政府如何管理高等教育?——控制模式与监督模式的比较研究
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摘要
政府管理高等教育的两种主要模式即政府控制模式与政府监督模式各有特色,其最主要的差异体现在政府干预高等教育的程度和策略不同。法国和美国高等教育管理体制分别是两种管理模式的典型,其中法国反映了政府理性规划和控制的策略,美国则反映了政府让公共机构进行自我管理的策略。法美两国高等教育管理模式的形成经历了漫长的历史演变过程,是多种力量长期作用的结果。总体而言,一个国家高等教育管理模式的最终形成离不开政治行政体制、高等教育传统和民族性格等因素,对一个国家的高等教育管理模式也应当历史地、因地制宜地进行考察。不论政府采取何种管理模式,都必须保障高校办学自主权,才更有利于保障学术活力和创新。
As we all know,the government is playing an important role in higher education,either as an interferer or a supervisor.Taking French and the US governments as typical examples of the interference model and the supervision one,this article explores the rooting causes of their different roles in higher education,analyses their different approaches to higher education governance,and evaluates the advantages as well as disadvantages of these two models. It is due to a wide range of factors both within and outside campus,and esp. a list of"fundamental realities"facing a country that different higher education governance models have been adopted in different areas. Nevertheless,whichever governance model a country has chosen,higher education institutions can stay innovative and competitive only if they are granted sufficient academic freedom and institutional autonomy.
As we all know,the government is playing an important role in higher education,either as an interferer or a supervisor.Taking French and the US governments as typical examples of the interference model and the supervision one,this article explores the rooting causes of their different roles in higher education,analyses their different approaches to higher education governance,and evaluates the advantages as well as disadvantages of these two models. It is due to a wide range of factors both within and outside campus,and esp. a list of"fundamental realities"facing a country that different higher education governance models have been adopted in different areas. Nevertheless,whichever governance model a country has chosen,higher education institutions can stay innovative and competitive only if they are granted sufficient academic freedom and institutional autonomy.
引文
[1]Neave,G.,&Van Aught,F.Prometheus Bound:The Changing Relationship between Government and Higher Education in Western Europe[M].Oxford:Pergamon Press,1991:x-xiii.
[2]Neave,G.,&Van Vaught,F.Government and Higher Education Relationship across Three Continents:The Winds of Change[M].Oxford:Pergamon,1994.
[3]Clark,B.R.The Higher Education System:Academic Organization in Cross-National Perspective[M].Berkeley&Los Angeles:University of California Press,1983.
[4]邢克超.大学发展的一个新阶段——法国高等教育管理十年改革简析[J].比较教育研究,2001(7):10.
[5]邢克超.战后法国教育研究[M].南昌:江西教育出版社,1993.
[6]范富格特,F.国际高等教育比较政策研究[M].王承绪,等,译:杭州:浙江教育出版社,2001:142-146.
[7]Oba,J.Development of the French and Japanese Universities:A Comparative Study on the French Contractual Policy and Incorporation of Japanese National Universities[J].Higher Research in Japan,2005(2):21-28.
[8]胡佳,严同辉.2007年法国综合大学改革述评[J].高等教育研究,2008(3):95.
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[12]范德格拉夫,J.,等.学术权力——七国高等教育管理体制比较[M].王承绪,张维平,徐辉,等,译.杭州:浙江教育出版社,2001.
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[16]Pusey,N.M.American Higher Education,1945-1970:APersonal Report[M].Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1978:36.
[17]VSA.About the VSA[EB/OL].VSA.About.(sine die).[2018-08-01].http://www.voluntarysystem.org/about.
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[19]托克维尔,A.论美国的民主(下卷)[M].董果良,译.北京:商务印书馆,2013.
[20]Eckel,P.D.,&King,J.E.International Handbook of Higher Education[M]//Forest,J.J.F.,&Philip,P.G.(eds.)The United States.Dordrecht,Netherland:Springer,2006.
