城镇森林视觉景观异质性对美学质量的影响
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摘要
北京市海淀区东升镇各大高校内以建筑为背景的城市森林景观十分丰富。结合样地实测和景观照片的分析,运用美景度(SBE)评价、主成分分析和聚类分析等方法,探讨了视觉景观异质性与美学质量之间的联系。结果表明:以建筑为背景的城镇森林视觉景观异质性与美景值呈显著负相关,基于视觉景观异质性和美景度将视觉景观分为3类:①高异质、低质量景观(类型Ⅰ):视觉景观异质性最高,斑块密度(PD),景观多样性指数(SHDI),景观均匀度指数(SIEI),分离度指数(SPLIT),景观形态指数(SHAPE),分形维数(FRAC)均最高,最大斑块指数(LPI)和连通度指数(CONTAG)最低,视觉景观连通性差、结构不稳定,构景因子的植被比例(VE)和植被建筑比例(R)最低,建筑比例(BU)最高,形状和边界的复杂主要体现在硬质要素(建筑和道路)上,整体美学质量差,可观赏性不高;②中等异质质量景观(类型Ⅱ):视觉景观异质性中等,整体稳定性、连通性、建筑和植被比例均中等, SHAPE和FRAC最低,景观美学质量仅次于类型Ⅰ景观;③低异质、高质量景观(类型Ⅲ):视觉景观异质性最低, PD,SHDI, SIEI, SPLIT及BU最低; LPI, CONTAG及VE和R最高且SHAPE, FRAC与景观Ⅰ相似,整体稳定性强,连通性高,植被丰富,植被斑块边界和形状富有一定的变化,公众喜好度最高。由此可见,随着视觉景观异质性增强,城镇森林的美学质量显著下降,而增加视野中的植被可提高美景度,相反,增加建筑比例则会降低美景度。
To determine the relationship between visual landscape heterogeneity and aesthetic quality of an urban forest landscape as a backdrop for the buildings of the universities in Dongsheng Town,Haidian District,Beijing,analysis and measurement of sample plots and landscape photos were evaluated by means of scenic beauty estimation(SBE),principal component analysis,and cluster analysis.Analysis also included patch density(PD),Shannon's diversity index(SHDI),Simpson's evenness index(SIEI),splitting index(SPLIT),fractal dimension index(FRAC),largest patch index(LPI),contagion index(CONTAG),proportion of vegetation(VE),ratio(R),and proportion of buildings(BU).Results showed a significant negative correlation(P = 0.007)between the urban forest landscape heterogeneity and aesthetic quality.All visual landscapes,based on visual landscape heterogeneity and SBE,were divided into 3 types.Type Ⅰ was high heterogeneity and low quality landscape.This heterogeneity of the visual landscape had the highest PD,SHDI,SIEI,SPLIT,and FRAC,but LPI and CONTAG were lowest.This led to poor connectivity and structural instability in the visual landscape,and the landscape design had the lowest VE and R;whereas,BU was highest.Complexity of shape and boundaries was mainly embodied in hard elements(buildings and roads) with aesthetic qualities of the entire area and the ornamental capacity being poor.Type Ⅱ was medium heterogeneity and medium landscape quality.Here heterogeneity of the visual landscape was medium with the aesthetic quality being inferior to Type Ⅰ.Overall stability,connectivity,and BU and VE were moderate with SPLIT and FRAC being lowest.Type Ⅲ was low heterogeneity and high-quality landscape.Compared to heterogeneity of the other landscapes,Type Ⅲ was lowest.PD,SHDI,SIEI,SPLIT,and BU were lowest,and LPI,CONTAG,VE,and R were highest.Also,SPLIT and FRAC were similar to Type Ⅰ.Since the public generally prefers a landscape with high stability and connectivity,rich vegetation,and complex boundaries and shapes,with the enhancement of visual landscape heterogeneity,the aesthetic quality of the urban forest noticeably decreased(P=0.007);whereas,vegetation in the field of vision increased aesthetic quality,as opposed to an increase in the proportion of buildings.
