretical motivation, the research patterns and the research methodology of these studies. It also discusses their contributions and issues, and further explores the future research direction in the field.
引文
孙亚 钱玉彬马 婷.国外隐喻研究现状及发展趋势[J].现代外语,2017(5).‖Sun,Y.,Qian,Y.-B.,Ma,T.The Current Status and Development Trends in Metaphor Studies[J].Modern Foreign Languages,2017(5).
吴世雄章 敏周运会诸葛晓初.基于语料库的英汉词汇隐喻模式的比较研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2016.‖Wu,S.-X.,Zhang,M.,Zhou,Y.-H.,Zhuge,X.-C.A Corpus-based Comparative Study of English and Chinese Lexical Metaphors[M].Beijing:China Social Sciences Publishing House,2016.
伍铁平.语言的模糊性和词典编纂[J].辞书研究,1984(3).‖Wu,T.-P.Fuzziness of Language and Lexicography[J].Lexicographical Studies,1984(3).
伍铁平.比较词源再探——为《外国语文教学》公开发行而作[J].外国语文教学,1985(C1).‖Wu,T.-P.Re-exploration of the Comparative Etymology:For the Publication of Foreign Language and Literature[J].Fo-reign Language and Literature,1985(C1).
周运会吴世雄.国外语料库隐喻研究综述[J].外语学刊,2015(1).‖Zhou,Y.-H.,Wu,S.-X.A Review of Foreign Corpus Metaphor Studies[J].Foreign Language Research,2015(1).
Allan,K.Metaphor and Metonymy:A Diachronic Approach[M].Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell,2008.
Bertuol,R.The Square Circle of Margaret Cavendish:The 17th-century Conceptualization of Mind by Means of Mathematics[J].Language and Literature,2001(10).
Bybee,J.The Diachronic Dimension in Explanation[A].In:Hawkins,J.A.(Ed.),Explaining Language Universals[C].Malden:Blackwell,1988.
Bynon,T.Historical Linguistics[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1977.
Charteris-Black,J.Corpus Approach to Critical Metaphor Analysis[M].Basingstoke:Palgrave-Macmillan,2004.
Delbrück,B.Einleitung in das Studium der indogermanischen Sprachen:ein Beitrag zur Geschichte und Methodik der vergleichenden Sprachforschung[M].Leipzig:Breitkopf und H?rtel,1919.
Ding,Y.,No?l,D.A Corpus-based Diachronic Investigation of Metaphorical Containers of Sadness in English[J].Cognitive Linguistic Studies,2014(1).
Fabiszak,M.The Concept of ‘Joy’ in Old and Middle English:A Semantic Analysis[M].Pi?a:Wy■sza Szko?a Biznesu,2001.
Frank,R.M.,Gontier,N.On Constructing a Research Mo-del for Historical Cognitive Linguistics:Some Theoretical Considerations[A].In:Winters,M.E.,Tissari,H.,Allan,K.(Eds.),Cognitive Linguistics Research:Historical Cognitive Linguistics[C].Berlin:De Gruyter Mouton,2010.
Geeraerts,D.Prospects for the Past:Perspectives for Cognitive Diachronic Semantics[A].In:Winters,M.E.,Tissari,H.,Allan,K.(Eds.),Cognitive Linguistics Research:Historical Cognitive Linguistics[C].Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter,2010.
Geeraerts,D.Four Guidelines for Diachronic Metaphor Research[A].In:Díaz-Vera,J.E.(Ed.),Cognitive Linguistics Research:Metaphor and Metonymy Across Time and Cultures:Perspectives on the Sociohistorical Linguistics of Figurative Language[C].Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter,2015.
Geeraerts,D.,Gevaert,C.Hearts and (Angry) Minds in Old English[A].In:Sharifian,F.,Dirven,R.,Yu,N.,Niemeier,S.(Eds.),Culture,Body,and Language:Conceptualizations of Internal Body Organs Across Cultures and Languages[C].Berlin:Mouton de Gruy-ter,2008.
Geeraerts,D.,Grondelaers,S.Looking Back at Anger:Cultural Traditions and Metaphorical Patterns[A].In:Taylor,J.R.,MacLaury,R.E.(Eds.),Language and the Cognitive Construal of the World[C].Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter,1995.
Gevaert,C.The Evolution of the Lexical and Conceptual Field of Anger in Old and Middle English[A].In:Diaz-Vera,J.E.(Ed.),A Changing World of Words:Studies in English Historical Lexicography,Lexicology and Semantics[C].Amsterdam:Rodopi,2002.
