珠江口盆地陆丰凹陷深层砂岩储层特征及主控因素
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摘要
珠江口盆地陆丰凹陷深层碎屑岩储层埋深普遍大于3 000 m,储层质量较差且非均质性强,制约油气高效勘探。综合运用岩心、薄片鉴定、物性测试、压汞测试以及测录井等分析手段,对陆丰凹陷古近系文昌组和恩平组深埋碎屑岩开展了储层岩石学特征、成岩作用及优质储层主控因素研究。研究表明,古近系文昌组岩石类型为岩屑质石英砂岩,储层孔隙主要由原生孔和次生孔构成,表现为一套特低—低孔隙度(平均孔隙度为9.42%)、超低—低渗透率(平均渗透率为8.38 mD)储层特征;恩平组储层主要由长石岩屑质石英砂岩构成,储层总体属于低—中孔隙度(平均孔隙度14.66%)、低—中渗透率储层(平均渗透率为198.43 mD),以原生孔为主。在3 600～4 400 m深度段,发育一套高孔隙度的优质储层带,主体为原生孔,可见大量次生溶蚀孔隙,孔隙度可达20%,渗透率可达263.74 mD。这套优质储层形成条件包括:①先天条件好,长距离搬运的辫状河三角洲前缘中厚层砂体,具备岩性较粗、石英含量高、杂基含量低和结构成熟度高的特征,保留了较多的原生孔隙;②与生烃液态窗埋深对应良好,有机酸易对储层中长石和岩屑产生强烈溶蚀,明显改善了储层物性;③油气充注发生在长石和岩屑溶蚀之后、晚期碳酸盐胶结物大量形成之前,是优质储层得以保存的又一重要条件。总体而言,沉积条件、溶蚀作用和油气充注时间三者的良好匹配是深层优质储层形成的根本原因。这些认识对于珠江口盆地深层油气勘探以及相似地质背景的优质储层预测具有一定的启示作用。
The Lufeng sag of Pearl River Mouth Basin is characterized the deep clastic rock reservoir generally with a burial depth greater than 3 000 m,poor quality and high heterogeneity,thus restricting the efficient exploration of oil and gas.Comprehensively using the technical analysis methods such as core and thin section identification,physical property test,mercury intrusion test and logging,this paper studies the reservoir petrological characteristics,diagenesis and main controlling factors of high-quality reservoirs in the deep-buried clastic rocks of Paleogene Wenchang Formation and Enping Formation in Lufeng sag.The study shows that the Paleogene Wenchang Formation is dominated by lithic quartz sandstone,and the reservoir pores are mainly composed of primary and secondary pores,characterized by a set of ultra low-low porosities(average porosity of 9.42%)and ultra low-low permeabilities(average permeability of 8.38 mD).Enping Formation is mainly composed of feldspar lithic quartz sandstone,and the reservoir has generally low-medium porosity(average porosity of 14.66%)and low-medium permeability(average permeability of 198.43 mD),dominated by primary pores.In the depth range of 3 600-4 400 m,a set of high-quality reservoirs with high porosity is developed,dominated by primary pores.This study also detects a large number of secondary dissolution pores with the porosity of 20%and the permeability of 263.74 mD.The formation conditions of this set of high-quality reservoir include:(1)the medium-thick sand body of welldeveloped braided river delta front formed through long-distance transport with the characteristics of coarse lithology,high quartz content,low heterogeneous content and high structural maturity,retaining more primary pores.(2)it well corresponds to the buried depth of hydrocarbon-generation liquid window,and organic acid is prone to cause strong corrosion of the feldspar and cuttings in reservoir,significantly improving the reservoir physical properties.(3)oil and gas charging occurs posterior to feldspar and clastic dissolution but prior to the formation of many carbonate cements in the later period,which is another important condition for preserving high-quality reservoirs.In general,the good matching of sedimentary conditions,dissolution and hydrocarbon charging time is the root cause for the formation of high-quality deep reservoirs.Obviously,these insights have significant implications for deep oil and gas exploration in Pearl River Mouth Basin and high-quality reservoir predictions under similar geological settings.
The Lufeng sag of Pearl River Mouth Basin is characterized the deep clastic rock reservoir generally with a burial depth greater than 3 000 m,poor quality and high heterogeneity,thus restricting the efficient exploration of oil and gas.Comprehensively using the technical analysis methods such as core and thin section identification,physical property test,mercury intrusion test and logging,this paper studies the reservoir petrological characteristics,diagenesis and main controlling factors of high-quality reservoirs in the deep-buried clastic rocks of Paleogene Wenchang Formation and Enping Formation in Lufeng sag.The study shows that the Paleogene Wenchang Formation is dominated by lithic quartz sandstone,and the reservoir pores are mainly composed of primary and secondary pores,characterized by a set of ultra low-low porosities(average porosity of 9.42%)and ultra low-low permeabilities(average permeability of 8.38 mD).Enping Formation is mainly composed of feldspar lithic quartz sandstone,and the reservoir has generally low-medium porosity(average porosity of 14.66%)and low-medium permeability(average permeability of 198.43 mD),dominated by primary pores.In the depth range of 3 600-4 400 m,a set of high-quality reservoirs with high porosity is developed,dominated by primary pores.This study also detects a large number of secondary dissolution pores with the porosity of 20%and the permeability of 263.74 mD.The formation conditions of this set of high-quality reservoir include:(1)the medium-thick sand body of welldeveloped braided river delta front formed through long-distance transport with the characteristics of coarse lithology,high quartz content,low heterogeneous content and high structural maturity,retaining more primary pores.(2)it well corresponds to the buried depth of hydrocarbon-generation liquid window,and organic acid is prone to cause strong corrosion of the feldspar and cuttings in reservoir,significantly improving the reservoir physical properties.(3)oil and gas charging occurs posterior to feldspar and clastic dissolution but prior to the formation of many carbonate cements in the later period,which is another important condition for preserving high-quality reservoirs.In general,the good matching of sedimentary conditions,dissolution and hydrocarbon charging time is the root cause for the formation of high-quality deep reservoirs.Obviously,these insights have significant implications for deep oil and gas exploration in Pearl River Mouth Basin and high-quality reservoir predictions under similar geological settings.
