神话、历史与替罪羊——兼论石黑一雄小说中的替罪羊母题
|
摘要
当过去被固定和内化成起到奠基作用的历史的时候,它就变成了神话。神话不仅是对过去的指涉,同时来自过去的光辉可以照亮当下和未来。替罪羊作为人类早期文明的集体记忆,可以说是历史也是神话,是过去向具有奠基意义的历史或曰神话的转型。它不仅是过去的指称形式,也是当下的组成部分。不仅是作为神话式的远古历史,也是关于日常生活的历史。它在不断的传播历史中获得意义,同时也在一再的重述中得到加强。石黑一雄将替罪羊神话渗入历史叙事与文学想象中,他借过去言说当下的话语策略与其作品深层的神话思维结构正是当下全球化浪潮中文化碰撞所带来的身份认同危机与民族自觉的彰显和诉求。
When the past is fixed and internalized as a foundational history, it becomes a myth which not only refers to the past, but also illuminates the present and the future. As the collective memory of the early human civilization, scapegoat can be regarded as both history and myth with the foundation significance. It is not only a reference form of the past, but also a component of the present; not only as a myth of ancient history, but also the history about daily life. In the history of constant communication, it has acquired prolific meaning and has been strengthened by repeated restatements. By infiltrating the scapegoat myth into the historical narration and literary imagination, Kazuo Ishiguro employs the past to indicate the present. The discourse strategy and the deep mythological thinking structure of his works are exactly the manifestation and appeal of identity crisis and national consciousness brought by the cultural collision in the current wave of globalization.
When the past is fixed and internalized as a foundational history, it becomes a myth which not only refers to the past, but also illuminates the present and the future. As the collective memory of the early human civilization, scapegoat can be regarded as both history and myth with the foundation significance. It is not only a reference form of the past, but also a component of the present; not only as a myth of ancient history, but also the history about daily life. In the history of constant communication, it has acquired prolific meaning and has been strengthened by repeated restatements. By infiltrating the scapegoat myth into the historical narration and literary imagination, Kazuo Ishiguro employs the past to indicate the present. The discourse strategy and the deep mythological thinking structure of his works are exactly the manifestation and appeal of identity crisis and national consciousness brought by the cultural collision in the current wave of globalization.
引文
[1](德)扬·阿斯曼.文化记忆:早期高级文化中的文字、回忆和政治身份[M].金寿福,黄晓晨,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2015.
[2]Jacob Bronowski.“The Scapegoat King”, in John B. Vickery and J’nan M. Sellery, eds. The Scapegoat:Ritual and Literature. New York:Houghton Mifflin Company, 1972.
[3]房龙.圣经故事[M].北京:大众文艺出版社,2010.
[4]Douglas, Tom,Scapegoats:Transferring Blame, New York:Routledge,1995.
[5]钱乘旦.英国通史(第1卷)[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,2016.
[6]John B. Vickery and J’nan M. Sellery. eds., The Scapegoat:Ritual and Literature.New York:Houghton Miffitn Company, 1972.
[7](英)石黑一雄.被掩埋的巨人[M].周小进,译.上海:上海译文出版社,2016.
[8](加)诺思洛普·弗莱.批评的剖析[M].陈慧,译.天津:百花文艺出版社,2002.
[9](英)弗雷泽.金枝[M].徐育新,译.北京:新世界出版社,2006.
[10]Mozina, Andrew. Joseph Conrad and the Art of Sacrifice:the Evolution of the Scapegoat Theme in Joseph Conrad’s Fiction. New York:Routledge, 2001.
[11](法)勒内·吉拉尔.替罪羊[M].冯寿农,译.北京:东方出版社,2002.
[12]Martyn J. Whittock. The Origins of England 410-600, Totowa, N.J.:Barnes&Noble Books,1986.
[13](英)约翰·布莱尔.日不落帝国兴衰史——盎格鲁-撒克逊时期[M].肖明翰,译.北京:外语教育与研究出版社,2013.
[14]David Steel.No Entry:The Background and Implications of the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968. London:C. Hurst&Co., 1969.
[15](英)肯尼斯·摩根.20世纪英国:帝国与遗产[M].宋云峰,译.北京:外语教育与研究出版社,2008.
[16]赵静蓉.文化记忆与身份认同[M].北京:三联书店,2015.
[17](以色列)阿维夏伊·玛格利特.记忆的伦理[M].贺海仁,译.北京:清华大学出版社,2015.
[2]Jacob Bronowski.“The Scapegoat King”, in John B. Vickery and J’nan M. Sellery, eds. The Scapegoat:Ritual and Literature. New York:Houghton Mifflin Company, 1972.
[3]房龙.圣经故事[M].北京:大众文艺出版社,2010.
[4]Douglas, Tom,Scapegoats:Transferring Blame, New York:Routledge,1995.
[5]钱乘旦.英国通史(第1卷)[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,2016.
[6]John B. Vickery and J’nan M. Sellery. eds., The Scapegoat:Ritual and Literature.New York:Houghton Miffitn Company, 1972.
[7](英)石黑一雄.被掩埋的巨人[M].周小进,译.上海:上海译文出版社,2016.
[8](加)诺思洛普·弗莱.批评的剖析[M].陈慧,译.天津:百花文艺出版社,2002.
[9](英)弗雷泽.金枝[M].徐育新,译.北京:新世界出版社,2006.
[10]Mozina, Andrew. Joseph Conrad and the Art of Sacrifice:the Evolution of the Scapegoat Theme in Joseph Conrad’s Fiction. New York:Routledge, 2001.
[11](法)勒内·吉拉尔.替罪羊[M].冯寿农,译.北京:东方出版社,2002.
[12]Martyn J. Whittock. The Origins of England 410-600, Totowa, N.J.:Barnes&Noble Books,1986.
[13](英)约翰·布莱尔.日不落帝国兴衰史——盎格鲁-撒克逊时期[M].肖明翰,译.北京:外语教育与研究出版社,2013.
[14]David Steel.No Entry:The Background and Implications of the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968. London:C. Hurst&Co., 1969.
[15](英)肯尼斯·摩根.20世纪英国:帝国与遗产[M].宋云峰,译.北京:外语教育与研究出版社,2008.
[16]赵静蓉.文化记忆与身份认同[M].北京:三联书店,2015.
[17](以色列)阿维夏伊·玛格利特.记忆的伦理[M].贺海仁,译.北京:清华大学出版社,2015.