理解中国城市生活方式:基于时空行为的研究框架
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摘要
面对以人为核心的城市研究与规划需求,如何理解城市居民的日常生活并分析城市空间与居民生活方式之间的互动关系就显得尤为重要。转型期背景下,受到制度与市场双重力量的驱动,中国城市生活方式表现出特殊性。本文从生活方式理论、时间地理学和活动分析法的理论基础出发,分析生活方式与时空行为的关系,指出从行为角度进行生活方式研究的可行性;提出基于时空行为变量测度生活方式的指标体系,将出行模式、与城市空间的关系和日程安排作为度量生活方式的核心指标;并构建了生活方式的影响机制分析框架,提出制度、技术、地理背景和社会关系是影响生活方式的主要因素,为更好的理解中国城市社会空间与居民生活提供有效途径。
The social and economic transition has brought dramatic changes to Chinese cities. Promoting human-oriented urbanization and development is receiving more and more attention. The core objectives of urban planning and development are increasingly focusing on refined social planning and management, targeted to improving the quality of life of residents. The changes in social structure and spatial organization have a profound impact on household structure and individual life, and improving living standards and quality of life has become the common pursuit of urban residents. Meanwhile, urban lifestyles show some specific features compared to Western countries, due to the interaction of market and institutional factors. Thus it is particularly important to understand the daily life of urban residents and analyze the interaction between urban space and residents' lifestyles. Based on the theoretical basis of lifestyle theory from sociology, time geography and activity-based approach, this paper analyzes the relationship between urban lifestyle and space-time behavior from the three dimensions, including behavioral background, decision-making mechanism and behavioral model.Based on the existing literature at home and abroad, this paper proposes to measure the lifestyle of Chinese cities using space-time behavior indicators. This paper further analyzes the connotation of behavioral background and decision-making process, and proposes an analytical framework for the impact mechanism of lifestyle in Chinese cities.
The social and economic transition has brought dramatic changes to Chinese cities. Promoting human-oriented urbanization and development is receiving more and more attention. The core objectives of urban planning and development are increasingly focusing on refined social planning and management, targeted to improving the quality of life of residents. The changes in social structure and spatial organization have a profound impact on household structure and individual life, and improving living standards and quality of life has become the common pursuit of urban residents. Meanwhile, urban lifestyles show some specific features compared to Western countries, due to the interaction of market and institutional factors. Thus it is particularly important to understand the daily life of urban residents and analyze the interaction between urban space and residents' lifestyles. Based on the theoretical basis of lifestyle theory from sociology, time geography and activity-based approach, this paper analyzes the relationship between urban lifestyle and space-time behavior from the three dimensions, including behavioral background, decision-making mechanism and behavioral model.Based on the existing literature at home and abroad, this paper proposes to measure the lifestyle of Chinese cities using space-time behavior indicators. This paper further analyzes the connotation of behavioral background and decision-making process, and proposes an analytical framework for the impact mechanism of lifestyle in Chinese cities.
引文
[1]柴彦威,塔娜.中国时空间行为研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2013,32(9):1362-1373.[Chai Yanwei,Ta Na.Progress in space-time behavior research in China[J].Progress in Geography,2013,32(9):136-1373.]
[2]杨保军,陈鹏.中国的城市化之路怎么走[J].城市规划学刊,2011(1):1-7.[Yang Baojun,Chen Peng.The path of China's urbanization[J].Urban Planning Forum,2011(1):1-7.]
[3]宁越敏.中国推进新型城镇化战略的思考[J].上海城市规划,2014(1):43-46.[Ning Yuemin.Re-thinking the development strategy of new-type urbanization in China[J].Shanghai Urban Planning Review,2014(1):43-46.]
[4]肖小霞,德频.冲突与融合:城市生活方式的变迁[J].学术论坛,2003(3):123-126.[Xiao Xiaoxia,De Pin.Conflict and integration:Transition of urban lifestyle[J].Academic Forum,2003(3):123-126.]
