旅游活动对庐山景区植被变化的影响——基于空间信息技术方法
|
摘要
植被与旅游活动之间关系的长期状态或者演变趋势对景区的可持续发展至关重要,目前该领域的研究工作尚不够深入.基于空间信息技术,以国家首批重点景区-庐山景区为例,采用长时序Landsat影像,提取景区不同时期不同区域NDVI变化特征,结合游客空间分布(腾讯区域热力图)与游客规模(游客人数)等旅游活动相关数据,分析了旅游活动对景区植被变化的影响.研究表明:空间上,随着距核心景区距离的增加,植被呈现先增加后减少趋势.核心景区建设活动、主要景点的游客活动以及景区周边的发展,不利于景区植被的生长;旅游活动较少区域,植被生长较好.时间上,庐山景区植被由2个先降后升、期末回升水平低于期初水平的变化过程组成,整体呈下降趋势.第一个变化过程主要与景区内的开发建设和林木类型演变有关;第二个变化过程主要与景区接待游客人数进入快速增长期、生态环境持续处于"透支"状态有关.
The long-term state or evolution of the relationship between vegetation and tourism activities is crucial to the sustainable development of the scenic area. At present, the research work in this field is not deep enough. Based on spatial information technology, the study takes the first batch of key scenic spots in the country-the Lushan Scenic Area as the research area. Long-time Landsat images were used to extract the NDVI changes in different regions of the scenic spot, and the impacts of tourism activities on vegetation changes were analyzed based on the data of tourist activities such as spatial distribution of tourists(Tencent regional heat map) and the size of tourists(number of tourists). The results showed that: in terms of spatial variation, as the distance from the core scenic spot increases, the vegetation increases at first and then decreases. The construction activities of the core scenic spots, the tourist activities of the main scenic spots, and the development around the scenic spots, inhibited the growth of vegetation; the areas with less tourist activities promote the growth of vegetation. In terms of temporal variation, the vegetation in the Lushan Scenic Area consists of two processes of decreasing at first and then rise, and the level of rebound at the end of the period is lower than the initial level. The overall trend is downward. The first change process is mainly related to the development and construction and tree type evolution in the scenic spots of Lushan Mountain. The second change process is mainly due to the rapid growth period of the number of visitors, and the ecological environment is still in the state of "overdraft".
The long-term state or evolution of the relationship between vegetation and tourism activities is crucial to the sustainable development of the scenic area. At present, the research work in this field is not deep enough. Based on spatial information technology, the study takes the first batch of key scenic spots in the country-the Lushan Scenic Area as the research area. Long-time Landsat images were used to extract the NDVI changes in different regions of the scenic spot, and the impacts of tourism activities on vegetation changes were analyzed based on the data of tourist activities such as spatial distribution of tourists(Tencent regional heat map) and the size of tourists(number of tourists). The results showed that: in terms of spatial variation, as the distance from the core scenic spot increases, the vegetation increases at first and then decreases. The construction activities of the core scenic spots, the tourist activities of the main scenic spots, and the development around the scenic spots, inhibited the growth of vegetation; the areas with less tourist activities promote the growth of vegetation. In terms of temporal variation, the vegetation in the Lushan Scenic Area consists of two processes of decreasing at first and then rise, and the level of rebound at the end of the period is lower than the initial level. The overall trend is downward. The first change process is mainly related to the development and construction and tree type evolution in the scenic spots of Lushan Mountain. The second change process is mainly due to the rapid growth period of the number of visitors, and the ecological environment is still in the state of "overdraft".
引文
[1] 李良杰,王淑珍.旅游业对庐山景区环境影响的探讨[J].旅游纵览(下半月),2014(9):183-184.LI L J,WANG S Z.Discussion on the environmental impact of tourism on the mountainous area[J].Tourism Overview(Second Half of the Month),2014(9):183-184.(Ch).
[2] WIPF S,RIXEN C,FISCHER M,et al.Effects of ski piste preparation on alpine vegetation[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2005,42(2):306-316.
[3] 石强,廖科,钟林生.旅游活动对植被的影响研究综述[J].浙江农林大学学报,2006,23(2):217-223.SHI Q,LIAO K,ZHONG L S.A review of the effects of tourists’ activities on vegetation[J].Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College,2006,23(2):217-223.(Ch).
[4] PICKERING C M,HILL W,NEWSOME D,et al.Comparing hiking,mountain biking and horse riding impacts on vegetation and soils in Australia and the United States of America[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2010,91(3):551.
