低蛋白质饲粮中添加不同水平亮氨酸对育肥猪氮平衡的影响
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摘要
本试验旨在研究在低蛋白质饲粮中添加不同水平亮氨酸对育肥猪氮平衡的影响,以确定低蛋白质饲粮中亮氨酸的适宜添加水平。试验选取10头初始体重为(70.7±3.1) kg的健康杜×长×大杂交去势公猪,采用5×5拉丁方设计,饲喂5种试验饲粮,包括1个正常蛋白质饲粮(粗蛋白质含量为14.5%)和4个添加不同水平(0、0.4%、0.8%和1.2%)亮氨酸的低蛋白质饲粮(粗蛋白质含量为10.0%)。整个试验期为50 d,共分为5期,每期10 d,前5天为预试期,后5天为收集期。采用全收集粪尿法测定育肥猪的氮平衡指标。结果显示:饲粮蛋白质水平的降低导致育肥猪的氮摄入量显著降低(P<0.05),继而氮排出量和氮沉积量也显著降低(P<0.05),但4个低蛋白质饲粮组的氮沉积率均显著高于正常蛋白质饲粮组(P <0.05);低蛋白质饲粮中添加0.4%的亮氨酸时,氮排出量最低,氮沉积量最高;而当亮氨酸添加水平高于0.4%时,氮沉积量显著下降(P<0.05),同时,随着亮氨酸添加水平的升高,异亮氨酸和缬氨酸的全肠道表观消化率有下降的趋势。综合以上结果得出,育肥猪低蛋白质饲粮(粗蛋白质含量为10.0%)中亮氨酸的适宜添加水平为0.4%。
This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of low-protein diets supplemented with different levels of leucine on nitrogen balance of finishing pigs,and to determine the appropriate level of leucine in lowprotein diets. In experiment,ten healthy "Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire"three-way hybrid castrated boars with an initial body weight of( 70.7±3.1) kg were allocated to one of five groups in a 5 × 5 Latin square design and fed 5 test diets,including one normal protein diet( contained 14.5% crude protein) and four lowprotein diets( contained 10.0% crude protein) supplemented with different levels( 0,0.4%,0.8% and 1.2%) of leucine. The whole experimental period was 50 days,which was divided into 5 phases,each phase was 10 days. The first 5 days were the pre-test period,and the last 5 days were the collection period. Determination of nitrogen balance indexes in finishing pigs by full collection of feces and urine. The results showed that the reduction of dietary protein level resulted in a significant decrease in nitrogen intake of finishing pigs( P<0.05),followed by a significant decrease in nitrogen output and nitrogen retention( P<0.05),but the nitrogen retention rare of four low-protein diet groups was significantly higher than that of the normal protein diet group( P<0. 05). When 0.4% leucine was added to the lowprotein diet,the nitrogen output was the lowest and the nitrogen retention was the highest; while the leucine supplemental level was higher than 0.4%,the nitrogen retention decreased significantly( P<0.05). At the same time,the total tract apparent digestibility of isoleucine and valine showed a decrease trend with the increase of leucine supplemental level. Based on above results,the optimum supplemental level of leucine in the low-protein diet( contained 10.0% crude protein) of finishing pigs should be 0.4%.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2019,31( 6) : 2579-2588]
This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of low-protein diets supplemented with different levels of leucine on nitrogen balance of finishing pigs,and to determine the appropriate level of leucine in lowprotein diets. In experiment,ten healthy "Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire"three-way hybrid castrated boars with an initial body weight of( 70.7±3.1) kg were allocated to one of five groups in a 5 × 5 Latin square design and fed 5 test diets,including one normal protein diet( contained 14.5% crude protein) and four lowprotein diets( contained 10.0% crude protein) supplemented with different levels( 0,0.4%,0.8% and 1.2%) of leucine. The whole experimental period was 50 days,which was divided into 5 phases,each phase was 10 days. The first 5 days were the pre-test period,and the last 5 days were the collection period. Determination of nitrogen balance indexes in finishing pigs by full collection of feces and urine. The results showed that the reduction of dietary protein level resulted in a significant decrease in nitrogen intake of finishing pigs( P<0.05),followed by a significant decrease in nitrogen output and nitrogen retention( P<0.05),but the nitrogen retention rare of four low-protein diet groups was significantly higher than that of the normal protein diet group( P<0. 05). When 0.4% leucine was added to the lowprotein diet,the nitrogen output was the lowest and the nitrogen retention was the highest; while the leucine supplemental level was higher than 0.4%,the nitrogen retention decreased significantly( P<0.05). At the same time,the total tract apparent digestibility of isoleucine and valine showed a decrease trend with the increase of leucine supplemental level. Based on above results,the optimum supplemental level of leucine in the low-protein diet( contained 10.0% crude protein) of finishing pigs should be 0.4%.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2019,31( 6) : 2579-2588]
引文
[1]甄吉福,许庆庆,李貌,等.低蛋白质饲粮添加谷氨酸对育肥猪蛋白质利用和生产性能的影响[J].动物营养学报,2018,30(2):507-514.