[5]Chai Yanwei,Ta Na,Ma Jing.The socio-spatial dimension of behavior analysis:Frontiers and progress in Chinese behavioral geography[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2016,26(8):1243-1260.
[6]王雅林.生活方式研究的社会理论基础--对马克思历史唯物主义社会理论体系的再诠释[J].南京社会科学,2006(9):8-14.[Wang Yalin.The social theory basis of lifestyle research:Reinterpretation of Marx's historical materialism social theory system[J].Social Sciences in Nanjing,2006(9):8-14.]
[7]黄怡.中国城市社会学研究的若干问题[J].城市规划学刊,2016(2):45-49.[Huang Yi.Several issues concerning the study of Chinese urban sociology[J].Urban Planning Form,2016(2):45-49.]
[8]李骁天,邢晓燕.社会分层视角下中国城市社区居民体育锻炼行为分析--基于CGSS数据的实证研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2014,37(9):17-25.[Li Xiaotian,Xing Xiaoyan.Analysis on China urban community resident exercise behavior in the perspective of social stratification:Based on CGSS data[J].Journal of Beijing Sport University,2014,37(9):17-25.]
[9]Ta Na,Kwan M-P,Chai Yanwei,et al.Gendered space-time constraints,activity participation and household structure:A case study using a GPS-based activity survey in suburban Beijing,China[J].Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie,2016,107(5):505-521.
[10]宋子千,蒋艳.城市居民休闲生活满意度及其影响机制:以杭州为例[J].人文地理,2014,29(2):53-60.[Song Ziqian,Jiangyan.Leisure life satisfaction of urban residents and its influential mechanism:Acase study of Hangzhou[J].Human Geography,2014,29(2):53-60.]
[11]封丹,Werner B,朱竑.住宅郊区化背景下门禁社区与周边邻里关系--以广州丽江花园为例[J].地理研究,2011,30(1):61-70.[Feng Dan,Werner B,Zhu Hong.Space of fragmentation:A study of the linkages between gated communities and their neighborhoods in Guangzhou,China[J].Geographical Research,2011,30(1):61-70.]
[12]Zhao Ying,Dijst M,Chai Yanwei.Between haven and heaven in cities:A comparison between Beijing(China)and Utrecht(the Netherlands)[J].Urban Studies,2016,53(12):2469-2487.
[13]塔娜,柴彦威,刘志林.单位社区杂化过程与城市性的构建[J].人文地理,2012,27(3):39-43.[Ta Na,Chai Yanwei,Liu Zhilin.Hybridization of danwei neighborhood and the emergence of urbanism[J].Human Geography,2012,27(3):39-43.]
[14]干迪,王德,朱玮.上海市近郊大型社区居民的通勤特征--以宝山区顾村为例[J].地理研究,2015,34(8):1481-1491.[Gan Di,Wang De,Zhu Wei.Research on the residents'commuting feature of large-scale residential district in suburban Shanghai:A case study of Gucun,Baoshan district[J].Geographical Research,2015,34(8):1481-1491.]
[15]李志刚,吴缚龙,肖扬.基于全国第六次人口普查数据的广州新移民居住分异研究[J].地理研究,2015,33(11):2056-2068.[Li Zhigang,Wu Fulong,Xiao Yang.Residential segregation of new migrants in Guangzhou,China:A study of the 6th census[J].Geographical Research,2015,33(11):2056-2068.]
[16]Etminani-Ghasrodashti R,Ardeshiri M.Modeling travel behavior by the structural relationships between lifestyle,built environment and non-working trips[J].Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice,2015,78:506-518.
[17]罗罡辉,李贵才.城市生活方式变化与土地利用[J].城市发展研究,2012,19(1):99-103.[Luo Ganghui,Li Guicai.Change of urban lifestyle and land use[J].Urban Studies,2012,19(1):99-103.]
[18]Kwan M-P.The uncertain geographic context problem[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2012,102(5):958-968.
