制度环境与心理认知何时激活创业?——一个基于QCA方法的研究
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摘要
以25个效率驱动国家为样本,应用组态思维和QCA方法整合制度环境层面与心理认知层面的5个条件,探讨影响国家间创业活跃度差异的多重并发因素和因果复杂机制。结果发现:(1)高创业活跃度的驱动机制分为2条路径,即管制-规范主导型与认知主导型。其中,第一条路径指高创业意愿、高创业机会识别、优越的管制制度与规范制度的联动匹配,第二条路径指高创业意愿、高创业机会识别与优越的认知制度的联动匹配;(2)较之于管制-规范主导型,认知主导型更可能有效地激活高创业活跃度;(3) 2条路径所涉及的制度三要素在解释创业活动时存在替代作用,即创业意愿与创业机会识别水平较高时,只要认知优越,或者管制与规范同时优越,即可驱动高创业活跃度;(4)非高创业活跃度的驱动机制分为3条路径,且与高创业活跃度的驱动机制存在非对称性关系。
This study uses the 25 Efficiency-driven economies as a sample, and applies the configurational thinking and QCA approach to integrate five conditions from institutional contexts and psychological cognition, in order to explore the mechanism of multiple conjunctural causation of differences in entrepreneurial activity among these economies. Results show that:(1) The driving mechanism of high entrepreneurial activity is divided into two recipes, namely, reglation & norm-baseded reipe and congnition-based recipe.(2) Cognition-based recipe is more likely to effectively stimulate high level of entrepreneurial activity compared to regulation & norm-based recipe.(3) The three dimensions of institution involved in above two recipes have an alternative effect in interpreting entrepreneurial activity: in case of high level of entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial opportunity identification, as long as the cognitive dimension is superior, or the regulatory dimension and normative dimension are both superior, high level of entrepreneurial activity is attained.(4) The driving mechanism of not high entrepreneurial activity is divided into three recipes, which verifies the existence of asymmetric causality compared with high entrepreneurial activity.
This study uses the 25 Efficiency-driven economies as a sample, and applies the configurational thinking and QCA approach to integrate five conditions from institutional contexts and psychological cognition, in order to explore the mechanism of multiple conjunctural causation of differences in entrepreneurial activity among these economies. Results show that:(1) The driving mechanism of high entrepreneurial activity is divided into two recipes, namely, reglation & norm-baseded reipe and congnition-based recipe.(2) Cognition-based recipe is more likely to effectively stimulate high level of entrepreneurial activity compared to regulation & norm-based recipe.(3) The three dimensions of institution involved in above two recipes have an alternative effect in interpreting entrepreneurial activity: in case of high level of entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial opportunity identification, as long as the cognitive dimension is superior, or the regulatory dimension and normative dimension are both superior, high level of entrepreneurial activity is attained.(4) The driving mechanism of not high entrepreneurial activity is divided into three recipes, which verifies the existence of asymmetric causality compared with high entrepreneurial activity.
引文
伯努瓦·里豪克斯,查尔斯C·拉金.2017.QCA设计原理与应用:超越定性与定量研究的新方法[M].杜运周,李永发等译.北京:机械工业出版社.
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程聪,贾良定.2016.我国企业跨国并购驱动机制研究:基于清晰集的定性比较分析[J].南开管理评论,19(6):113-121.
杜运周,贾良定.2017.组态视角与定性比较分析(QCA):管理学研究的一条新道路[J].管理世界,6:155-167.
方世建,孙薇.2012.制度创业:经典模型回顾、理论综合与研究展望[J].外国经济与管理,34(9):15-25.
高辉.2017.中国情境下的制度环境与企业创新绩效关系研究[D].长春:吉林大学.
葛宝山,蒋海燕.2013.创业意图经典模型评介与整合研究框架构建[J].外国经济与管理,35(11):11-20.