To determine the relationship between visual landscape heterogeneity and aesthetic quality of an urban forest landscape as a backdrop for the buildings of the universities in Dongsheng Town,Haidian District,Beijing,analysis and measurement of sample plots and landscape photos were evaluated by means of scenic beauty estimation(SBE),principal component analysis,and cluster analysis.Analysis also included patch density(PD),Shannon's diversity index(SHDI),Simpson's evenness index(SIEI),splitting index(SPLIT),fractal dimension index(FRAC),largest patch index(LPI),contagion index(CONTAG),proportion of vegetation(VE),ratio(R),and proportion of buildings(BU).Results showed a significant negative correlation(P = 0.007)between the urban forest landscape heterogeneity and aesthetic quality.All visual landscapes,based on visual landscape heterogeneity and SBE,were divided into 3 types.Type Ⅰ was high heterogeneity and low quality landscape.This heterogeneity of the visual landscape had the highest PD,SHDI,SIEI,SPLIT,and FRAC,but LPI and CONTAG were lowest.This led to poor connectivity and structural instability in the visual landscape,and the landscape design had the lowest VE and R;whereas,BU was highest.Complexity of shape and boundaries was mainly embodied in hard elements(buildings and roads) with aesthetic qualities of the entire area and the ornamental capacity being poor.Type Ⅱ was medium heterogeneity and medium landscape quality.Here heterogeneity of the visual landscape was medium with the aesthetic quality being inferior to Type Ⅰ.Overall stability,connectivity,and BU and VE were moderate with SPLIT and FRAC being lowest.Type Ⅲ was low heterogeneity and high-quality landscape.Compared to heterogeneity of the other landscapes,Type Ⅲ was lowest.PD,SHDI,SIEI,SPLIT,and BU were lowest,and LPI,CONTAG,VE,and R were highest.Also,SPLIT and FRAC were similar to Type Ⅰ.Since the public generally prefers a landscape with high stability and connectivity,rich vegetation,and complex boundaries and shapes,with the enhancement of visual landscape heterogeneity,the aesthetic quality of the urban forest noticeably decreased(P=0.007);whereas,vegetation in the field of vision increased aesthetic quality,as opposed to an increase in the proportion of buildings.
引文
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[3]JIN S J,GARCA-MORUNO L,HERNNDEZ-BLANCO J.A site planning approach for rural buildings into a landscape using a spatial multi-criteria decision analysis methodology[J].Land Use Policy,2013,32(1):108-118.
[4]ARRIAZA M,CAAS-ORTEGA J F,CAAS-MADUEO J A,et al.Assessing the visual quality of rural landscapes[J].Landscape Urban Plann,2004,69(1):115-125.
[5]SAHRAOUI Y,CLAUZEL C,FOLTTE J C.Spatial modeling of landscape aesthetic potential in urban-rural fringes[J].J Environ Manage,2016,181:623-636.
[6]GARC魱A-MORUNO L,MONTERO-PAREJO M J,HERNNDEZ-BLANCO J,et al.Analysis of lines and forms in buildings to rural landscape integration[J].Span J Agric Res,2010,8(3):833-847.
[7]蒋英仙.浙江工业大学校园绿化总体规划的初步构思[J].浙江林学院学报,1999,16(3):322-326.JIANG Yingxian.Overall design of campus landscaping for Zhejiang University of Technology[J].J Zhejiang For Coll1999,16(3):322-326.
[8]张芳.天津市单位附属绿地养护管理机制研究[D].天津:天津大学,2014.ZHANG Fang.Tianjin City Greening Maintenance and Management Research Unit[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University2014.
[9]赵茜.基于生态环境效应的附属绿地绿化模式探析[J].山西建筑,2016,42(23):200-201.ZHAO Qian.Inquiry on attached green land greening mode on the basis of eco-environment effect[J].Shanxi Archit2016,42(23):200-201.
[10]张桂莲.上海市森林生态服务价值评估与分析[J].中国城市林业,2016,14(3):33-38.ZHANG Guilian.Valuation and analysis of urban forest ecological services in Shanghai[J].J Chin Urban For,201614(3):33-38.
[11]车前进,曹有挥,于露,等.景观空间异质性及城市化关联:以江苏省沿江地区为例[J].生态学报,2011,31(23):7261-7270.CHE Qianjin,CAO Youhui,YU Lu,et al.Landscape spatial heterogeneity is associated with urbanization:an example from Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2011,31(23):7261-7270.