[19]van Diepen A M L,Musterd S.Lifestyles and the city:Connecting daily life to urbanity[J].Journal of Housing and the Built Environment,2009,24(3):331-345.
[20]van Acker V,Goodwin P,Witlox F.Key research themes on travel behavior,lifestyle,and sustainable urban mobility[J].International Journal of Sustainable Transportation,2016,10(1):25-32.
[21]Reichman S.Instrumental and life-style aspects of urban travel behavior[J].Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,1977,649:38-42.
[22]Scheiner J.Social inequalities in travel behaviour:Trip distances in the context of residential self-selection and lifestyles[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2010,18(6):679-690.
[23]Salomon I,Ben-Akiva M.The use of the life-style concept in travel demand models[J].Environment and Planning A,1983,15(5):623-638.
[24]Ben-Akiva M,Bowman J L.Integration of an activity-based model system and a residential location model[J].Urban Studies,1998,35(7):1131-1153.
[25]Ruiter E,Ben-Akiva M.Disaggregate travel demand models for the San Francisco Bay area[J].Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,1978,673:121-128.
[26]Scheiner J,Kasper B.Lifestyles,choice of housing location and daily mobility:The lifestyle approach in the context of spatial mobility and planning[J].International Social Science Journal,2003,55(176):319-332.
[27]Krizek K,Waddell P.Analysis of lifestyle choices:Neighborhood type,travel patterns,and activity participation[J].Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2002,1807:119-128.
[28]Krizek K.Lifestyles,residential location decisions,and pedestrian and transit activity[J].Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2006,1981:171-178.
[29]Van Acker V,Mokhtarian P L,Witlox F.Car availability explained by the structural relationships between lifestyles,residential location,and underlying residential and travel attitudes[J].Transport Policy,2014,35:88-99.
[30]H?gerstrand T.Diorama,path and project[J].Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie,1982,73(6):323-329.
[31]H?gerstrand T.What about people in regional science[J].Papers and Proceedings of the Regional Science Association,1970,24(1):7-21.
[32]Pred A.Social reproduction and the time-geography of everyday life[J].Geografiska Annaler B:Human Geography,1981,63(1):5-22.
[33]Thrift N,Pred A.Time-geography:A new beginning[J].Progress in Human Geography,1981,5(2):277-286.
[34]Chapin F S J.Human Activity Patterns in the City:Things People Do in Time and in Space[M].New York,London,Sydney,Toronto:John Wiley&Sons,1974.
[35]Giddens A.The Constitution of Society[M].Berkeley,CA:University of California Press,1984:110-139.
[36]塔娜,申悦,柴彦威.生活方式视角下的时空行为研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2016,35(10):1279-1287.[Ta Na,Shen Yue,Chai Yanwei.Progress in research from a lifestyle perspective of space-time behavior[J].Progress in Geography,2016,35(10):1279-1287.]
[37]Lanzendorf M.Mobility styles and travel behavior:Application of a lifestyle approach to leisure travel[J].Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2002,1807:163-173.
[38]Patterson Z,Farber S.Potential path areas and activity spaces in application:A review[J].Transport Reviews,2015,35(6):679-700.
[39]Lin H,Lo H,Chen X.Lifestyle classifications with and without activity-travel patterns[J].Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice,2009,43(6):626-638.
[40]张艳,柴彦威.基于居住区比较的北京城市通勤研究[J].地理研究,2009,28(5):1327-1340.[Zhang Yan,Chai Yanwei.Characteristics of commuting pattern in Beijing:Based on the comparison of different urban residential areas[J].Geographical Research,2009,28(5):1327-1340.]
[41]柴彦威.以单位为基础的中国城市内部生活空间结构[J].地理研究,1996,15(1):30-38.[Chai Yanwei.Danwei-based Chinese cities'internal life-space structure:A case study of Lanzhou city[J].Geographical Research,1996,15(1):30-38.]
[42]周素红,刘玉兰.转型期广州城市居民居住与就业地区位选择的空间关系及其变迁[J].地理学报,2010,65(2):191-201.[Zhou Suhong,Liu Yulan.The situation and transition of jobs-housing relocation in Guangzhou,China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2010,65(2):191-201.]
