强飞秒激光在氟化钙晶体中产生的超连续谱
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摘要
实验研究了不同入射激光能量和晶体取向条件下,强飞秒激光在氟化钙晶体中成丝产生的超连续谱。实验发现,由于晶体中存在光强钳制效应,在一定入射激光能量范围内,超连续谱的最大蓝移截止波长为300 nm,且不随能量发生变化。同时发现,该最大蓝移截止波长不依赖于晶体取向的变化,但超连续谱的强度将随晶体的取向发生明显变化。
In this study, the supercontinuum generation in calcium fluoride(CaF_2) crystals are measured during high-intensity femtosecond laser filamentation under different incident laser energies and various crystal orientations. The experimental results show that the maximum blue-shifted cut-off wavelength of the supercontinuum spectrum remains constant at 300 nm for a broad range of incident laser energies because of the intensity clamping effect. Moreover, the maximum blue-shifted cut-off wavelength is also independent on the crystal orientation, but the intensity of supercontinuum significantly varies with the crystal orientation.
In this study, the supercontinuum generation in calcium fluoride(CaF_2) crystals are measured during high-intensity femtosecond laser filamentation under different incident laser energies and various crystal orientations. The experimental results show that the maximum blue-shifted cut-off wavelength of the supercontinuum spectrum remains constant at 300 nm for a broad range of incident laser energies because of the intensity clamping effect. Moreover, the maximum blue-shifted cut-off wavelength is also independent on the crystal orientation, but the intensity of supercontinuum significantly varies with the crystal orientation.
引文
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[3] Brodeur A,Chin S L.Ultrafast white-light continuum generation and self-focusing in transparent condensed media[J].Journal of the Optical Society of America B,1999,16(4):637-650.
[4] Liu W W.Intensity clamping during femtosecond laser filamentation[J].Chinese Journal of Physics,2014,52(1):465-489.
[5] Frolov S A,Trunov V I,Leshchenko V E,et al.Multi-octave supercontinuum generation with IR radiation filamentation in transparent solid-state media[J].Applied Physics B,2016,122(5):124.
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[7] Ionin A A,Seleznev L V,Sunchugasheva E S.Formation of plasma channels in air under filamentation of focused ultrashort laser pulses[J].Laser Physics,2015,25(3):033001.
[8] Kasparian J,Rodriguez M,Méjean G,et al.White-light filaments for atmospheric analysis[J].Science,2003,301(5629):61-64.
[9] Graydon O.Lightning control by lasers[J].Nature Photonics,2009,3(3):120-121.
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[11] Ju J J,Liu J S,Wang C,et al.Laser-filamentation-induced condensation and snow formation in a cloud chamber[J].Optics Letters,2012,37(7):1214-1216.
[12] Zhao J Y,Liu W W,Li S C,et al.Clue to a thorough understanding of terahertz pulse generation by femtosecond laser filamentation[J].Photonics Research,2018,6(4):296-306.
[13] D′Amico C,Houard A,Franco M,et al.Conical forward THz emission from femtosecond-laser-beam filamentation in air[J].Physical Review Letters,2007,98(23):235002.
[14] Yang Q B,Chen Z P,Yang T,et al.Surface wettability of different micro-textured YG6 processed by femtosecond laser[J].Laser and Optoelectronics Progress,2018,55(9):091404.杨奇彪,陈中培,杨涛,等.飞秒激光加工YG6不同微织构表面浸润性研究[J].激光与光电子学进展,2018,55(9):091404.
[15] Zhang Y J,Song H Y,Liu H Y,et al.Fabrication of millimeter-scaled holes by femtosecond laser filamentation[J].Chinese Journal of Lasers,2017,44(4):0402012.张艳杰,宋海英,刘海云,等.飞秒激光成丝制备毫米级深孔[J].中国激光,2017,44(4):0402012.
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[18] Corkum P B,Rolland C,Srinivasanrao-Rao T.Supercontinuum generation in gases[J].Physics Review Letters,1986,57(18):2268-2271.
[19] Jimbo T,Caplan V L,Li Q X,et al.Enhancement of ultrafast supercontinuum generation in water by the addition of Zn2+ and K+ cations[J].Optics Letters,1987,17(7):477-479.
[20] Alfano R R,Shapiro S L.Emission in the region 4000 to 7000 ? via four-photon coupling in glass[J].Physical Review Letters,1970,24(11):584-587.
