外部知识网络与企业技术能力:知识距离的调节作用
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摘要
外部知识网络作为企业获取和转移外部知识资源的系统性平台,对企业技术能力的增长发挥重要的影响作用,同时两者关系会受到企业与外部组织之间知识距离的调节影响。基于253份企业问卷调查的数据,对知识距离在外部知识网络结构特征、关系特征和知识特征对企业技术能力影响关系中的调节作用进行了实证检验。结果表明:知识距离在网络中心度、网络多样性、关系强度、关系质量、知识可传授性和知识可观察性分别对技术能力的正向影响关系中起到负向调节作用,但在网络规模与技术能力的关系中无调节作用。
As a systematic platform for enterprises to acquire and transfer external knowledge resources, external knowledge network will play an important role in the growth of enterprises' technological capability. And the knowledge distance between enterprises and external organizations has a moderating effect on the relationship between them. Based on the questionnaire data of 253 enterprises, the paper studies the moderating effect of knowledge distance on the influence of the structural characteristics, relational characteristics and knowledge characteristics of the external knowledge network respectively on the technological capability of enterprises.Empirical results show that the positively relationships on which network centrality, network diversity, relationship strength, relationship quality, knowledge transferability and knowledge observability is respectively influence technological capability are negatively moderated by the knowledge distance. But it has not the negative effects on the relation between network size and technological capability.
As a systematic platform for enterprises to acquire and transfer external knowledge resources, external knowledge network will play an important role in the growth of enterprises' technological capability. And the knowledge distance between enterprises and external organizations has a moderating effect on the relationship between them. Based on the questionnaire data of 253 enterprises, the paper studies the moderating effect of knowledge distance on the influence of the structural characteristics, relational characteristics and knowledge characteristics of the external knowledge network respectively on the technological capability of enterprises.Empirical results show that the positively relationships on which network centrality, network diversity, relationship strength, relationship quality, knowledge transferability and knowledge observability is respectively influence technological capability are negatively moderated by the knowledge distance. But it has not the negative effects on the relation between network size and technological capability.
引文
耿合江. 2013. 知识网络对光伏企业技术创新绩效的影响[J]. 中国科技论坛,1(6):81-89.
罗吉,党兴华,王育晓. 2016. 网络位置, 网络能力与风险投资机构投资绩效:一个交互效应模型[J]. 管理评论,28(9):83-97.
李文博,郑文哲,刘爽. 2008. 产业集群中知识网络结构的测量研究[J]. 科学学研究,26(4):787-792.
魏龙,党兴华. 2017. 网络权力,网络搜寻与网络惯例:一个交互效应模型[J]. 科学学与科学技术管理,38(2):136-147.
肖志雄. 2014. 知识距离对知识吸收能力影响的实证研究:以服务外包企业为例[J].情报科学,10(32):61-69.
杨林,俞安平. 2016. 企业家认知对企业战略变革前瞻性的影响:知识创造过程的中介效应[J]. 南开管理评论,19(1):120-133.
于茂荐,孙元欣.2017.供应商创新能力、知识距离与企业创新能力:来自上市公司的经验证据.科学学与科学技术管理,38(10):82-91.
曾德明,文金艳.2015.协作研发网络中心度,知识距离对企业二元式创新的影响[J].管理学报,12(10):1479-1486.
周密,赵文红,宋红媛.2015.基于知识特性的知识距离对知识转移影响研究[J].科学学研究,7(33):1059-1068.
Ambos T C,Ambos B.2009.The impact of distance on knowledge transfer effectiveness in multinational corporations[J].Journal of International Management,15(1):1-14.
Battistella C,De Toni A F,Pillon R.2016.Inter-organisational technology/knowledge transfer:A framework from critical literature review[J].Journal of Technology Transfer,41(5):1195-1234.
Brannen M Y.2004.When Mickey loses face:Recontextualization,semantic fit,and the semiotics of foreignness[J].Academy of Management Review,29(4):593-616.
Capaldo A,Lavie D,Messeni P A.2017.Knowledge maturity and the scientific value of innovations:The roles of knowledge distance and adoption[J].Journal of Management,43(2):503-533.
Chuluun T,Prevost A,Upadhyay A.2017.Firm network structure and innovation[J].Journal of Corporate Finance,44(3):193-214.
Cummings J L,Teng B S.2003.Transferring R&D knowledge:The key factors affecting knowledge transfer success[J].Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,20(1):39-68.
Delbufalo E.2015.The influence of supply network structure on firm's multiple innovation capabilities:A longitudinal study in the fashion industry[J].Management Decision,53(10):2457-2476.