[5] RUNKOWSKI M N,TREBY D L,QUARMBY J,et al.Comparing the impacts of different types of recreational trails on Grey Box grassy-woodland vegetation:lessons for conservation and management[J].Australian Journal of Botany,2016,64(3):246-259.
[6] 王晓辉,黄勇.基于NDVI的风景区索道建设前后植被覆盖动态变化研究[J].环境保护科学,2014,40(2):63-66.WANG X H,HUANG Y.Study on dynamic changes of scenic areas vegetation cover before and after the cableway construction based on NDVI[J].Environmental Protection Science,2014,40(2):63-66.(Ch).
[7] 邓贵平,覃建雄,颜磊.旅游发展对九寨沟自然保护区景观格局变化的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境,2011,20(5):579-584.DENG G P,QIN J X,YAN L.Changes of landscape patterns in the context of tourism development in jiuzhaigou nature reserve in sichuan,China[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2011,20(5):579-584.(Ch).
[8] 肖光明,黄忠良.旅游活动对鼎湖山生物圈保护区植被的影响[J].地理研究,2010,29 (6):1005-1016.XIAO G M,HUANG Z L.Impacts of tourist activity on vegetation in Dinghu Mountain Biosphere Reserve[J].Geographical Research,2010,29(6):1005-1016.(Ch).
[9] 倪珊珊,彭琳,高越.旅游干扰对峨眉山风景区土壤及植被的影响[J].中国农业资源与区划,2016,37(3):93-96.NI S S,PENG L,GAO Y.Impacts of tourist disturbance on soil properties and palant communities in emeishan mountain scenic region[J].Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2016,37(3):93-96.(Ch).
[10] 钟士恩,任黎秀,欧阳怀龙.世界遗产地庐山“圈层飞地”型旅游客源市场空间结构研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2007,23(4):76-80.ZHONG S E,REN L X,OUYANG H L.Study on the “circle-enclave” spatial structure of tourist market of world heritage Mt.Lushan[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,2007,23(4):76-80.(Ch).
[11] ECKERT S,HüSLER F,LINIGER H,et al.Trend analysis of MODIS NDVI time series for detecting land degradation and regeneration in Mongolia[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2015,113(2):16-28.
[12] 刘宪锋,潘耀忠,朱秀芳,等.2000-2014年秦巴山区植被覆盖时空变化特征及其归因[J].地理学报,2015,70(5):705-716.LIU X F,PAN Y Z,ZHU X F,et al.Spatiotemporal variation of vegetation coverage in Qinling-Daba Mountains in relation to environmental factors in 2000-2014[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(5):705-716.(Ch).
[13] SRUTHI S,ASLAM M A M.Agricultural drought analysis using the NDVI and land surface temperature data;a case study of raichur district[J].Aquatic Procedia,2015,4:1258-1264.
[14] 王兮之,梁钊雄.基于MODIS数据的湟水流域植被覆盖变化研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2010,24( 6):137-142.WANG X Z,LIANG Z X.Study on vegetation cover change in Huangshui watershed based on MODIS data from 2001 to 2008[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2010,24(6):137-142.(Ch).
[15] LI P,JIANG L,FENG Z,et al.Mapping rice cropping systems using Landsat-derived Renormalized Index of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (RNDVI) in the Poyang Lake Region,China[J].Frontiers of Earth Science,2016,10(2):303-314.
[16] RAYNOLDS M K,WALKER D A.Increased wetness confounds Landsat-derived NDVI trends in the central Alaska North Slope region,1985-2011[J].Environmental Research Letters,2016,11(8):085004.
[17] SINGLA S K,GARG R D,DUBEY O P.Sugarcane ratoon discrimination using LANDSAT NDVI temporal data[J].Spatial Information Research,2018,26(4):1-11.
[18] 郑伟,朱进忠,潘存德.旅游干扰对喀纳斯景区草地土壤-植被系统的影响[J].中国草地学报,2009,31(1):109-115.ZHRNG W,ZHU J Z,PAN C D.Effects of tourism disturbance on soil-plant system in kanasi scenic area[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2009,31(1):109-115.(Ch).
[19] 牛亚菲,谢丽波,刘春凤.北京市旅游客流时空分布特征与调控对策[J].地理研究,2005,24(2):283-292.NIU Y F,XIE L B,LIU C F.The variation tendency and proposed countermeasures for adjusting and controlling visitor flow in Beijing[J].Geographical Research,2005,24 (2):283-292.(Ch).