[21] Raytchev M,Pandurski E,Buchvarov I,et al.Bichromophoric interactions and time-dependent excited state mixing in pyrene derivatives.A femtosecond broad-band pump-probe study[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry A,2003,107(23):4592-4600.
[22] Baltu?ka A,Takao F J,Kobayashi T.Visible pulse compression to 4 fs by optical parametric amplification and programmable dispersion control[J].Optics Letters,2002,27(5):306-308.
[23] Tzankov P,Fiebig T,Buchvarov I.Tunable femtosecond pulses in the near-ultraviolet from ultrabroadband parametric amplification[J].Applied Physics Letters,2003,82(4):517-519.
[24] Indra L,Batysta .Picosecond pulse generated supercontinuum as a stable seed for OPCPA[J].Optics Letters,2017,42(4):843-846.
[25] Alfano R R.The supercontinuum laser source[M].3rd ed.New York:Springer,2016.
[26] Gaeta A L.Catastrophic collapse of ultrashort pulses[J].Physical Review Letters,2000,84(16):3582-3585.
[27] Ward H,Bergé L.Temporal shaping of femtosecond solitary pulses in photoionized media[J].Physical Review Letters,2003,90(5):053901.
[28] Kandidov V P,Kosareva O G,Golubtsov I S,et al.Self-transformation of a powerful femtosecond laser pulse into a white-light laser pulse in bulk optical media (or supercontinuum generation)[J].Applied Physics B,2003,77(2/3):149-165.
[29] Rothenberg J E.Space-time focusing:breakdown of the slowly varying envelope approximation in the self-focusing of femtosecond pulses[J].Optics Letters,1992,17(19):1340-1342.
[30] Bloembergen N.The influence of electron plasma formation on superbroadening in light filaments[J].Optics Communications,1973,8(4):285-288.
[31] Kolesik M,Katona G,Moloney J V,et al.Theory and simulation of supercontinuum generation in transparent bulk media[J].Applied Physics B,2003,77(2/3):185-195.
[32] Huber R,Satzger H,Zinth W,et al.Noncollinear optical parametric amplifiers with output parameters improved by the application of a white light continuum generated in CaF2[J].Optics Communications,2001,194(4/5/6):443-448.
[33] Tzankov P,Buchvarov I,Fiebig T.Broadband optical parametric amplification in the near UV-VIS[J].Optics Communications,2002,203(1/2):107-113.
[34] Buchvarov I,Trifonov A,Fiebig T.Toward an understanding of white-light generation in cubic media:polarization properties across the entire spectral range[J].Optics Letters,2007,32(11):1539-1541.
[35] Kartazaev V,Alfano R R.Polarization properties of SC generated in CaF2[J].Optics Communications,2008,281(3):463-468.
[36] Megerle U,Pugliesi I,Schriever C,et al.Sub-50 fs broadband absorption spectroscopy with tunable excitation:putting the analysis of ultrafast molecular dynamics on solid ground[J].Applied Physics B,2009,96(2/3):215-231.
[37] Liu W,Petit S,Becker A,et al.Intensity clamping of a femtosecond laser pulse in condensed matter[J].Optics Communications,2002,202(1/2/3):189-197.
[38] Pogatshnik G J,Hamilton D S.Excited-state photoionization of Ce+ ions in Ce+:CaF2[J].Physical Review B,1987,36(16):8251-8257.
[39] Scouler W J,Smakula A.Coloration of pure and doped calcium fluoride crystals at 20 ℃ and -190 ℃[J].Physical Review,1960,120(4):1154-1161.
[40] Faccio D,Porras M A,Dubietis A,et al.Conical emission,pulse splitting,and X-wave parametric amplification in nonlinear dynamics of ultrashort light pulses[J].Physical Review Letters,2006,96(19):193901.
[41] Gong C,Li Z X,Hua L Q,et al.Angle-resolved conical emission spectra from filamentation in a solid with an Airy pattern and a Gaussian laser beam[J].Optics Letters,2016,41(18):4305-4308.
[42] Luther G G,Wright E M,Newell A C,et al.Short-pulse conical emission and spectral broadening in normally dispersive media[J].Optics Letters,1994,19(11):789-791.
[43] Nagura C,Suda A,Kawano H,et al.Generation and characterization of ultrafast white-light continuum in condensed media[J].Applied Optics,2002,41(18):3735-3742.