郭海,沈睿.2014.如何将创业机会转化为企业绩效:商业模式创新的中介作用及市场环境的调节作用[J].经济理论与经济管理,34(3):70-83.
胡玲玉,吴剑琳,古继宝.2014.创业环境和创业自我效能对个体创业意向的影响[J].管理学报,11(10):1484-1490.
李文静.2015.企业技术创新投入与创新绩效的关系研究:制度环境的调节作用[D].长春:吉林大学.
李新春,叶文平,朱沆.2017.社会资本与女性创业:基于GEM数据的跨国(地区)比较研究[J].管理科学学报,8:112-126.
罗瑾琏,杨光华.2015.性别视角下“中国三明治”创业者创业行为研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,5:105-114.
倪嘉成,李华晶.2017.制度环境对科技人员创业认知与创业行为的影响[J].科学学研究,35(4):585-592.
人民网.2017.创新创业,从改变观念开始[EB/OL].http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0605/c1002-29316568.html,06-05.
任胜钢,贾倩,董保宝.2017.大众创业:创业教育能够促进大学生创业吗?[J].科学学研究,35(7):1063-1072.
斯晓夫,王颂,傅颖.2016.创业机会从何而来:发现,构建还是发现+构建?创业机会的理论前沿研究[J].管理世界,3:115-127.
苏郁锋,吴能全,周翔.2017.制度视角的创业过程模型:基于扎根理论的多案例研究[J].南开管理评论,20(1):181-192.
汤明,沈超红.2009.创业自我效能感研究综述[J].改革与开放,5:124-125.
王玲玲,赵文红,魏泽龙.2017.创业制度环境、网络关系强度对新企业组织合法性的影响研究[J].管理学报,14(9):1324-1331.
项国鹏,李武杰,肖建忠.2009.转型经济中的企业家制度能力:中国企业家的实证研究及其启示[J].管理世界,11:103-114.
闫佳祺,罗瑾琏,贾建锋.2018.组织情境因素联动效应对双元领导的影响:一项基于QCA技术的研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,39(4):150-160.
杨俊,张玉利,刘依冉.2015.创业认知研究综述与开展中国情境化研究的建议[J].管理世界,9:158-169.
张秀娥,张坤.2016.创业教育对创业意愿作用机制研究回顾与展望[J].外国经济与管理,38(4):104-112.
赵向阳,李海,Andreas,等.2012.创业活动的国家差异:文化与国家经济发展水平的交互作用[J].管理世界,8:78-90.
郑馨,周先波,张麟.2017.社会规范与创业:基于62个国家创业数据的分析[J].经济研究,11:59-73.
中国经济网.2016.安利全球创业报告:烧钱创业退虚火大众创业是未来[EB/OL].http://intl.ce.cn/specials/zxgjzh/201612/17/t20161217_18792717.shtml,12-17.
中华人民共和国商务部.2017.厄瓜多尔发展和创业创新对于解决就业问题具有积极意义[EB/OL].http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/i/jyjl/l/201705/20170502568264.shtml,05-03.
Ali D F.2013.The process of impact of entrepreneurship education and training on entrepreneurship perception and intention[J].Education&Training,55(8-9):868-85.
Alvarez S A,Barney J B.2007.Discovery and creation:Alternative theories of entrepreneurial action[J].Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,1(1‐2):11-26.
Alvarez S A,Barney J B,Anderson P.2013.Forming and exploiting opportunities:The implications of discovery and creation processes for entrepreneurial and organizational research[J].Organization Science,24(1):301-317.
Bird B.1988.Implementing entrepreneurial ideas:The case for intention[J].Academy of Management Review,13(3):442-53.
Bruton G D,Ahlstrom D,Li H L.2010.Institutional theory and entrepreneurship:Where are we now and where do we need to move in the future?[J].Entrepreneurship Theory&Practice,34(3):421-40.
Busenitz L W,Gómez C,Spencer J W.2000.Country institutional profiles:Unlocking entrepreneurial phenomena[J].Academy of Management Journal,43(5):994-1003.