[12]TURNER M G,GARDNER R H,DALE V H,et al.Predicting the spread of disturbance across heterogeneous landscapes[J].Oikos,1989,55:121-129.
[13]TURNER M G,DALE V H.Modeling landscape disturbance[G]//TURNER M G.Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology.New York:Springer-Verlag,1991:323-351.
[14]叶伟,吴荣良,赖日文,等.基于3S技术的森林城市景观结构分析[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2015,31(1):56-61.YE Wei,WU Rongliang,LAI Riwen,et al.Analysis on forest city landscape structure based on geometrics technology[J].J Cent South Univ For Technol,2015,31(1):56-61.
[15]陈勇,孙冰,廖绍波,等.深圳市城市森林林内景观的美景度评价[J].林业科学,2014,50(8):39-44.CHEN Yong,SUN Bing,LIAO Shaobo,et al.Scenic beauty estimation of in-forest landscapes in Shenzhen urban forests[J].Sci Silv Sin,2014,50(8):39-44.
[16]刘畅.游憩型城镇景观林质量评价研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2016.LIU Chang.Research on Quality Evaluation System Which Is Landscape Forest in Urban and Suburban Area[D]Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2016.
[17]孙姝亭.北京市居民小区景观林景观质量评价研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2016.SUN Shuting.Assessment on Landscape Quality of Urban Forest in Residential Area in Beijing[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2016.
[18]孙力.基于Globcover数据的安徽省森林景观格局及森林破碎化动态分析[D].南京:南京林业大学,2014.SUN Li.Dynamic Analysis of Anhui Forest Landscape Pattern and Forest Fragmentation based on the Globcover Data[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University,2014.
[19]闻国静,刘云根,王妍,等.普者黑湖流域景观格局及生态风险时空演变[J].浙江农林大学学报,2017,34(6):1095-1103.WEN Guojing,LIU Yungen,WANG Yan,et al.Temperal and spatial evolution of landscape patterns and ecological risk in the Puzhehei Lake basin[J].J Zhejiang A&F Univ,2017,34(6):1095-1103.
[20]唐洪辉,赵庆,严俊,等.珠三角地区城镇森林景观特征[J].浙江农林大学学报,2016,33(5):784-789.TANG Honghui,ZHAO Qing,YAN Jun,et al.Landscape features of urban forest greenbelts in Pearl River Delta[J]J Zhejiang A&F Univ,2015,33(5):784-789.
[21]DANIEL T C,BOSTER R S.Measuring Landscape Aesthetics:The Scenic Beauty Estimation Method(USDA Forest Service Research Paper RM-167)[R].Fort Collins,Colo.:Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,1976.
[22]毛斌,彭立群,李乐,等.侧柏风景林美景度的林内色彩斑块非线性模型研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2015,37(7):68-75.MAO Bin,PENG Liqun,LI Le,et al.Non-linear scenic beauty model of scenic Platycladus orientalis plantations based on in-forest color patches[J].J Beijing For Univ,2015,37(7):68-75.
[23]龚建周,夏北成.景观格局指数间相关关系对植被覆盖度等级分类数的响应[J].生态学报,2007,27(10):4075-4085.GONG Jianzhou,XIA Beicheng.Response to classification numbers of vegetation types on correlative coefficients among landscape metrics[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2007,27(10):4075-4085.
[24]何晓群.多元统计分析[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2015:152-226.
[25]李效文,贾黎明,李广德,等.北京低山山桃针叶树混交风景林景观质量评价及经营技术[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2010,34(4):107-111.LI Xiaowen,JIA Liming,LI Guangde,et al.Landscape evaluation and management techniques on mixed scenic forest of Amygdalus davidiana and conifer in Beijing lower mountainous area[J].J Nanjing For Univ Nat Sci Ed,2010,34(4):107-111.
[26]刘根培.福州市植物多样性与景观构成的研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2011.LIU Genpei.The Investigation of Fuzhou Plants Diversity and the Landscape Composition[D].Fuzhou:Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,2011.
[27]张凯旋,凌焕然,达良俊.上海环城林带景观美学评价及优化策略[J].生态学报,2012,32(17):5521-5531.ZHANG Kaixuan,LING Huanran,DA Liangjun.Optimization strategies and an aesthetic evaluation of typical plant communities in the Shanghai green belt[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2012,32(17):5521-5531.
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