[44] Brodeur A,Chin S L.Band-gap dependence of the ultrafast white-light continuum[J].Physical Review Letters,1998,80(20):4406-4409.
[45] DeSalvo R,Sheik-Bahae M,Said A A,et al.Z-scan measurements of the anisotropy of nonlinear refraction and absorption in crystals[J].Optics Letters,1993,18(3):194-196.
[2] Braun A,Korn G,Liu X,et al.Self-channeling of high-peak-power femtosecond laser pulses in air[J].Optics Letters,1995,20(1):73-75.
[3] Brodeur A,Chin S L.Ultrafast white-light continuum generation and self-focusing in transparent condensed media[J].Journal of the Optical Society of America B,1999,16(4):637-650.
[4] Liu W W.Intensity clamping during femtosecond laser filamentation[J].Chinese Journal of Physics,2014,52(1):465-489.
[5] Frolov S A,Trunov V I,Leshchenko V E,et al.Multi-octave supercontinuum generation with IR radiation filamentation in transparent solid-state media[J].Applied Physics B,2016,122(5):124.
[6] Xu F,Liu J S,Li R X,et al.Nonlinear X-wave formation and conical emission at different powers of a femtosecond laser pulse in water[J].Optics Communications,2007,275(2):433-439.
[7] Ionin A A,Seleznev L V,Sunchugasheva E S.Formation of plasma channels in air under filamentation of focused ultrashort laser pulses[J].Laser Physics,2015,25(3):033001.
[8] Kasparian J,Rodriguez M,Méjean G,et al.White-light filaments for atmospheric analysis[J].Science,2003,301(5629):61-64.
[9] Graydon O.Lightning control by lasers[J].Nature Photonics,2009,3(3):120-121.
[10] Henin S,Petit Y,Rohwetter P,et al.Field measurements suggest the mechanism of laser-assisted water condensation[J].Nature Communications,2011,2:456.
[11] Ju J J,Liu J S,Wang C,et al.Laser-filamentation-induced condensation and snow formation in a cloud chamber[J].Optics Letters,2012,37(7):1214-1216.
[12] Zhao J Y,Liu W W,Li S C,et al.Clue to a thorough understanding of terahertz pulse generation by femtosecond laser filamentation[J].Photonics Research,2018,6(4):296-306.
[13] D′Amico C,Houard A,Franco M,et al.Conical forward THz emission from femtosecond-laser-beam filamentation in air[J].Physical Review Letters,2007,98(23):235002.
[14] Yang Q B,Chen Z P,Yang T,et al.Surface wettability of different micro-textured YG6 processed by femtosecond laser[J].Laser and Optoelectronics Progress,2018,55(9):091404.杨奇彪,陈中培,杨涛,等.飞秒激光加工YG6不同微织构表面浸润性研究[J].激光与光电子学进展,2018,55(9):091404.
[15] Zhang Y J,Song H Y,Liu H Y,et al.Fabrication of millimeter-scaled holes by femtosecond laser filamentation[J].Chinese Journal of Lasers,2017,44(4):0402012.张艳杰,宋海英,刘海云,等.飞秒激光成丝制备毫米级深孔[J].中国激光,2017,44(4):0402012.
[16] Théberge F,Ak?zbek N,Liu W,et al.Conical emission and induced frequency shift of third-harmonic generation during ultrashort laser filamentation in air[J].Optics Communications,2007,276(2):298-304.
[17] Li S Y,Chen A M,Jiang Y F,et al.“Long-lived” luminous effects in femtosecond laser filament[J].Optics Communications,2018,426(2):105-109.
[18] Corkum P B,Rolland C,Srinivasanrao-Rao T.Supercontinuum generation in gases[J].Physics Review Letters,1986,57(18):2268-2271.
[19] Jimbo T,Caplan V L,Li Q X,et al.Enhancement of ultrafast supercontinuum generation in water by the addition of Zn2+ and K+ cations[J].Optics Letters,1987,17(7):477-479.
[20] Alfano R R,Shapiro S L.Emission in the region 4000 to 7000 ? via four-photon coupling in glass[J].Physical Review Letters,1970,24(11):584-587.
[21] Raytchev M,Pandurski E,Buchvarov I,et al.Bichromophoric interactions and time-dependent excited state mixing in pyrene derivatives.A femtosecond broad-band pump-probe study[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry A,2003,107(23):4592-4600.