Dussauge P,Garrette B,Mitchell W.2000.Learning from competing partners:Outcomes and durations of scale and link alliances in Europe,North America and Asia[J].Strategic Management Journal,21(2):99-126.
Egbetokun A,Savin I.2014.Absorptive capacity and innovation:When is it better to cooperate?[J].Journal of Evolutionary Economics,24(2):399-420.
Figueiredo P N.2002.Does technological learning pay off?Inter-firm differences in technological capability-accumulation paths and operational performance improvement[J].Research Policy,31(1):73-94.
Ganesan S,Malter A J,Rindfleisch A.2005.Does distance still matter?Geographic proximity and new product development[J].Journal of Marketing,69(4):44-60.
Gaffney N,Karst R,Clampit J.2016.Emerging market MNE cross-border acquisition equity participation:The role of economic and knowledge distance[J].International Business Review,25(1):267-275.
Gnyawali D R,Madhavan R.2001.Cooperative networks and competitive dynamics:A structural embeddedness perspective[J].Academy of Management Review,26(3):431-445.
Goerzen A,Beamish P W.2005.The effect of alliance network diversity on multinational enterprise performance[J].Strategy Management Journal,26(4):333-354.
Goodall K,Roberts J.2003.Repairing managerial knowledge-ability over distance[J].Organization Studies,24(7):1153-1175.
Granovetter M.2005.The impact of social structure on economic outcomes[J].Journal of Economic Perspectives,19(1):33-50.
Inkpen A C.1998.Learning and knowledge acquisition through international strategic alliances[J].Academy of Management Executive,12(4):69-80.
Kyl?heiko K,Jantunen A,Puumalainen K,et al.2011.Innovation and internationalization as growth strategies:The role of technological capabilities and appropriability[J].International Business Review,20(5):508-520.
Kumar U,Kumar V,De Grosbois D.2008.Development of technological capability by Cuban hospitality organizations[J].International Journal of Hospitality Management,27(1):12-22.
Lai H C,Weng C S.2013.Do technology alliances benefit technological diversification?The effects of technological knowledge distance,network centrality and complementary assets[J].Asian Journal of Technology Innovation,21(1):136-152.
Lee W L,Chiang J C,Wu Y H,et al.2012.How knowledge exploration distance influences the quality of innovation[J].Total Quality Management&Business Excellence,23(9/10):1045-1059.
Liu C L E,Zhang Y.2014.Learning process and capability formation in cross-border buyer-supplier relationships:A qualitative case study of Taiwanese technological firms[J].International Business Review,23(4):718-730.
Mahmood I P,Zhu H,Zajac E J.2011.Where can capabilities come from?Network ties and capability acquisition in business groups[J].Strategic Management Journal,32(8):820-848.
Miller D J,Fern M J,Cardinal L B.2007.The use of knowledge for technological innovation within diversified firms[J].Academy of Management Journal,50(2):307-325.
Oyelaran-Oyeyinka B.2003.Knowledge networks and technological capabilities in the African manufacturing cluster[J].Science,Technology and Society,8(1):1-23.
Ozer M,Demirkan I,Gokalp O N.2013.Collaboration networks and innovation:Does corporate lobbying matter?[J].Journal of Strategy and Management,6(3):286-308.
Phelps C,Heidl R,Wadhwa A.2012.Knowledge networks,and knowledge networks:A review and research agenda[J].Journal of Management,38(4):1115-1166.
Podsakoff P M,MacKenzie S B,Lee J Y,et al.2003.Common method biases in behavioral research:A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,88(5):879-903.
Qian Y,Liang J,Dang C.2009.Knowledge structure,knowledge granulation and knowledge distance in a knowledge base[J].International Journal of Approximate Reasoning,50(1):174-188.
Reagans R,McEvily B.2003.Network structure and knowledge transfer:The effects of cohesion and range[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,48(2):240-267.
Rindfleisch A,Moorman C.2001.The acquisition and utilization of information in new product alliances:A strength-of-ties perspective[J].Journal of Marketing,65(2):1-18.
Salavisa I,Sousa C,Fontes M.2012.Topologies of innovation networks in knowledge-intensive sectors:Sectoral differences in the access to knowledge and complementary assets through formal and informal ties[J].Technovation,32(6):380-399.
Schilling M A,Phelps C C.2007.Interfirm collaboration networks:The impact of large-scale network structure on firm innovation[J].Management Science,53(7):1113-1126.
Schoenmakers W,Duysters G.2006.Learning in strategic technology alliances[J].Technology Analysis&Strategic Management,18(2):245-264.
Schulze A,Brojerdi G J C.2012.The effect of the distance between partners'knowledge components on collaborative innovation[J].European Management Review,9(2):85-98.