[43]Zhao P J.Private motorised urban mobility in China's large cities:The social causes of change and an agenda for future research[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2014,40:53-63.
[44]Ben-Elia E,Alexander B,Hubers C,et al.Activity fragmentation,ICT and travel:An exploratory path analysis of spatiotemporal interrelationships[J].Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice,2014,68:56-74.
[45]Feng Jianxi,Dijst M,Wissink B,et al.Elderly co-residence and the household responsibilities hypothesis:Evidence from Nanjing,China[J].Urban Geography,2015,36(5):757-776.
[46]甄峰,翟青,陈刚,等.信息时代移动社会理论构建与城市地理研究[J].地理研究,2012,31(2):197-206.[Zhen Feng,Zhai Qing,Chen Gang,et al.Mobile social theory construction and urban geographic research in the information era[J].Geographical Research,2012,31(2):197-206.]
[47]孙斌栋,但波.上海城市建成环境对居民通勤方式选择的影响[J].地理学报,2015,70(10):1664-1674.[Sun Bindong,Dan Bo.Impact of urban built environment on residential choice of commuting mode in Shanghai[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(10):1664-1674.]
[48]塔娜,柴彦威,关美宝.北京郊区居民日常生活方式的行为测度与空间-行为互动[J].地理学报,2015,70(8):1271-1280.[Ta Na,Chai Yanwei,Kwan M-P.Suburbanization,daily lifestyle and space-behavior interaction in Beijing[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(8):1271-1280.]
[2]杨保军,陈鹏.中国的城市化之路怎么走[J].城市规划学刊,2011(1):1-7.[Yang Baojun,Chen Peng.The path of China's urbanization[J].Urban Planning Forum,2011(1):1-7.]
[3]宁越敏.中国推进新型城镇化战略的思考[J].上海城市规划,2014(1):43-46.[Ning Yuemin.Re-thinking the development strategy of new-type urbanization in China[J].Shanghai Urban Planning Review,2014(1):43-46.]
[4]肖小霞,德频.冲突与融合:城市生活方式的变迁[J].学术论坛,2003(3):123-126.[Xiao Xiaoxia,De Pin.Conflict and integration:Transition of urban lifestyle[J].Academic Forum,2003(3):123-126.]
[5]Chai Yanwei,Ta Na,Ma Jing.The socio-spatial dimension of behavior analysis:Frontiers and progress in Chinese behavioral geography[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2016,26(8):1243-1260.
[6]王雅林.生活方式研究的社会理论基础--对马克思历史唯物主义社会理论体系的再诠释[J].南京社会科学,2006(9):8-14.[Wang Yalin.The social theory basis of lifestyle research:Reinterpretation of Marx's historical materialism social theory system[J].Social Sciences in Nanjing,2006(9):8-14.]
[7]黄怡.中国城市社会学研究的若干问题[J].城市规划学刊,2016(2):45-49.[Huang Yi.Several issues concerning the study of Chinese urban sociology[J].Urban Planning Form,2016(2):45-49.]
[8]李骁天,邢晓燕.社会分层视角下中国城市社区居民体育锻炼行为分析--基于CGSS数据的实证研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2014,37(9):17-25.[Li Xiaotian,Xing Xiaoyan.Analysis on China urban community resident exercise behavior in the perspective of social stratification:Based on CGSS data[J].Journal of Beijing Sport University,2014,37(9):17-25.]
[9]Ta Na,Kwan M-P,Chai Yanwei,et al.Gendered space-time constraints,activity participation and household structure:A case study using a GPS-based activity survey in suburban Beijing,China[J].Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie,2016,107(5):505-521.
[10]宋子千,蒋艳.城市居民休闲生活满意度及其影响机制:以杭州为例[J].人文地理,2014,29(2):53-60.[Song Ziqian,Jiangyan.Leisure life satisfaction of urban residents and its influential mechanism:Acase study of Hangzhou[J].Human Geography,2014,29(2):53-60.]