引文
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[2]钟大康,朱筱敏,张枝焕,等.东营凹陷古近系砂岩储集层物性控制因素评价[J].石油勘探与开发,2003,30(3):95-98.ZHONG Dakang,ZHU Xiaomin,ZHANG Zhihuan,et al.Controlling factors of sandstone reservoir of the Paleogene in Dongying sag[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2003,30(3):95-98.
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[4]朱筱敏,王英国,钟大康,等.济阳坳陷古近系储层孔隙类型与次生孔隙成因[J].地质学报,2007,81(2):197-204.ZHU Xiaomin,WANG Yingguo,ZHONG Dakang,et al.Pore types and secondary pore evolution of Paleogene reservoir in the Jiyang sag[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2007,81(2):197-204.
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[7]MORAD S,AL-RAMADAN K,KETZER J M,et al.The impact of diagenesis on the heterogeneity of sandstone reservoirs:a review of the role of depositional facies and sequence stratigraphy[J].AAPG Bulletin,2010,94(8):1267-1309.
[8]KIM J C,LEE Y I,HISADA K I.Depositional and compositional controls on sandstone diagenesis,the Tetori Group(Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous),central Japan[J].Sedimentary Geology,2007,195(3/4):183-202.
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[10]FAWAD M,MONDOL N H,JAHREN J,et al.Mechanical compaction and ultrasonic velocity of sands with different texture and mineralogical composition[J].Geophysical Prospecting,2011,59(4):697-720.
[11]SHANLEY K W,CLUFF R M,ROBINSON J W.Factors controlling prolific gas production from low-permeability sandstone reservoirs:implications for resource assessment,prospect development,and risk analysis[J].AAPG Bulletin,2004,88(8):1083-1121.
[12]陈长民,施和生,许仕策,等.珠江口盆地(东部)第三系油气藏形成条件[M].北京:科学出版社,2003:35-40.CHEN Changmin,SHI Hesheng,XU Shice,et al.The condition of forming tertiary reservoir in Pearl River Mouth Basin(East)[M].Beijing:Science Press,2003:35-40.
[13]施和生,雷永昌,吴梦霜,等.珠一坳陷深层砂岩储层孔隙演化研究[J].地学前缘,2008,15(1):169-175.SHI Hesheng,LEI Yongchang,WU Mengshuang,et al.Research on the evolution of pores in deep sandstone reservoir in ZHU1depression[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2008,15(1):169-175.
[14]龙更生,施和生,郑荣才,等.珠江口盆地惠州凹陷深部储层成岩作用与孔隙演化[J].岩石矿物学杂志,2011,30(4):665-673.LONG Gengsheng,SHI Hesheng,ZHENG Rongcai,et al.Diagenesis and porosity evolution of deep reservoirs in Huizhou depression Pearl River Mouth Basin[J].Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica,2011,30(4):665-673.
[15]葛家旺,朱筱敏,潘荣,等.珠江口盆地惠州凹陷文昌组砂岩孔隙定量演化模式——以HZ-A地区辫状河三角洲储层为例[J].沉积学报,2015,33(1):183-193.GE Jiawang,ZHU Xiaomin,PANG Rong,et al.A quantitative porosity evolution model of sandstone for Wenchang Formation in Huizhou depression,Pearl River Mouth Basin:a case study for braided fluvial delta reservoir of HZ-A area[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2015,33(1):183-193.
[16]罗东红,梁卫,李熙盛,等.珠江口盆地陆丰13-1油田古近系恩平组突破及其重要意义[J].中国海上油气,2011,23(2):71-75.LUO Donghong,LIANG Wei,LI Xisheng,et al.A breakthrough at Paleogene enping formation and its important significance in Lufeng 13-1 oilfield,Pearl River Mouth Basin[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2011,23(2):71-75.
[17]张向涛,汪旭东,舒誉,等.珠江口盆地陆丰凹陷大中型油田地质特征及形成条件[J].中南大学学报:自然科学版,2017,48(11):2979-2989.ZHANG Xiangtao,WANG Xudong,SHU Yu,et al.Geological characteristics and forming conditions of large and medium oilfields in Lufeng sag of Eastern Pearl River Mouth Basin[J].Journal of Central South University:Science and Technology,2017,48(11):2979-2989.
[18]焦鹏,郭建华,张向涛,等.陆丰地区古近系恩平组沉积演化特征及沉积模式[J].中国石油大学学报:自然科学版,2017,41(5):9-19.JIAO Peng,GUO Jianhua,ZHANG Xiangtao,et al.Sedimentary evolution characteristics and sedimentary model of Paleogene Enping Formation,Lufeng area,Pearl River Mouth Basin[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum:Edition of Natural Science,2017,41(5):9-19.
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