Tsai W.2001.Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks:Effects of network position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance[J].Academy of Management Journal,44(5):996-1004.
Wang C C,Sung H Y,Chen D Z,et al.2017.Strong ties and weak ties of the knowledge spillover network in the semiconductor industry[J].Technological Forecasting and Social Change,118(2):114-127.
Wang M C,Chen P C,Fang S C.2018.A critical view of knowledge networks and innovation performance:The mediation role of firms'knowledge integration capability[J].Journal of Business Research,(88):222-233.
Wu L Y.2010.Applicability of the resource-based and dynamic-capability views under environmental volatility[J].Journal of Business Research,63(1):27-31.
Yalcinkaya G,Calantone R J,Griffith D A.2007.An examination of exploration and exploitation capabilities:Implications for product innovation and market performance[J].Journal of International Marketing,15(4):63-93.
Zander U,Kogut B.1995.Knowledge and the speed of the transfer and imitation of organizational capabilities:An empirical test[J].Organization Science,6(1):76-92.
(1)数据来源于汤森路透知识产权与科技事业部于2015年5月26日发布的《开放的未来:2015全球创新报告》。
罗吉,党兴华,王育晓. 2016. 网络位置, 网络能力与风险投资机构投资绩效:一个交互效应模型[J]. 管理评论,28(9):83-97.
李文博,郑文哲,刘爽. 2008. 产业集群中知识网络结构的测量研究[J]. 科学学研究,26(4):787-792.
魏龙,党兴华. 2017. 网络权力,网络搜寻与网络惯例:一个交互效应模型[J]. 科学学与科学技术管理,38(2):136-147.
肖志雄. 2014. 知识距离对知识吸收能力影响的实证研究:以服务外包企业为例[J].情报科学,10(32):61-69.
杨林,俞安平. 2016. 企业家认知对企业战略变革前瞻性的影响:知识创造过程的中介效应[J]. 南开管理评论,19(1):120-133.
于茂荐,孙元欣.2017.供应商创新能力、知识距离与企业创新能力:来自上市公司的经验证据.科学学与科学技术管理,38(10):82-91.
曾德明,文金艳.2015.协作研发网络中心度,知识距离对企业二元式创新的影响[J].管理学报,12(10):1479-1486.
周密,赵文红,宋红媛.2015.基于知识特性的知识距离对知识转移影响研究[J].科学学研究,7(33):1059-1068.
Ambos T C,Ambos B.2009.The impact of distance on knowledge transfer effectiveness in multinational corporations[J].Journal of International Management,15(1):1-14.
Battistella C,De Toni A F,Pillon R.2016.Inter-organisational technology/knowledge transfer:A framework from critical literature review[J].Journal of Technology Transfer,41(5):1195-1234.
Brannen M Y.2004.When Mickey loses face:Recontextualization,semantic fit,and the semiotics of foreignness[J].Academy of Management Review,29(4):593-616.
Capaldo A,Lavie D,Messeni P A.2017.Knowledge maturity and the scientific value of innovations:The roles of knowledge distance and adoption[J].Journal of Management,43(2):503-533.
Chuluun T,Prevost A,Upadhyay A.2017.Firm network structure and innovation[J].Journal of Corporate Finance,44(3):193-214.
Cummings J L,Teng B S.2003.Transferring R&D knowledge:The key factors affecting knowledge transfer success[J].Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,20(1):39-68.
Delbufalo E.2015.The influence of supply network structure on firm's multiple innovation capabilities:A longitudinal study in the fashion industry[J].Management Decision,53(10):2457-2476.
Dussauge P,Garrette B,Mitchell W.2000.Learning from competing partners:Outcomes and durations of scale and link alliances in Europe,North America and Asia[J].Strategic Management Journal,21(2):99-126.
Egbetokun A,Savin I.2014.Absorptive capacity and innovation:When is it better to cooperate?[J].Journal of Evolutionary Economics,24(2):399-420.
Figueiredo P N.2002.Does technological learning pay off?Inter-firm differences in technological capability-accumulation paths and operational performance improvement[J].Research Policy,31(1):73-94.
Ganesan S,Malter A J,Rindfleisch A.2005.Does distance still matter?Geographic proximity and new product development[J].Journal of Marketing,69(4):44-60.
Gaffney N,Karst R,Clampit J.2016.Emerging market MNE cross-border acquisition equity participation:The role of economic and knowledge distance[J].International Business Review,25(1):267-275.
Gnyawali D R,Madhavan R.2001.Cooperative networks and competitive dynamics:A structural embeddedness perspective[J].Academy of Management Review,26(3):431-445.
Goerzen A,Beamish P W.2005.The effect of alliance network diversity on multinational enterprise performance[J].Strategy Management Journal,26(4):333-354.