[2]NRC.Nutrient requirements of swine[S].11th ed.Washington,D.C.:National Academy Press,2012:56.
[3]AARNINK A J A,VERSTEGEN M W A.Nutrition,key factor to reduce environmental load from pig production[J].Livestock Science,2007,109(1/2/3):194-203.
[4]BREGENDAHL K,SELL J L,ZIMMERMAN D R.Effect of low-protein diets on grow th performance and body composition of broiler chicks[J].Poultry Science,2002,81(8):1156-1167.
[5]KERR B J,ZIEMER C J,TRABUE S L,et al.Manure composition of sw ine as affected by dietary protein and cellulose concentrations[J].Journal of Animal Science,2006,84(6):1584-1592.
[6]ZHANG S H,CHU L C,QIAO S Y,et al.Effects of dietary leucine supplementation in low crude protein diets on performance,nitrogen balance,w hole-body protein turnover,carcass characteristics and meat quality of finishing pigs[J].Animal Science Journal,2016,87(7):911-920.
[7]ESCOBAR J,FRANK J W,SURYAWAN A,et al.Leucine andα-ketoisocaproic acid,but not norleucine,stimulate skeletal muscle protein synthesis in neonatal pigs[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2010,140(8):1418-1424.
[8]BOUTRY C,ELKADI S W,SURYAWAN A,et al.Leucine pulses enhance skeletal muscle protein synthesis during continuous feeding in neonatal pigs[J].A-merican Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and M etabolism,2013,305(5):E620-E631.
[9]TORRAZZA R R,SURYAWAN A,GAZZANEO MC,et al.Leucine supplementation of a low-protein meal increases skeletal muscle and visceral tissue protein synthesis in neonatal pigs by stimulating mTOR-dependent translation initiation[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2010,140(12):2145-2152.
[10]NRC.Nutrient requirements of swine[S].10th ed.Washington,D.C.:National Academy Press,1998.
[11]中华人民共和国农业部.NY/T 65-2004猪饲养标准[S].北京:中国农业出版社,2004.
[12]SAUVANT D,PEREZ J M,TRAM G.饲料成分与营养价值表[M].谯仕彦,王旭,王德辉,译.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2005,53.
[13]VAN DER PEET-SCHWERING C M C,JONGB-LOED A W,AARNINK A J A.Nitrogen and phosphorus consumption,utilisation and losses in pig production.The Netherlands[J].Livestock Production Science,1999,58(3):213-224.
[14]KERR B J,MCKEITH F K,EASTER R A.Effect on performance and carcass characteristics of nursery to finisher pigs fed reduced crude protein,amino acidsupplemented diets[J].Journal of Animal Science,1995,73(2):433-440.
[15]PORTEJOIE S,DOURMAD J Y,MARTINEZ J,et al.Effect of low ering dietary crude protein on nitrogen excretion,manure composition and ammonia emission from fattening pigs[J].Livestock Production Science,2004,91(1/2):45-55.
[16]GALASSI G,COLOMBINI S,MALAGUTTI L,et al.Effects of high fibre and low protein diets on performance,digestibility,nitrogen excretion and ammonia emission in the heavy pig[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2010,161(3/4):140-148.
[17]GALLO L,MONTG D,CARRARO L,et al.Grow th performance of heavy pigs fed restrictively diets w ith decreasing crude protein and indispensable amino acids content[J].Livestock Science,2014,161:130-138.
[18]CANH T T,AARNINK A J A,SCHUTTE J B,et al.Dietary protein affects nitrogen excretion and ammonia emission from slurry of grow ing-finishing pigs[J].Livestock Production Science,1998,56(3):181-191.
[19]KERR B J,EASTER R A.Effect of feeding reduced protein,amino acid-supplemented diets on nitrogen and energy balance in grow er pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,1995,73(10):3000-3008.
[20]LARSSON T,KOPPANG E O,ESPE M,et al.Fillet quality and health of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.)fed a diet supplemented w ith glutamate[J].Aquaculture,2014,426-427:288-295.