Carsrud A,Br?nnback M.2011.Entrepreneurial motivations:What do we still need to know?[J].Journal of Small Business Management,49(1):9-26.
Fiss P C.2007.A set-theoretic approach to organizational configurations[J].Academy of Management Review,32(4):1180-1198.
Fiss P C.2011.Building better causal theories:A fuzzy set approach to typologies in organization research[J].Academy of Management Journal,54(54):393-420.
Harmeling S S,Sarasvathy S D.2013.When contingency is a resource:Educating entrepreneurs in the balkans,the bronx,and beyond[J].Entrepreneurship Theory&Practice,37(4):713-44.
Kostova T,Roth K.2002.Adoption of an organizational practice by subsidiaries of multinational corporations:Institutional and relational effects[J].Academy of Management Journal,45(1):215-33.
Krueger N F.2000.The cognitive infrastructure of opportunity emergence[J].Entrepreneurship Theory&Practice,24:185-206.
Lim D S K,Chang H O,Clercq D D.2016.Engagement in entrepreneurship in emerging economies:Interactive effects of individual-level factors and institutional conditions[J].International Business Review,25(4):933-45.
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(1)世界经济论坛(World Economic Forum,WEF)是国际上从事竞争力评价最著名的机构之一,每年会推出《全球竞争力报告》。WEF的《全球竞争力报告》根据人均GDP以及初级产品占出口份额的情况,把经济体分为3个层次:要素驱动型国家,效率驱动型国家和创新驱动型国家,其中,效率驱动国家(efficiency-driven economies)是指效率驱动阶段,经济获得了进一步发展,伴随着工业化和对规模经济的日益依赖,资本密集型的大型企业更占优势。该阶段一般伴随的是基本需求的不断改善,关注的重点在于开发效率驱动点,中国、巴西等新兴国家也是效率驱动国家。GEM在研究中采用了这种划分标准。
(2)全球创业观察global entrepreneurship monitor,GEM组织自1999年后,GEM每年发布一次创业报告,截至2017年,有100多个经济体参加了GEM调查(我国于2002年加入),调查范围约占世界人口的75%,几乎涉及所有的地理区域,约占世界GDP的90%。
(3)Saudi Arabia、Turkey有2年参加调查。然而,2015年Turkey未报告本研究6个变量的数据,实际仅有2016年的数据,故剔除。在后续QCA分析中,除CD外,各条件变量都高时,唯有Saudi Arabia产生了非高创业活跃度,这与创业主流理论相左,为保证结论的稳健性,故删除。
(4)人口指标与人均GDP指标皆来源于2017年数据(除Turkey、Macedonia、Hungary案例指标来源于2015年外),GDP指标与世界经济论坛全球竞争力排名(World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Rank)指标皆来源于2015年数据。
(5)Brazil缺乏2016,2017年的ND,用2015年的ND来代表。3年内Lebanon都缺乏ND,且仅2009年显示ND数据,用2009年的ND来代表。Panama缺乏2015年的ND,取2016、2017的ND均值来代表。
(6)根据此假设,进一步选择只包含上述条件出现的质蕴涵项(prime implicants)--EI×CD,EOI×EI×RD。
(7)根据此假设,进一步选择只包含上述条件缺失且最简化的质蕴涵项(prime implicant)--~EI×~CD。
蔡莉,朱秀梅,刘预.2011.创业导向对新企业资源获取的影响研究[J].科学学研究,29(4):601-609.
程聪,贾良定.2016.我国企业跨国并购驱动机制研究:基于清晰集的定性比较分析[J].南开管理评论,19(6):113-121.
杜运周,贾良定.2017.组态视角与定性比较分析(QCA):管理学研究的一条新道路[J].管理世界,6:155-167.
方世建,孙薇.2012.制度创业:经典模型回顾、理论综合与研究展望[J].外国经济与管理,34(9):15-25.