[20] 吴志强,叶锺楠.基于百度地图热力图的城市空间结构研究——以上海中心城区为例[J].城市规划,2016,40(4):33-40.WU Z Q,YE Z N.Research on urban spatial structure based on baidu heat map:a case study on the central city of shanghai[J].City Planning Review,2016,40(4):33-40.(Ch).
[21] 于丙辰,陈刚.基于腾讯区域热力图的庐山核心景区客流研究[J].国土与自然资源研究,2017(2):83-89.YU B C,CHEN G.Research on visitor flows of Lushan core scenic area using Tencent Regional Heatmap[J].Territory & Natural Resources Study,2017(2):83-89.(Ch).
[22] 董浩洋,张东戈,万贻平,等.战场态势热力图构建方法研究[J].指挥控制与仿真,2017,39(5):1-8.DONG H Y,ZHANG D G,WANG Y P,et al.Research on construction method of heat map for battlefield situation[J].Command Control & Simulation,2017,39(5):1-8.(Ch).
[23] 黄丽华,许青,罗伟,等.基于NDMVI的庐山自然保护区植被覆盖度坡向分异研究[J].南方林业科学,2016,44(2):38-41.HUANG L H,XU Q,LUO W,et al.Differentiation of vegetation coverage along with slope-direction based on NDMVI in Lushan Nature Reserve,Jiangxi Province[J].South China Forestry Science,2016,44(2):38-41.(Ch).
[24] 徐满,郑景明,张青,等.庐山自然保护区及其周边土地利用变化分析[J].东北林业大学学报,2012,40(8):60-65.XU M,ZHENG J M,ZHANG Q,et al.Analysis of land use change in lushan nature reserve and its periphery in jiangxi province[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2012,40(8):60-65.(Ch).
[25] 胡海胜,魏美才,唐继刚,等.庐山风景名胜区景观格局动态及其模拟[J].生态学报,2007,27(11):4696-4706.HU H S,WEI M C,TANG J G,et al.The land scape pattern changes and simulationin Lushan Mountain national Park[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(11):4696-4706.(Ch).
[2] WIPF S,RIXEN C,FISCHER M,et al.Effects of ski piste preparation on alpine vegetation[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2005,42(2):306-316.
[3] 石强,廖科,钟林生.旅游活动对植被的影响研究综述[J].浙江农林大学学报,2006,23(2):217-223.SHI Q,LIAO K,ZHONG L S.A review of the effects of tourists’ activities on vegetation[J].Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College,2006,23(2):217-223.(Ch).
[4] PICKERING C M,HILL W,NEWSOME D,et al.Comparing hiking,mountain biking and horse riding impacts on vegetation and soils in Australia and the United States of America[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2010,91(3):551.
[5] RUNKOWSKI M N,TREBY D L,QUARMBY J,et al.Comparing the impacts of different types of recreational trails on Grey Box grassy-woodland vegetation:lessons for conservation and management[J].Australian Journal of Botany,2016,64(3):246-259.
[6] 王晓辉,黄勇.基于NDVI的风景区索道建设前后植被覆盖动态变化研究[J].环境保护科学,2014,40(2):63-66.WANG X H,HUANG Y.Study on dynamic changes of scenic areas vegetation cover before and after the cableway construction based on NDVI[J].Environmental Protection Science,2014,40(2):63-66.(Ch).
[7] 邓贵平,覃建雄,颜磊.旅游发展对九寨沟自然保护区景观格局变化的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境,2011,20(5):579-584.DENG G P,QIN J X,YAN L.Changes of landscape patterns in the context of tourism development in jiuzhaigou nature reserve in sichuan,China[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2011,20(5):579-584.(Ch).
[8] 肖光明,黄忠良.旅游活动对鼎湖山生物圈保护区植被的影响[J].地理研究,2010,29 (6):1005-1016.XIAO G M,HUANG Z L.Impacts of tourist activity on vegetation in Dinghu Mountain Biosphere Reserve[J].Geographical Research,2010,29(6):1005-1016.(Ch).
[9] 倪珊珊,彭琳,高越.旅游干扰对峨眉山风景区土壤及植被的影响[J].中国农业资源与区划,2016,37(3):93-96.NI S S,PENG L,GAO Y.Impacts of tourist disturbance on soil properties and palant communities in emeishan mountain scenic region[J].Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2016,37(3):93-96.(Ch).
[10] 钟士恩,任黎秀,欧阳怀龙.世界遗产地庐山“圈层飞地”型旅游客源市场空间结构研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2007,23(4):76-80.ZHONG S E,REN L X,OUYANG H L.Study on the “circle-enclave” spatial structure of tourist market of world heritage Mt.Lushan[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,2007,23(4):76-80.(Ch).