[11]封丹,Werner B,朱竑.住宅郊区化背景下门禁社区与周边邻里关系--以广州丽江花园为例[J].地理研究,2011,30(1):61-70.[Feng Dan,Werner B,Zhu Hong.Space of fragmentation:A study of the linkages between gated communities and their neighborhoods in Guangzhou,China[J].Geographical Research,2011,30(1):61-70.]
[12]Zhao Ying,Dijst M,Chai Yanwei.Between haven and heaven in cities:A comparison between Beijing(China)and Utrecht(the Netherlands)[J].Urban Studies,2016,53(12):2469-2487.
[13]塔娜,柴彦威,刘志林.单位社区杂化过程与城市性的构建[J].人文地理,2012,27(3):39-43.[Ta Na,Chai Yanwei,Liu Zhilin.Hybridization of danwei neighborhood and the emergence of urbanism[J].Human Geography,2012,27(3):39-43.]
[14]干迪,王德,朱玮.上海市近郊大型社区居民的通勤特征--以宝山区顾村为例[J].地理研究,2015,34(8):1481-1491.[Gan Di,Wang De,Zhu Wei.Research on the residents'commuting feature of large-scale residential district in suburban Shanghai:A case study of Gucun,Baoshan district[J].Geographical Research,2015,34(8):1481-1491.]
[15]李志刚,吴缚龙,肖扬.基于全国第六次人口普查数据的广州新移民居住分异研究[J].地理研究,2015,33(11):2056-2068.[Li Zhigang,Wu Fulong,Xiao Yang.Residential segregation of new migrants in Guangzhou,China:A study of the 6th census[J].Geographical Research,2015,33(11):2056-2068.]
[16]Etminani-Ghasrodashti R,Ardeshiri M.Modeling travel behavior by the structural relationships between lifestyle,built environment and non-working trips[J].Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice,2015,78:506-518.
[17]罗罡辉,李贵才.城市生活方式变化与土地利用[J].城市发展研究,2012,19(1):99-103.[Luo Ganghui,Li Guicai.Change of urban lifestyle and land use[J].Urban Studies,2012,19(1):99-103.]
[18]Kwan M-P.The uncertain geographic context problem[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2012,102(5):958-968.
[19]van Diepen A M L,Musterd S.Lifestyles and the city:Connecting daily life to urbanity[J].Journal of Housing and the Built Environment,2009,24(3):331-345.
[20]van Acker V,Goodwin P,Witlox F.Key research themes on travel behavior,lifestyle,and sustainable urban mobility[J].International Journal of Sustainable Transportation,2016,10(1):25-32.
[21]Reichman S.Instrumental and life-style aspects of urban travel behavior[J].Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,1977,649:38-42.
[22]Scheiner J.Social inequalities in travel behaviour:Trip distances in the context of residential self-selection and lifestyles[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2010,18(6):679-690.
[23]Salomon I,Ben-Akiva M.The use of the life-style concept in travel demand models[J].Environment and Planning A,1983,15(5):623-638.
[24]Ben-Akiva M,Bowman J L.Integration of an activity-based model system and a residential location model[J].Urban Studies,1998,35(7):1131-1153.
[25]Ruiter E,Ben-Akiva M.Disaggregate travel demand models for the San Francisco Bay area[J].Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,1978,673:121-128.
[26]Scheiner J,Kasper B.Lifestyles,choice of housing location and daily mobility:The lifestyle approach in the context of spatial mobility and planning[J].International Social Science Journal,2003,55(176):319-332.
[27]Krizek K,Waddell P.Analysis of lifestyle choices:Neighborhood type,travel patterns,and activity participation[J].Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2002,1807:119-128.
[28]Krizek K.Lifestyles,residential location decisions,and pedestrian and transit activity[J].Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2006,1981:171-178.
[29]Van Acker V,Mokhtarian P L,Witlox F.Car availability explained by the structural relationships between lifestyles,residential location,and underlying residential and travel attitudes[J].Transport Policy,2014,35:88-99.