高辉.2017.中国情境下的制度环境与企业创新绩效关系研究[D].长春:吉林大学.
葛宝山,蒋海燕.2013.创业意图经典模型评介与整合研究框架构建[J].外国经济与管理,35(11):11-20.
郭海,沈睿.2014.如何将创业机会转化为企业绩效:商业模式创新的中介作用及市场环境的调节作用[J].经济理论与经济管理,34(3):70-83.
胡玲玉,吴剑琳,古继宝.2014.创业环境和创业自我效能对个体创业意向的影响[J].管理学报,11(10):1484-1490.
李文静.2015.企业技术创新投入与创新绩效的关系研究:制度环境的调节作用[D].长春:吉林大学.
李新春,叶文平,朱沆.2017.社会资本与女性创业:基于GEM数据的跨国(地区)比较研究[J].管理科学学报,8:112-126.
罗瑾琏,杨光华.2015.性别视角下“中国三明治”创业者创业行为研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,5:105-114.
倪嘉成,李华晶.2017.制度环境对科技人员创业认知与创业行为的影响[J].科学学研究,35(4):585-592.
人民网.2017.创新创业,从改变观念开始[EB/OL].http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2017/0605/c1002-29316568.html,06-05.
任胜钢,贾倩,董保宝.2017.大众创业:创业教育能够促进大学生创业吗?[J].科学学研究,35(7):1063-1072.
斯晓夫,王颂,傅颖.2016.创业机会从何而来:发现,构建还是发现+构建?创业机会的理论前沿研究[J].管理世界,3:115-127.
苏郁锋,吴能全,周翔.2017.制度视角的创业过程模型:基于扎根理论的多案例研究[J].南开管理评论,20(1):181-192.
汤明,沈超红.2009.创业自我效能感研究综述[J].改革与开放,5:124-125.
王玲玲,赵文红,魏泽龙.2017.创业制度环境、网络关系强度对新企业组织合法性的影响研究[J].管理学报,14(9):1324-1331.
项国鹏,李武杰,肖建忠.2009.转型经济中的企业家制度能力:中国企业家的实证研究及其启示[J].管理世界,11:103-114.
闫佳祺,罗瑾琏,贾建锋.2018.组织情境因素联动效应对双元领导的影响:一项基于QCA技术的研究[J].科学学与科学技术管理,39(4):150-160.
杨俊,张玉利,刘依冉.2015.创业认知研究综述与开展中国情境化研究的建议[J].管理世界,9:158-169.
张秀娥,张坤.2016.创业教育对创业意愿作用机制研究回顾与展望[J].外国经济与管理,38(4):104-112.
赵向阳,李海,Andreas,等.2012.创业活动的国家差异:文化与国家经济发展水平的交互作用[J].管理世界,8:78-90.
郑馨,周先波,张麟.2017.社会规范与创业:基于62个国家创业数据的分析[J].经济研究,11:59-73.
中国经济网.2016.安利全球创业报告:烧钱创业退虚火大众创业是未来[EB/OL].http://intl.ce.cn/specials/zxgjzh/201612/17/t20161217_18792717.shtml,12-17.
中华人民共和国商务部.2017.厄瓜多尔发展和创业创新对于解决就业问题具有积极意义[EB/OL].http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/i/jyjl/l/201705/20170502568264.shtml,05-03.
Ali D F.2013.The process of impact of entrepreneurship education and training on entrepreneurship perception and intention[J].Education&Training,55(8-9):868-85.
Alvarez S A,Barney J B.2007.Discovery and creation:Alternative theories of entrepreneurial action[J].Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,1(1‐2):11-26.
Alvarez S A,Barney J B,Anderson P.2013.Forming and exploiting opportunities:The implications of discovery and creation processes for entrepreneurial and organizational research[J].Organization Science,24(1):301-317.
Bird B.1988.Implementing entrepreneurial ideas:The case for intention[J].Academy of Management Review,13(3):442-53.