Goodall K,Roberts J.2003.Repairing managerial knowledge-ability over distance[J].Organization Studies,24(7):1153-1175.
Granovetter M.2005.The impact of social structure on economic outcomes[J].Journal of Economic Perspectives,19(1):33-50.
Inkpen A C.1998.Learning and knowledge acquisition through international strategic alliances[J].Academy of Management Executive,12(4):69-80.
Kyl?heiko K,Jantunen A,Puumalainen K,et al.2011.Innovation and internationalization as growth strategies:The role of technological capabilities and appropriability[J].International Business Review,20(5):508-520.
Kumar U,Kumar V,De Grosbois D.2008.Development of technological capability by Cuban hospitality organizations[J].International Journal of Hospitality Management,27(1):12-22.
Lai H C,Weng C S.2013.Do technology alliances benefit technological diversification?The effects of technological knowledge distance,network centrality and complementary assets[J].Asian Journal of Technology Innovation,21(1):136-152.
Lee W L,Chiang J C,Wu Y H,et al.2012.How knowledge exploration distance influences the quality of innovation[J].Total Quality Management&Business Excellence,23(9/10):1045-1059.
Liu C L E,Zhang Y.2014.Learning process and capability formation in cross-border buyer-supplier relationships:A qualitative case study of Taiwanese technological firms[J].International Business Review,23(4):718-730.
Mahmood I P,Zhu H,Zajac E J.2011.Where can capabilities come from?Network ties and capability acquisition in business groups[J].Strategic Management Journal,32(8):820-848.
Miller D J,Fern M J,Cardinal L B.2007.The use of knowledge for technological innovation within diversified firms[J].Academy of Management Journal,50(2):307-325.
Oyelaran-Oyeyinka B.2003.Knowledge networks and technological capabilities in the African manufacturing cluster[J].Science,Technology and Society,8(1):1-23.
Ozer M,Demirkan I,Gokalp O N.2013.Collaboration networks and innovation:Does corporate lobbying matter?[J].Journal of Strategy and Management,6(3):286-308.
Phelps C,Heidl R,Wadhwa A.2012.Knowledge networks,and knowledge networks:A review and research agenda[J].Journal of Management,38(4):1115-1166.
Podsakoff P M,MacKenzie S B,Lee J Y,et al.2003.Common method biases in behavioral research:A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,88(5):879-903.
Qian Y,Liang J,Dang C.2009.Knowledge structure,knowledge granulation and knowledge distance in a knowledge base[J].International Journal of Approximate Reasoning,50(1):174-188.
Reagans R,McEvily B.2003.Network structure and knowledge transfer:The effects of cohesion and range[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,48(2):240-267.
Rindfleisch A,Moorman C.2001.The acquisition and utilization of information in new product alliances:A strength-of-ties perspective[J].Journal of Marketing,65(2):1-18.
Salavisa I,Sousa C,Fontes M.2012.Topologies of innovation networks in knowledge-intensive sectors:Sectoral differences in the access to knowledge and complementary assets through formal and informal ties[J].Technovation,32(6):380-399.
Schilling M A,Phelps C C.2007.Interfirm collaboration networks:The impact of large-scale network structure on firm innovation[J].Management Science,53(7):1113-1126.
Schoenmakers W,Duysters G.2006.Learning in strategic technology alliances[J].Technology Analysis&Strategic Management,18(2):245-264.
Schulze A,Brojerdi G J C.2012.The effect of the distance between partners'knowledge components on collaborative innovation[J].European Management Review,9(2):85-98.
Tsai W.2001.Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks:Effects of network position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance[J].Academy of Management Journal,44(5):996-1004.
Wang C C,Sung H Y,Chen D Z,et al.2017.Strong ties and weak ties of the knowledge spillover network in the semiconductor industry[J].Technological Forecasting and Social Change,118(2):114-127.
Wang M C,Chen P C,Fang S C.2018.A critical view of knowledge networks and innovation performance:The mediation role of firms'knowledge integration capability[J].Journal of Business Research,(88):222-233.
Wu L Y.2010.Applicability of the resource-based and dynamic-capability views under environmental volatility[J].Journal of Business Research,63(1):27-31.
Yalcinkaya G,Calantone R J,Griffith D A.2007.An examination of exploration and exploitation capabilities:Implications for product innovation and market performance[J].Journal of International Marketing,15(4):63-93.
Zander U,Kogut B.1995.Knowledge and the speed of the transfer and imitation of organizational capabilities:An empirical test[J].Organization Science,6(1):76-92.
(1)数据来源于汤森路透知识产权与科技事业部于2015年5月26日发布的《开放的未来:2015全球创新报告》。