[21]ROTZ C A.Management to reduce nitrogen losses in animal production[J].Journal of Animal Science,2004,82(Suppl.E):E119-E137.
[22]刘尧君,任曼,曾祥芳,等.低氮日粮补充支链氨基酸提高断奶仔猪生长性能和氮的利用效率[J].中国畜牧杂志,2014,50(7):44-47.
[23]GATNAU R,ZIMMERMAN D R,NISSEN S L,et al.Effects of excess dietary leucine and leucine catabolites on grow th and immune responses in w eanling pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,1995,73(1):159-165.
[24]HYUN Y,ELLIS M,MCKEITH F K,et al.Effect of dietary leucine level on grow th performance,and carcass and meat quality in finishing pigs[J].Canadian Journal of Animal Science,2003,83(2):315-318.
[25]ROJO GOMEZ A.Evaluation of the effects of branched chain amino acids and corn-distillers dried grains by-products on the grow th performance,carcass and meat quality characteristics of pigs[D].Ph.D.Thesis.Champaign:University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign,2011.
[26]HUTSON S M.The case for regulating indispensable amino acid metabolism:the branched-chainα-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase-knockout mouse[J].Biochemical Journal,2006,400:e1.
[27]BUSE M G,REID S S.Leucine.A possible regulator of protein turnover in muscle[J].Journal of Clinical Investigation,1975,56(5):1250-1261.
[28]CHUA B,SIEHL D L,MORGAN H E.Effect of leucine and metabolites of branched chain amino acids on protein turnover in heart[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,1979,254(17):8358-8362.
[29]COMBARET L,DARDEVET D,RIEU I,et al.A leucine-supplemented diet restores the defective postprandial inhibition of proteasome-dependent proteolysis in aged rat skeletal muscle[J].Journal of Physiology,2005,569(2):489-499.
[30]SUGDEN P H,FULLER S J.Regulation of protein turnover in skeletal and cardiac muscle[J].Biochemical Journal,1991,273(1):21-37.
[31]SUGAWARA T,ITO Y,NISHIZAWA N,et al.Supplementation w ith dietary leucine to a protein-deficient diet suppresses myofibrillar protein degradation in rats[J].Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology,2007,53(6):552-555.
[32]SUGAWARA T,ITO Y,NISHIZAWA N,et al.Regulation of muscle protein degradation,not synthesis,by dietary leucine in rats fed a protein-deficient diet[J].Amino Acids,2009,37(4):609-616.
[33]SURYAWAN A,JEYAPALAN A S,ORELLANA RA,et al.Leucine stimulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs by enhancing mTORC1 activation[J].American Journal of Physiology:Endocrinology and M etabolism,2008,295(4):E868-E875.
[34]LORDELO M M,GASPAR A M,LE BELLEGO L,et al.Isoleucine and valine supplementation of a lowprotein corn-w heat-soybean meal-based diet for piglets:grow th performance and nitrogen balance[J].Journal of Animal Science,2008,86(11):2936-2941.
[35]D’MELLO J P F.Plasma concentrations and dietary requirements of leucine,isoleucine and valine:studies w ith the young chick[J].Journal of Science Food Agriculture,2010,25(2):187-196.
[36]SOUMEH E A,VAN MILGEN J,SLOTH N M,et al.The optimum ratio of standardized ileal digestible leucine to lysine for 8 to 12 kg female pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2015,93(5):2218-2224.
[37]WESSELS A G,KLUGE H,MIELENZ N,et al.Estimation of the leucine and histidine requirements for piglets fed a low-protein diet[J].Animal,2016,10(11):1803-1811.
[38]EDMONDS M S,BAKER D H.Amino acid excesses for young pigs:effects of excess methionine,tryptophan,threonine or leucine[J].Journal of Animal Science,1987,64(6):1664-1671.
[39]DARDEVET D,SORNET C,BALAGE M,et al.Stimulation of in vitro rat muscle protein synthesis by leucine decreases w ith age[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2000,130(11):2630-2635.
[40]CERVANTES-RAMREZ M,MENDEZ-TRUJILLOV,ARAIZA-PIA B A,et al.Supplemental leucine and isoleucine affect expression of cationic amino acid transporters and myosin,serum concentration of amino acids,and grow th performance of pigs[J].Genetics and M olecular Research,2013,12(1):115-126.
[41]王彬,袁珍虎,季海波,等.亮氨酸对断奶仔猪血浆游离氨基酸浓度变化的影响[J].饲料工业,2017,38(2):8-11.
[42]ZHANG S H,ZENG X F,REN M,et al.Novel metabolic and physiological functions of branched chain amino acids:a review[J].Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology,2017,8:10.