Bruton G D,Ahlstrom D,Li H L.2010.Institutional theory and entrepreneurship:Where are we now and where do we need to move in the future?[J].Entrepreneurship Theory&Practice,34(3):421-40.
Busenitz L W,Gómez C,Spencer J W.2000.Country institutional profiles:Unlocking entrepreneurial phenomena[J].Academy of Management Journal,43(5):994-1003.
Carsrud A,Br?nnback M.2011.Entrepreneurial motivations:What do we still need to know?[J].Journal of Small Business Management,49(1):9-26.
Fiss P C.2007.A set-theoretic approach to organizational configurations[J].Academy of Management Review,32(4):1180-1198.
Fiss P C.2011.Building better causal theories:A fuzzy set approach to typologies in organization research[J].Academy of Management Journal,54(54):393-420.
Harmeling S S,Sarasvathy S D.2013.When contingency is a resource:Educating entrepreneurs in the balkans,the bronx,and beyond[J].Entrepreneurship Theory&Practice,37(4):713-44.
Kostova T,Roth K.2002.Adoption of an organizational practice by subsidiaries of multinational corporations:Institutional and relational effects[J].Academy of Management Journal,45(1):215-33.
Krueger N F.2000.The cognitive infrastructure of opportunity emergence[J].Entrepreneurship Theory&Practice,24:185-206.
Lim D S K,Chang H O,Clercq D D.2016.Engagement in entrepreneurship in emerging economies:Interactive effects of individual-level factors and institutional conditions[J].International Business Review,25(4):933-45.
Low M B,Macmillan I C.2007.Entrepreneurship:Past Research and Future Challenges[M].Berlin:Springer.
Lumpkin G T,Lichtenstein B B.2005.The role of organizational learning in the opportunity-recognition process[J].Entrepreneurship Theory&Practice,29(4):451-472.
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(1)世界经济论坛(World Economic Forum,WEF)是国际上从事竞争力评价最著名的机构之一,每年会推出《全球竞争力报告》。WEF的《全球竞争力报告》根据人均GDP以及初级产品占出口份额的情况,把经济体分为3个层次:要素驱动型国家,效率驱动型国家和创新驱动型国家,其中,效率驱动国家(efficiency-driven economies)是指效率驱动阶段,经济获得了进一步发展,伴随着工业化和对规模经济的日益依赖,资本密集型的大型企业更占优势。该阶段一般伴随的是基本需求的不断改善,关注的重点在于开发效率驱动点,中国、巴西等新兴国家也是效率驱动国家。GEM在研究中采用了这种划分标准。
(2)全球创业观察global entrepreneurship monitor,GEM组织自1999年后,GEM每年发布一次创业报告,截至2017年,有100多个经济体参加了GEM调查(我国于2002年加入),调查范围约占世界人口的75%,几乎涉及所有的地理区域,约占世界GDP的90%。
(3)Saudi Arabia、Turkey有2年参加调查。然而,2015年Turkey未报告本研究6个变量的数据,实际仅有2016年的数据,故剔除。在后续QCA分析中,除CD外,各条件变量都高时,唯有Saudi Arabia产生了非高创业活跃度,这与创业主流理论相左,为保证结论的稳健性,故删除。
(4)人口指标与人均GDP指标皆来源于2017年数据(除Turkey、Macedonia、Hungary案例指标来源于2015年外),GDP指标与世界经济论坛全球竞争力排名(World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Rank)指标皆来源于2015年数据。
(5)Brazil缺乏2016,2017年的ND,用2015年的ND来代表。3年内Lebanon都缺乏ND,且仅2009年显示ND数据,用2009年的ND来代表。Panama缺乏2015年的ND,取2016、2017的ND均值来代表。
(6)根据此假设,进一步选择只包含上述条件出现的质蕴涵项(prime implicants)--EI×CD,EOI×EI×RD。
(7)根据此假设,进一步选择只包含上述条件缺失且最简化的质蕴涵项(prime implicant)--~EI×~CD。