[30]H?gerstrand T.Diorama,path and project[J].Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie,1982,73(6):323-329.
[31]H?gerstrand T.What about people in regional science[J].Papers and Proceedings of the Regional Science Association,1970,24(1):7-21.
[32]Pred A.Social reproduction and the time-geography of everyday life[J].Geografiska Annaler B:Human Geography,1981,63(1):5-22.
[33]Thrift N,Pred A.Time-geography:A new beginning[J].Progress in Human Geography,1981,5(2):277-286.
[34]Chapin F S J.Human Activity Patterns in the City:Things People Do in Time and in Space[M].New York,London,Sydney,Toronto:John Wiley&Sons,1974.
[35]Giddens A.The Constitution of Society[M].Berkeley,CA:University of California Press,1984:110-139.
[36]塔娜,申悦,柴彦威.生活方式视角下的时空行为研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2016,35(10):1279-1287.[Ta Na,Shen Yue,Chai Yanwei.Progress in research from a lifestyle perspective of space-time behavior[J].Progress in Geography,2016,35(10):1279-1287.]
[37]Lanzendorf M.Mobility styles and travel behavior:Application of a lifestyle approach to leisure travel[J].Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2002,1807:163-173.
[38]Patterson Z,Farber S.Potential path areas and activity spaces in application:A review[J].Transport Reviews,2015,35(6):679-700.
[39]Lin H,Lo H,Chen X.Lifestyle classifications with and without activity-travel patterns[J].Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice,2009,43(6):626-638.
[40]张艳,柴彦威.基于居住区比较的北京城市通勤研究[J].地理研究,2009,28(5):1327-1340.[Zhang Yan,Chai Yanwei.Characteristics of commuting pattern in Beijing:Based on the comparison of different urban residential areas[J].Geographical Research,2009,28(5):1327-1340.]
[41]柴彦威.以单位为基础的中国城市内部生活空间结构[J].地理研究,1996,15(1):30-38.[Chai Yanwei.Danwei-based Chinese cities'internal life-space structure:A case study of Lanzhou city[J].Geographical Research,1996,15(1):30-38.]
[42]周素红,刘玉兰.转型期广州城市居民居住与就业地区位选择的空间关系及其变迁[J].地理学报,2010,65(2):191-201.[Zhou Suhong,Liu Yulan.The situation and transition of jobs-housing relocation in Guangzhou,China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2010,65(2):191-201.]
[43]Zhao P J.Private motorised urban mobility in China's large cities:The social causes of change and an agenda for future research[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2014,40:53-63.
[44]Ben-Elia E,Alexander B,Hubers C,et al.Activity fragmentation,ICT and travel:An exploratory path analysis of spatiotemporal interrelationships[J].Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice,2014,68:56-74.
[45]Feng Jianxi,Dijst M,Wissink B,et al.Elderly co-residence and the household responsibilities hypothesis:Evidence from Nanjing,China[J].Urban Geography,2015,36(5):757-776.
[46]甄峰,翟青,陈刚,等.信息时代移动社会理论构建与城市地理研究[J].地理研究,2012,31(2):197-206.[Zhen Feng,Zhai Qing,Chen Gang,et al.Mobile social theory construction and urban geographic research in the information era[J].Geographical Research,2012,31(2):197-206.]
[47]孙斌栋,但波.上海城市建成环境对居民通勤方式选择的影响[J].地理学报,2015,70(10):1664-1674.[Sun Bindong,Dan Bo.Impact of urban built environment on residential choice of commuting mode in Shanghai[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(10):1664-1674.]
[48]塔娜,柴彦威,关美宝.北京郊区居民日常生活方式的行为测度与空间-行为互动[J].地理学报,2015,70(8):1271-1280.[Ta Na,Chai Yanwei,Kwan M-P.Suburbanization,daily lifestyle and space-behavior interaction in Beijing[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(8):1271-1280.]