[22] Baltu?ka A,Takao F J,Kobayashi T.Visible pulse compression to 4 fs by optical parametric amplification and programmable dispersion control[J].Optics Letters,2002,27(5):306-308.
[23] Tzankov P,Fiebig T,Buchvarov I.Tunable femtosecond pulses in the near-ultraviolet from ultrabroadband parametric amplification[J].Applied Physics Letters,2003,82(4):517-519.
[24] Indra L,Batysta .Picosecond pulse generated supercontinuum as a stable seed for OPCPA[J].Optics Letters,2017,42(4):843-846.
[25] Alfano R R.The supercontinuum laser source[M].3rd ed.New York:Springer,2016.
[26] Gaeta A L.Catastrophic collapse of ultrashort pulses[J].Physical Review Letters,2000,84(16):3582-3585.
[27] Ward H,Bergé L.Temporal shaping of femtosecond solitary pulses in photoionized media[J].Physical Review Letters,2003,90(5):053901.
[28] Kandidov V P,Kosareva O G,Golubtsov I S,et al.Self-transformation of a powerful femtosecond laser pulse into a white-light laser pulse in bulk optical media (or supercontinuum generation)[J].Applied Physics B,2003,77(2/3):149-165.
[29] Rothenberg J E.Space-time focusing:breakdown of the slowly varying envelope approximation in the self-focusing of femtosecond pulses[J].Optics Letters,1992,17(19):1340-1342.
[30] Bloembergen N.The influence of electron plasma formation on superbroadening in light filaments[J].Optics Communications,1973,8(4):285-288.
[31] Kolesik M,Katona G,Moloney J V,et al.Theory and simulation of supercontinuum generation in transparent bulk media[J].Applied Physics B,2003,77(2/3):185-195.
[32] Huber R,Satzger H,Zinth W,et al.Noncollinear optical parametric amplifiers with output parameters improved by the application of a white light continuum generated in CaF2[J].Optics Communications,2001,194(4/5/6):443-448.
[33] Tzankov P,Buchvarov I,Fiebig T.Broadband optical parametric amplification in the near UV-VIS[J].Optics Communications,2002,203(1/2):107-113.
[34] Buchvarov I,Trifonov A,Fiebig T.Toward an understanding of white-light generation in cubic media:polarization properties across the entire spectral range[J].Optics Letters,2007,32(11):1539-1541.
[35] Kartazaev V,Alfano R R.Polarization properties of SC generated in CaF2[J].Optics Communications,2008,281(3):463-468.
[36] Megerle U,Pugliesi I,Schriever C,et al.Sub-50 fs broadband absorption spectroscopy with tunable excitation:putting the analysis of ultrafast molecular dynamics on solid ground[J].Applied Physics B,2009,96(2/3):215-231.
[37] Liu W,Petit S,Becker A,et al.Intensity clamping of a femtosecond laser pulse in condensed matter[J].Optics Communications,2002,202(1/2/3):189-197.
[38] Pogatshnik G J,Hamilton D S.Excited-state photoionization of Ce+ ions in Ce+:CaF2[J].Physical Review B,1987,36(16):8251-8257.
[39] Scouler W J,Smakula A.Coloration of pure and doped calcium fluoride crystals at 20 ℃ and -190 ℃[J].Physical Review,1960,120(4):1154-1161.
[40] Faccio D,Porras M A,Dubietis A,et al.Conical emission,pulse splitting,and X-wave parametric amplification in nonlinear dynamics of ultrashort light pulses[J].Physical Review Letters,2006,96(19):193901.
[41] Gong C,Li Z X,Hua L Q,et al.Angle-resolved conical emission spectra from filamentation in a solid with an Airy pattern and a Gaussian laser beam[J].Optics Letters,2016,41(18):4305-4308.
[42] Luther G G,Wright E M,Newell A C,et al.Short-pulse conical emission and spectral broadening in normally dispersive media[J].Optics Letters,1994,19(11):789-791.
[43] Nagura C,Suda A,Kawano H,et al.Generation and characterization of ultrafast white-light continuum in condensed media[J].Applied Optics,2002,41(18):3735-3742.
[44] Brodeur A,Chin S L.Band-gap dependence of the ultrafast white-light continuum[J].Physical Review Letters,1998,80(20):4406-4409.
[45] DeSalvo R,Sheik-Bahae M,Said A A,et al.Z-scan measurements of the anisotropy of nonlinear refraction and absorption in crystals[J].Optics Letters,1993,18(3):194-196.