Gevaert,C.The Anger Is Heat Question:Detecting Cultural Influence on the Conceptualization of Anger Through Diachronic Corpus Analysis[A].In:Delbecque,N.,Auwera,J.V.D.,Geeraerts,D.(Eds.),Perspectives on Variation:Sociolinguistic,Historical,Comparative[C].Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter,2005.
Gibbs,Jr.R.W.,Bogdonovich,J.Mental Imagery in Interpreting Poetic Metaphor[J].Metaphor and Symbol,1999(1).
Goatly,A.Washing the Brain:Metaphor and Hidden Ideology[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2007.
Heine,B.On Genetic Motivation in Grammar[A].In:Günter,R.,Klaus-Uwe,P.(Eds.),Studies in Motivation[C].Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter,2004.
Johnson,M.The Body in the Mind:The Bodily Basis of Meaning,Imagination,and Reason[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1987.
Koivisto-Alanko,P.,Tissari,H.Sense and Sensibility:Rational Thought Versus Emotion in Metaphorical Language[A].In:Stefanowitsch,A.,Gries,St.Th.(Eds.),Corpus-based Approaches to Metaphor and Metonymy[C].Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter,2006.
K?vecses,Z.Metaphor:A Practical Introduction[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2002.
K?vecses,Z.Metaphor in Culture:Universality and Variation[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,2005.
K?vecses,Z.Where Metaphors Come From:Reconsidering Context in Metaphor[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2015.
Lakoff,G.Women,Fire,and Dangerous Things:What Ca-tegories Reveal about the Mind[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1987.
Lakoff,G.The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor[A].In:Ortony,A.(Ed.),Metaphor and Thought[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1993.
Lakoff,G.,Johnson,M.Metaphors We Live By[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1980.
Lakoff,G.,Johnson,M.Philosophy in the Flesh:The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought[M].New York:Basic Books,1999.
Mischler,J.J.III.Metaphor Across Time and Conceptual Space:The Interplay of Embodiment and Cultural Models[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,2013.
Musolff,A.Metaphor Scenarios in Public Discourse[J].Metaphor and Symbol,2006(1).
Musolff,A.Is There Such a Thing as Discourse History?The Case of Metaphor [A].In:Hart,C.,Lukes,D.(Eds.),Cognitive Linguistics in Critical Discourse Ana-lysis:Application and Theory[C].Newcastle:Cambridge Scholars Publishing,2007.
Osthoff,H.,Brugmann,K.Morphologische Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen[M].Leipzig:Hirzel,1878.
Slingerland,E.Conceptions of the Self in the Zhuangzi:Conceptual Metaphor Analysis of Comparative Thought[J].Philosophy East and West,2004(54).
Smith,A.D.M.,H?fler,S.H.The Pivotal Role of Metaphor in the Evolution of Human Language[A].In:Díaz-Vera,J.E.(Ed.),Metaphor and Metonymy Across Time and Cultures:Perspectives on the Sociohistorical Linguistics of Figurative Language[C].Berlin:De Gruyter Mouton,2015.
Sweetser,E.E.From Etymology to Pragmatics:Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of Semantic Structure[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1990.
Teubert,W.,■.Corpus Linguistics:A Short Introduction[M].Beijing:World Book Inc.,2009.
Tissari,H.Metaphors We Love By:On the Cognitive Metaphors of Love from the 15th Century to the Present[J].Studia Anglica Posnaniensia:International Review of English Studies,2001(1).
Tognini-Bonelli,E.Corpus Linguistics at Work[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2001.
Trim,R.Metaphor Networks:The Comparative Evolution of Figurative Language[M].Hampshire:Palgrave Macmillan,2007.
Trim,R.Metaphor and the Historical Evolution of Concep-tual Mapping[M].Hampshire:Palgrave Macmillan,2011.
Wilkins,D.P.Natural Tendencies of Semantic Change and the Search for Cognates[A].In:Durie,M.,Ross,M.(Eds.),The Comparative Method Reviewed:Regularity and Irregularity in Language Change[C].New York:Oxford University Press,1996.
Winters,M.E.Introduction:On the Emergence of Diachro-nic Cognitive Linguistics[A].In:Winters,M.E.,Tissari,H.,Allan,K.(Eds.),Cognitive Linguistics Research:Historical Cognitive Linguistics[C].Berlin:De Gruyter Mouton,2010.