[43]ELIKOVV,PTEK M,HOLTKO J,et al.Feedback-resistant acetohydroxy acid synthase increases valine production in Corynebaeterium glutamicum[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2005,71(1):207-213.
[2]NRC.Nutrient requirements of swine[S].11th ed.Washington,D.C.:National Academy Press,2012:56.
[3]AARNINK A J A,VERSTEGEN M W A.Nutrition,key factor to reduce environmental load from pig production[J].Livestock Science,2007,109(1/2/3):194-203.
[4]BREGENDAHL K,SELL J L,ZIMMERMAN D R.Effect of low-protein diets on grow th performance and body composition of broiler chicks[J].Poultry Science,2002,81(8):1156-1167.
[5]KERR B J,ZIEMER C J,TRABUE S L,et al.Manure composition of sw ine as affected by dietary protein and cellulose concentrations[J].Journal of Animal Science,2006,84(6):1584-1592.
[6]ZHANG S H,CHU L C,QIAO S Y,et al.Effects of dietary leucine supplementation in low crude protein diets on performance,nitrogen balance,w hole-body protein turnover,carcass characteristics and meat quality of finishing pigs[J].Animal Science Journal,2016,87(7):911-920.
[7]ESCOBAR J,FRANK J W,SURYAWAN A,et al.Leucine andα-ketoisocaproic acid,but not norleucine,stimulate skeletal muscle protein synthesis in neonatal pigs[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2010,140(8):1418-1424.
[8]BOUTRY C,ELKADI S W,SURYAWAN A,et al.Leucine pulses enhance skeletal muscle protein synthesis during continuous feeding in neonatal pigs[J].A-merican Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and M etabolism,2013,305(5):E620-E631.
[9]TORRAZZA R R,SURYAWAN A,GAZZANEO MC,et al.Leucine supplementation of a low-protein meal increases skeletal muscle and visceral tissue protein synthesis in neonatal pigs by stimulating mTOR-dependent translation initiation[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2010,140(12):2145-2152.
[10]NRC.Nutrient requirements of swine[S].10th ed.Washington,D.C.:National Academy Press,1998.
[11]中华人民共和国农业部.NY/T 65-2004猪饲养标准[S].北京:中国农业出版社,2004.
[12]SAUVANT D,PEREZ J M,TRAM G.饲料成分与营养价值表[M].谯仕彦,王旭,王德辉,译.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2005,53.
[13]VAN DER PEET-SCHWERING C M C,JONGB-LOED A W,AARNINK A J A.Nitrogen and phosphorus consumption,utilisation and losses in pig production.The Netherlands[J].Livestock Production Science,1999,58(3):213-224.
[14]KERR B J,MCKEITH F K,EASTER R A.Effect on performance and carcass characteristics of nursery to finisher pigs fed reduced crude protein,amino acidsupplemented diets[J].Journal of Animal Science,1995,73(2):433-440.
[15]PORTEJOIE S,DOURMAD J Y,MARTINEZ J,et al.Effect of low ering dietary crude protein on nitrogen excretion,manure composition and ammonia emission from fattening pigs[J].Livestock Production Science,2004,91(1/2):45-55.
[16]GALASSI G,COLOMBINI S,MALAGUTTI L,et al.Effects of high fibre and low protein diets on performance,digestibility,nitrogen excretion and ammonia emission in the heavy pig[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2010,161(3/4):140-148.
[17]GALLO L,MONTG D,CARRARO L,et al.Grow th performance of heavy pigs fed restrictively diets w ith decreasing crude protein and indispensable amino acids content[J].Livestock Science,2014,161:130-138.
[18]CANH T T,AARNINK A J A,SCHUTTE J B,et al.Dietary protein affects nitrogen excretion and ammonia emission from slurry of grow ing-finishing pigs[J].Livestock Production Science,1998,56(3):181-191.
[19]KERR B J,EASTER R A.Effect of feeding reduced protein,amino acid-supplemented diets on nitrogen and energy balance in grow er pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,1995,73(10):3000-3008.
[20]LARSSON T,KOPPANG E O,ESPE M,et al.Fillet quality and health of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.)fed a diet supplemented w ith glutamate[J].Aquaculture,2014,426-427:288-295.
[21]ROTZ C A.Management to reduce nitrogen losses in animal production[J].Journal of Animal Science,2004,82(Suppl.E):E119-E137.
[22]刘尧君,任曼,曾祥芳,等.低氮日粮补充支链氨基酸提高断奶仔猪生长性能和氮的利用效率[J].中国畜牧杂志,2014,50(7):44-47.