[11] ECKERT S,HüSLER F,LINIGER H,et al.Trend analysis of MODIS NDVI time series for detecting land degradation and regeneration in Mongolia[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2015,113(2):16-28.
[12] 刘宪锋,潘耀忠,朱秀芳,等.2000-2014年秦巴山区植被覆盖时空变化特征及其归因[J].地理学报,2015,70(5):705-716.LIU X F,PAN Y Z,ZHU X F,et al.Spatiotemporal variation of vegetation coverage in Qinling-Daba Mountains in relation to environmental factors in 2000-2014[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(5):705-716.(Ch).
[13] SRUTHI S,ASLAM M A M.Agricultural drought analysis using the NDVI and land surface temperature data;a case study of raichur district[J].Aquatic Procedia,2015,4:1258-1264.
[14] 王兮之,梁钊雄.基于MODIS数据的湟水流域植被覆盖变化研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2010,24( 6):137-142.WANG X Z,LIANG Z X.Study on vegetation cover change in Huangshui watershed based on MODIS data from 2001 to 2008[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2010,24(6):137-142.(Ch).
[15] LI P,JIANG L,FENG Z,et al.Mapping rice cropping systems using Landsat-derived Renormalized Index of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (RNDVI) in the Poyang Lake Region,China[J].Frontiers of Earth Science,2016,10(2):303-314.
[16] RAYNOLDS M K,WALKER D A.Increased wetness confounds Landsat-derived NDVI trends in the central Alaska North Slope region,1985-2011[J].Environmental Research Letters,2016,11(8):085004.
[17] SINGLA S K,GARG R D,DUBEY O P.Sugarcane ratoon discrimination using LANDSAT NDVI temporal data[J].Spatial Information Research,2018,26(4):1-11.
[18] 郑伟,朱进忠,潘存德.旅游干扰对喀纳斯景区草地土壤-植被系统的影响[J].中国草地学报,2009,31(1):109-115.ZHRNG W,ZHU J Z,PAN C D.Effects of tourism disturbance on soil-plant system in kanasi scenic area[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2009,31(1):109-115.(Ch).
[19] 牛亚菲,谢丽波,刘春凤.北京市旅游客流时空分布特征与调控对策[J].地理研究,2005,24(2):283-292.NIU Y F,XIE L B,LIU C F.The variation tendency and proposed countermeasures for adjusting and controlling visitor flow in Beijing[J].Geographical Research,2005,24 (2):283-292.(Ch).
[20] 吴志强,叶锺楠.基于百度地图热力图的城市空间结构研究——以上海中心城区为例[J].城市规划,2016,40(4):33-40.WU Z Q,YE Z N.Research on urban spatial structure based on baidu heat map:a case study on the central city of shanghai[J].City Planning Review,2016,40(4):33-40.(Ch).
[21] 于丙辰,陈刚.基于腾讯区域热力图的庐山核心景区客流研究[J].国土与自然资源研究,2017(2):83-89.YU B C,CHEN G.Research on visitor flows of Lushan core scenic area using Tencent Regional Heatmap[J].Territory & Natural Resources Study,2017(2):83-89.(Ch).
[22] 董浩洋,张东戈,万贻平,等.战场态势热力图构建方法研究[J].指挥控制与仿真,2017,39(5):1-8.DONG H Y,ZHANG D G,WANG Y P,et al.Research on construction method of heat map for battlefield situation[J].Command Control & Simulation,2017,39(5):1-8.(Ch).
[23] 黄丽华,许青,罗伟,等.基于NDMVI的庐山自然保护区植被覆盖度坡向分异研究[J].南方林业科学,2016,44(2):38-41.HUANG L H,XU Q,LUO W,et al.Differentiation of vegetation coverage along with slope-direction based on NDMVI in Lushan Nature Reserve,Jiangxi Province[J].South China Forestry Science,2016,44(2):38-41.(Ch).
[24] 徐满,郑景明,张青,等.庐山自然保护区及其周边土地利用变化分析[J].东北林业大学学报,2012,40(8):60-65.XU M,ZHENG J M,ZHANG Q,et al.Analysis of land use change in lushan nature reserve and its periphery in jiangxi province[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2012,40(8):60-65.(Ch).
[25] 胡海胜,魏美才,唐继刚,等.庐山风景名胜区景观格局动态及其模拟[J].生态学报,2007,27(11):4696-4706.HU H S,WEI M C,TANG J G,et al.The land scape pattern changes and simulationin Lushan Mountain national Park[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(11):4696-4706.(Ch).