Wiseman,R.Ancient Roman Metaphors for Communication[J].Metaphor and Symbol,2007(4).
Yu,N.Heart and Cognition in Ancient Chinese Philosophy[J].Journal of Cognition and Culture,2007(1).
吴世雄章 敏周运会诸葛晓初.基于语料库的英汉词汇隐喻模式的比较研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2016.‖Wu,S.-X.,Zhang,M.,Zhou,Y.-H.,Zhuge,X.-C.A Corpus-based Comparative Study of English and Chinese Lexical Metaphors[M].Beijing:China Social Sciences Publishing House,2016.
伍铁平.语言的模糊性和词典编纂[J].辞书研究,1984(3).‖Wu,T.-P.Fuzziness of Language and Lexicography[J].Lexicographical Studies,1984(3).
伍铁平.比较词源再探——为《外国语文教学》公开发行而作[J].外国语文教学,1985(C1).‖Wu,T.-P.Re-exploration of the Comparative Etymology:For the Publication of Foreign Language and Literature[J].Fo-reign Language and Literature,1985(C1).
周运会吴世雄.国外语料库隐喻研究综述[J].外语学刊,2015(1).‖Zhou,Y.-H.,Wu,S.-X.A Review of Foreign Corpus Metaphor Studies[J].Foreign Language Research,2015(1).
Allan,K.Metaphor and Metonymy:A Diachronic Approach[M].Oxford:Wiley-Blackwell,2008.
Bertuol,R.The Square Circle of Margaret Cavendish:The 17th-century Conceptualization of Mind by Means of Mathematics[J].Language and Literature,2001(10).
Bybee,J.The Diachronic Dimension in Explanation[A].In:Hawkins,J.A.(Ed.),Explaining Language Universals[C].Malden:Blackwell,1988.
Bynon,T.Historical Linguistics[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1977.
Charteris-Black,J.Corpus Approach to Critical Metaphor Analysis[M].Basingstoke:Palgrave-Macmillan,2004.
Delbrück,B.Einleitung in das Studium der indogermanischen Sprachen:ein Beitrag zur Geschichte und Methodik der vergleichenden Sprachforschung[M].Leipzig:Breitkopf und H?rtel,1919.
Ding,Y.,No?l,D.A Corpus-based Diachronic Investigation of Metaphorical Containers of Sadness in English[J].Cognitive Linguistic Studies,2014(1).
Fabiszak,M.The Concept of ‘Joy’ in Old and Middle English:A Semantic Analysis[M].Pi?a:Wy■sza Szko?a Biznesu,2001.
Frank,R.M.,Gontier,N.On Constructing a Research Mo-del for Historical Cognitive Linguistics:Some Theoretical Considerations[A].In:Winters,M.E.,Tissari,H.,Allan,K.(Eds.),Cognitive Linguistics Research:Historical Cognitive Linguistics[C].Berlin:De Gruyter Mouton,2010.
Geeraerts,D.Prospects for the Past:Perspectives for Cognitive Diachronic Semantics[A].In:Winters,M.E.,Tissari,H.,Allan,K.(Eds.),Cognitive Linguistics Research:Historical Cognitive Linguistics[C].Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter,2010.
Geeraerts,D.Four Guidelines for Diachronic Metaphor Research[A].In:Díaz-Vera,J.E.(Ed.),Cognitive Linguistics Research:Metaphor and Metonymy Across Time and Cultures:Perspectives on the Sociohistorical Linguistics of Figurative Language[C].Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter,2015.
Geeraerts,D.,Gevaert,C.Hearts and (Angry) Minds in Old English[A].In:Sharifian,F.,Dirven,R.,Yu,N.,Niemeier,S.(Eds.),Culture,Body,and Language:Conceptualizations of Internal Body Organs Across Cultures and Languages[C].Berlin:Mouton de Gruy-ter,2008.
Geeraerts,D.,Grondelaers,S.Looking Back at Anger:Cultural Traditions and Metaphorical Patterns[A].In:Taylor,J.R.,MacLaury,R.E.(Eds.),Language and the Cognitive Construal of the World[C].Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter,1995.
Gevaert,C.The Evolution of the Lexical and Conceptual Field of Anger in Old and Middle English[A].In:Diaz-Vera,J.E.(Ed.),A Changing World of Words:Studies in English Historical Lexicography,Lexicology and Semantics[C].Amsterdam:Rodopi,2002.