[21]希尔斯,E.论传统[M].傅铿,吕乐,译.上海:上海世纪出版集团,2009:41.
[22]顾明远,梁忠义.世界教育大系·法国教育[M].长春:吉林教育出版社,2000:70.
[23]Barnard,H.C.Education and the French Revolution[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1969:216.
[24]和震.美国大学自治制度的形成与发展[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2008:11-13.
[25]庄泽宣,陈学恂.民族性与教育[M].上海:商务印书馆,1938:26.
[26]Inkeles,A.,&Levinson,D.National Character:The Study of Modal Personality and Sociocultural Systems[J].The Handbook of Social Psychology,1969(4):418-506.
[27]托克维尔,A.旧制度与大革命[M].冯棠译.北京:商务印书馆,1992.
[28]邢克超.共性与个性:国际高等教育改革比较研究[M].北京:人民教育出版,2004.
[29]左崇良,潘懋元.美国高等教育治理的核心要义与内外格局[J].江苏高教,2016(6):26.
[30]刘敏.法国大学治理模式与自治改革研究[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2015:48-49.
[31]戈蒂埃,P.L.法国近年来的教育改革——批评的研究[J].刘敏,译.比较教育研究,2012(10):23-15.
[32]Bok,D.The American System of Higher Education[M].Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,2013:9.
[33]Clark,B.R.The Insulated Americans:Five Lessons from Abroad[J].Change,1978(10):26.;Clark,B.R.The Character of the Entrepreneurial University[J].International Higher Education,Winter 2005(38):2.
[34]Schmidtlein,F.A.,&Berdahl,R.O.Autonomy and Accountability:Who Controls Academe?[M]//Altbach,P.G.,Gumport,P.,J.&Berdahl,R.O.(eds.).American Higher Education in the Twenty-First Century:Social,Political,and Economic Challenges.Third Edition.Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,2011:69.
[35]阿尔波诺兹,O.高等教育中的自治和会计责任制[J].曾子达,译.教育展望,1992(2):64.
[36]Aghion,P.,Dewatripont,M.,Hoxby,C.,et al.The Governance and Performance of Universities:Evidence from Europe and the US[J].Economic Policy,2010(61):7-59.
[37]张应强.把大学作为学术组织来建设和管理[J].中国高等教育,2006(19):16-17.
[38]国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要领导小组.国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010-2020年)[R].北京:人民出版社,2010:42.
[2]Neave,G.,&Van Vaught,F.Government and Higher Education Relationship across Three Continents:The Winds of Change[M].Oxford:Pergamon,1994.
[3]Clark,B.R.The Higher Education System:Academic Organization in Cross-National Perspective[M].Berkeley&Los Angeles:University of California Press,1983.
[4]邢克超.大学发展的一个新阶段——法国高等教育管理十年改革简析[J].比较教育研究,2001(7):10.
[5]邢克超.战后法国教育研究[M].南昌:江西教育出版社,1993.
[6]范富格特,F.国际高等教育比较政策研究[M].王承绪,等,译:杭州:浙江教育出版社,2001:142-146.
[7]Oba,J.Development of the French and Japanese Universities:A Comparative Study on the French Contractual Policy and Incorporation of Japanese National Universities[J].Higher Research in Japan,2005(2):21-28.
[8]胡佳,严同辉.2007年法国综合大学改革述评[J].高等教育研究,2008(3):95.
[9]Mignot,G.S.Who Are the Actors in the Government of French Universities?The Paradoxal Victory of Deliberative Leadership[J].Higher Education,2003(1):71-89.
[10]Nicolas,S.Convention pour la France d’après,discours de N.Sarkozy[EB/OL].Sauvons la Recherche.La Nouvelle Frontière Paris-mai-son de la MutualitéMercerdi.(2007-01-24)[2018-07-16].http://www.sauvonslarecherche.fr/spip.php?article1523.