[23]GATNAU R,ZIMMERMAN D R,NISSEN S L,et al.Effects of excess dietary leucine and leucine catabolites on grow th and immune responses in w eanling pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,1995,73(1):159-165.
[24]HYUN Y,ELLIS M,MCKEITH F K,et al.Effect of dietary leucine level on grow th performance,and carcass and meat quality in finishing pigs[J].Canadian Journal of Animal Science,2003,83(2):315-318.
[25]ROJO GOMEZ A.Evaluation of the effects of branched chain amino acids and corn-distillers dried grains by-products on the grow th performance,carcass and meat quality characteristics of pigs[D].Ph.D.Thesis.Champaign:University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign,2011.
[26]HUTSON S M.The case for regulating indispensable amino acid metabolism:the branched-chainα-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase-knockout mouse[J].Biochemical Journal,2006,400:e1.
[27]BUSE M G,REID S S.Leucine.A possible regulator of protein turnover in muscle[J].Journal of Clinical Investigation,1975,56(5):1250-1261.
[28]CHUA B,SIEHL D L,MORGAN H E.Effect of leucine and metabolites of branched chain amino acids on protein turnover in heart[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,1979,254(17):8358-8362.
[29]COMBARET L,DARDEVET D,RIEU I,et al.A leucine-supplemented diet restores the defective postprandial inhibition of proteasome-dependent proteolysis in aged rat skeletal muscle[J].Journal of Physiology,2005,569(2):489-499.
[30]SUGDEN P H,FULLER S J.Regulation of protein turnover in skeletal and cardiac muscle[J].Biochemical Journal,1991,273(1):21-37.
[31]SUGAWARA T,ITO Y,NISHIZAWA N,et al.Supplementation w ith dietary leucine to a protein-deficient diet suppresses myofibrillar protein degradation in rats[J].Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology,2007,53(6):552-555.
[32]SUGAWARA T,ITO Y,NISHIZAWA N,et al.Regulation of muscle protein degradation,not synthesis,by dietary leucine in rats fed a protein-deficient diet[J].Amino Acids,2009,37(4):609-616.
[33]SURYAWAN A,JEYAPALAN A S,ORELLANA RA,et al.Leucine stimulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs by enhancing mTORC1 activation[J].American Journal of Physiology:Endocrinology and M etabolism,2008,295(4):E868-E875.
[34]LORDELO M M,GASPAR A M,LE BELLEGO L,et al.Isoleucine and valine supplementation of a lowprotein corn-w heat-soybean meal-based diet for piglets:grow th performance and nitrogen balance[J].Journal of Animal Science,2008,86(11):2936-2941.
[35]D’MELLO J P F.Plasma concentrations and dietary requirements of leucine,isoleucine and valine:studies w ith the young chick[J].Journal of Science Food Agriculture,2010,25(2):187-196.
[36]SOUMEH E A,VAN MILGEN J,SLOTH N M,et al.The optimum ratio of standardized ileal digestible leucine to lysine for 8 to 12 kg female pigs[J].Journal of Animal Science,2015,93(5):2218-2224.
[37]WESSELS A G,KLUGE H,MIELENZ N,et al.Estimation of the leucine and histidine requirements for piglets fed a low-protein diet[J].Animal,2016,10(11):1803-1811.
[38]EDMONDS M S,BAKER D H.Amino acid excesses for young pigs:effects of excess methionine,tryptophan,threonine or leucine[J].Journal of Animal Science,1987,64(6):1664-1671.
[39]DARDEVET D,SORNET C,BALAGE M,et al.Stimulation of in vitro rat muscle protein synthesis by leucine decreases w ith age[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2000,130(11):2630-2635.
[40]CERVANTES-RAMREZ M,MENDEZ-TRUJILLOV,ARAIZA-PIA B A,et al.Supplemental leucine and isoleucine affect expression of cationic amino acid transporters and myosin,serum concentration of amino acids,and grow th performance of pigs[J].Genetics and M olecular Research,2013,12(1):115-126.
[41]王彬,袁珍虎,季海波,等.亮氨酸对断奶仔猪血浆游离氨基酸浓度变化的影响[J].饲料工业,2017,38(2):8-11.
[42]ZHANG S H,ZENG X F,REN M,et al.Novel metabolic and physiological functions of branched chain amino acids:a review[J].Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology,2017,8:10.
[43]ELIKOVV,PTEK M,HOLTKO J,et al.Feedback-resistant acetohydroxy acid synthase increases valine production in Corynebaeterium glutamicum[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2005,71(1):207-213.