Gevaert,C.The Anger Is Heat Question:Detecting Cultural Influence on the Conceptualization of Anger Through Diachronic Corpus Analysis[A].In:Delbecque,N.,Auwera,J.V.D.,Geeraerts,D.(Eds.),Perspectives on Variation:Sociolinguistic,Historical,Comparative[C].Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter,2005.
Gibbs,Jr.R.W.,Bogdonovich,J.Mental Imagery in Interpreting Poetic Metaphor[J].Metaphor and Symbol,1999(1).
Goatly,A.Washing the Brain:Metaphor and Hidden Ideology[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2007.
Heine,B.On Genetic Motivation in Grammar[A].In:Günter,R.,Klaus-Uwe,P.(Eds.),Studies in Motivation[C].Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter,2004.
Johnson,M.The Body in the Mind:The Bodily Basis of Meaning,Imagination,and Reason[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1987.
Koivisto-Alanko,P.,Tissari,H.Sense and Sensibility:Rational Thought Versus Emotion in Metaphorical Language[A].In:Stefanowitsch,A.,Gries,St.Th.(Eds.),Corpus-based Approaches to Metaphor and Metonymy[C].Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter,2006.
K?vecses,Z.Metaphor:A Practical Introduction[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2002.
K?vecses,Z.Metaphor in Culture:Universality and Variation[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,2005.
K?vecses,Z.Where Metaphors Come From:Reconsidering Context in Metaphor[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2015.
Lakoff,G.Women,Fire,and Dangerous Things:What Ca-tegories Reveal about the Mind[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1987.
Lakoff,G.The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor[A].In:Ortony,A.(Ed.),Metaphor and Thought[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1993.
Lakoff,G.,Johnson,M.Metaphors We Live By[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1980.
Lakoff,G.,Johnson,M.Philosophy in the Flesh:The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought[M].New York:Basic Books,1999.
Mischler,J.J.III.Metaphor Across Time and Conceptual Space:The Interplay of Embodiment and Cultural Models[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,2013.
Musolff,A.Metaphor Scenarios in Public Discourse[J].Metaphor and Symbol,2006(1).
Musolff,A.Is There Such a Thing as Discourse History?The Case of Metaphor [A].In:Hart,C.,Lukes,D.(Eds.),Cognitive Linguistics in Critical Discourse Ana-lysis:Application and Theory[C].Newcastle:Cambridge Scholars Publishing,2007.
Osthoff,H.,Brugmann,K.Morphologische Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen[M].Leipzig:Hirzel,1878.
Slingerland,E.Conceptions of the Self in the Zhuangzi:Conceptual Metaphor Analysis of Comparative Thought[J].Philosophy East and West,2004(54).
Smith,A.D.M.,H?fler,S.H.The Pivotal Role of Metaphor in the Evolution of Human Language[A].In:Díaz-Vera,J.E.(Ed.),Metaphor and Metonymy Across Time and Cultures:Perspectives on the Sociohistorical Linguistics of Figurative Language[C].Berlin:De Gruyter Mouton,2015.
Sweetser,E.E.From Etymology to Pragmatics:Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of Semantic Structure[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1990.
Teubert,W.,■.Corpus Linguistics:A Short Introduction[M].Beijing:World Book Inc.,2009.
Tissari,H.Metaphors We Love By:On the Cognitive Metaphors of Love from the 15th Century to the Present[J].Studia Anglica Posnaniensia:International Review of English Studies,2001(1).
Tognini-Bonelli,E.Corpus Linguistics at Work[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2001.
Trim,R.Metaphor Networks:The Comparative Evolution of Figurative Language[M].Hampshire:Palgrave Macmillan,2007.
Trim,R.Metaphor and the Historical Evolution of Concep-tual Mapping[M].Hampshire:Palgrave Macmillan,2011.
Wilkins,D.P.Natural Tendencies of Semantic Change and the Search for Cognates[A].In:Durie,M.,Ross,M.(Eds.),The Comparative Method Reviewed:Regularity and Irregularity in Language Change[C].New York:Oxford University Press,1996.
Winters,M.E.Introduction:On the Emergence of Diachro-nic Cognitive Linguistics[A].In:Winters,M.E.,Tissari,H.,Allan,K.(Eds.),Cognitive Linguistics Research:Historical Cognitive Linguistics[C].Berlin:De Gruyter Mouton,2010.
Wiseman,R.Ancient Roman Metaphors for Communication[J].Metaphor and Symbol,2007(4).
Yu,N.Heart and Cognition in Ancient Chinese Philosophy[J].Journal of Cognition and Culture,2007(1).