[11]刘敏,景立燕.未来十年法国高等教育发展目标[J].新课程研究,2016(1):135.
[12]范德格拉夫,J.,等.学术权力——七国高等教育管理体制比较[M].王承绪,张维平,徐辉,等,译.杭州:浙江教育出版社,2001.
[13]佛罗斯特,S.E.西方教育的历史和哲学基础[M].吴元训,等,译.北京:华夏出版社,1987:496.
[14]U.S.Department of Education.Overview and Mission Statement.[EB/OL].U.S.Department of Education.A-bout EO.(sine die)[2018-07-14].https://www2.ed.gov/about/landing.jhtml.
[15]布什,V.科学——没有止境的前沿(关于战后科学研究计划提交给总统的报告)[M].范岱年,解道华,译.北京:商务印书馆,2004:64-66.
[16]Pusey,N.M.American Higher Education,1945-1970:APersonal Report[M].Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1978:36.
[17]VSA.About the VSA[EB/OL].VSA.About.(sine die).[2018-08-01].http://www.voluntarysystem.org/about.
[18]涂尔干,E.道德教育[M].陈光金,沈杰,朱谐汉,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2001.
[19]托克维尔,A.论美国的民主(下卷)[M].董果良,译.北京:商务印书馆,2013.
[20]Eckel,P.D.,&King,J.E.International Handbook of Higher Education[M]//Forest,J.J.F.,&Philip,P.G.(eds.)The United States.Dordrecht,Netherland:Springer,2006.
[21]希尔斯,E.论传统[M].傅铿,吕乐,译.上海:上海世纪出版集团,2009:41.
[22]顾明远,梁忠义.世界教育大系·法国教育[M].长春:吉林教育出版社,2000:70.
[23]Barnard,H.C.Education and the French Revolution[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1969:216.
[24]和震.美国大学自治制度的形成与发展[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2008:11-13.
[25]庄泽宣,陈学恂.民族性与教育[M].上海:商务印书馆,1938:26.
[26]Inkeles,A.,&Levinson,D.National Character:The Study of Modal Personality and Sociocultural Systems[J].The Handbook of Social Psychology,1969(4):418-506.
[27]托克维尔,A.旧制度与大革命[M].冯棠译.北京:商务印书馆,1992.
[28]邢克超.共性与个性:国际高等教育改革比较研究[M].北京:人民教育出版,2004.
[29]左崇良,潘懋元.美国高等教育治理的核心要义与内外格局[J].江苏高教,2016(6):26.
[30]刘敏.法国大学治理模式与自治改革研究[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2015:48-49.
[31]戈蒂埃,P.L.法国近年来的教育改革——批评的研究[J].刘敏,译.比较教育研究,2012(10):23-15.
[32]Bok,D.The American System of Higher Education[M].Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,2013:9.
[33]Clark,B.R.The Insulated Americans:Five Lessons from Abroad[J].Change,1978(10):26.;Clark,B.R.The Character of the Entrepreneurial University[J].International Higher Education,Winter 2005(38):2.
[34]Schmidtlein,F.A.,&Berdahl,R.O.Autonomy and Accountability:Who Controls Academe?[M]//Altbach,P.G.,Gumport,P.,J.&Berdahl,R.O.(eds.).American Higher Education in the Twenty-First Century:Social,Political,and Economic Challenges.Third Edition.Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,2011:69.
[35]阿尔波诺兹,O.高等教育中的自治和会计责任制[J].曾子达,译.教育展望,1992(2):64.
[36]Aghion,P.,Dewatripont,M.,Hoxby,C.,et al.The Governance and Performance of Universities:Evidence from Europe and the US[J].Economic Policy,2010(61):7-59.
[37]张应强.把大学作为学术组织来建设和管理[J].中国高等教育,2006(19):16-17.
[38]国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要领导小组.国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010-2020年)[R].北京:人民出版社,2010:42.