甲状腺激素受体基因调控动物繁殖的研究进展
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摘要
甲状腺激素(thyroid hormone,TH)及其受体除了参与调控机体正常发育和代谢平衡外,还在动物繁殖活动中发挥重要的生物学作用。甲状腺激素受体α(thyroid hormone receptor alpha,TRα)和甲状腺激素受体β(thy-roid hormone receptor beta,TRβ)属于配体依赖性核受体超家族成员,分别由THRA和THRB两个基因编码,这两个基因的选择性剪接或转录起始位置不同可导致不同组织中存在多种受体亚型。本文首先介绍了TRs的基本特征;然后以下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴(hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis,HPGA)为主线,综述了TRs通过参与促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH)脉冲释放、促性腺激素水平、促性腺激素受体和性激素受体的表达实现对性腺轴系统的繁殖调控;最后,从TH-GnRH通路、TH/TRs在哺乳动物季节性繁殖中的作用及在鸟类季节性繁殖中的作用3个方面概述了TH/TRs对动物季节性繁殖的调控作用,有助于深入了解动物季节性繁殖的分子机制,为季节性发情的人工调控提供新思路。
Thyroid hormone(TH)and its receptors play an important biological role in animal reproduction,in addition to regulating normal body development and metabolic balance.Thyroid hormone receptor alpha(TRα)and thyroid hormone receptor beta(TRβ)belong to the ligand-dependent nuclear receptor superfamily and are encoded by the THRAand THRBgenes,respectively.Different alternative splicing or transcription start positions in the 2 genes can result in multiple receptor subtypes in different tissues.In this review,the basic characteristics of TRs were introduced firstly.Then using the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis(HPGA)as a clue,the regulation of TRs on the gonadal axis system by involving pulse release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH),levels of gonadal hormones,gonadotropin receptor and sex hormone receptor expression was reviewed.Finally,this review summarizes the regulation of TH/TRs on seasonal reproduction from aspects of TH-GnRH pathway,the role of TH/TRs in seasonal reproduction of mammals and their role in seasonal bird reproduction in favor of understanding the molecular mechanism of seasonal reproduction of animals and providing new ideas for artificial regulation of seasonal estrus.
Thyroid hormone(TH)and its receptors play an important biological role in animal reproduction,in addition to regulating normal body development and metabolic balance.Thyroid hormone receptor alpha(TRα)and thyroid hormone receptor beta(TRβ)belong to the ligand-dependent nuclear receptor superfamily and are encoded by the THRAand THRBgenes,respectively.Different alternative splicing or transcription start positions in the 2 genes can result in multiple receptor subtypes in different tissues.In this review,the basic characteristics of TRs were introduced firstly.Then using the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis(HPGA)as a clue,the regulation of TRs on the gonadal axis system by involving pulse release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH),levels of gonadal hormones,gonadotropin receptor and sex hormone receptor expression was reviewed.Finally,this review summarizes the regulation of TH/TRs on seasonal reproduction from aspects of TH-GnRH pathway,the role of TH/TRs in seasonal reproduction of mammals and their role in seasonal bird reproduction in favor of understanding the molecular mechanism of seasonal reproduction of animals and providing new ideas for artificial regulation of seasonal estrus.
引文
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[5]DE VITO P,INCERPI S,PEDERSEN J Z,et al.Thyroid hormones as modulators of immune activities at the cellular level[J].Thyroid,2011,21(8):879-890.
[6]BERNAL J,GUADAO-FERRAZ A,MORTE B.Thyroid hormone transporters-functions and clinical implications[J].Nat Rev Endocrinol,2015,11(7):406-417.
[7]BASSETT J H D,HARVEY C B,WILLIAMS G R.Mechanisms of thyroid hormone receptor-specific nuclear and extra nuclear actions[J].Mol Cell Endocrinol,2003,213(1):1-11.
[8]PARK J W,ZHAO L,WEBB P,et al.Src-dependent phosphorylation at Y406on the thyroid hormone receptorβconfers the tumor suppressor activity[J].Oncotarget,2014,5(20):10002-10016.
[9]KOENIG R J,LAZAR M A,HODIN R A,et al.Inhibition of thyroid hormone action by a non-hormone binding c-erbA protein generated by alternative mRNA splicing[J].Nature,1989,337(6208):659-661.
[10]LAZAR M A.Thyroid hormone receptors:multiple forms,multiple possibilities[J].Endocr Rev,1993,14(2):184-193.
[11]CHENG S Y,LEONARD J L,DAVIS P J.Molecular aspects of thyroid hormone actions[J].Endocr Rev,2010,31(2):139-170.
[12]VAN MULLEM A A,CHRYSIS D,EYTHIMI-ADOU A,et al.Clinical phenotype of a new type of thyroid hormone resistance caused by a mutation of the TRα1receptor:consequences of LT4treatment[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metab,2013,98(7):3029-3038.
[13]RODRGUEZ E M,BLZQUEZ J L,PASTOR F E,et al.Hypothalamic tanycytes:a key component of brain-endocrine interaction[J].Int Rev Cytol,2005,247:89-164.
[14]SINGH B K,SINHA R A,OHBA K,et al.Role of thyroid hormone in hepatic gene regulation,chromatin remodeling,and autophagy[J].Mol Cell Endocrinol,2017,458:160-168.
[15]BERTRAND-GADAY C,PESSEMESSE L,CABEL-LO G,et al.Temperature homeostasis in mice lacking the p43 mitochondrial T3receptor[J].FEBS Lett,2016,590(7):982-991.
[16]LIU K L,LO M,CANAPLE L,et al.Vascular function of the mesenteric artery isolated from thyroid hormone receptor-E knockout mice[J].J Vasc Res,2014,51(5):350-359.
[17]BAXTER J D,DILLMANN W H,WEST B L,et al.Selective modulation of thyroid hormone receptor action[J].J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol,2001,76(1-5):31-42.
[18]PARK J W,ZHAO L,WILLINGHAM M,et al.Oncogenic mutations of thyroid hormone receptorβ[J].Oncotarget,2015,6(10):8115-8131.
[19]NG L,CORDAS E,WU X F,et al.Age-related hearing loss and degeneration of cochlear hair cells in mice lacking thyroid hormone receptorβ1[J].Endocrinology,2015,156(10):3853-3865.
[20]PEETERS R P,NG L,MA M,et al.The timecourse of apoptotic cell death during postnatal remodeling of the mouse cochlea and its premature onset by triiodothyronine(T3)[J].Mol Cell Endocrinol,2015,407:1-8.
[21]HODIN R A,LAZAR M A,WINTMAN B I,et al.Identification of a thyroid hormone receptor that is pituitary-specific[J].Science,1989,244(4900):76-79.
[22]JANSEN H T,KIRBY J D,COOKE P S,et al.Impact of neonatal hypothyroidism on reproduction in the male hamster,Mesocricetus auratus[J].Physiol Behav,2007,90(5):771-781.
[23]KASSK F,HNA V,SAUDEK V,et al.Novel mutation(T273R)in thyroid hormone receptorβgene provides further insight into cryptic negative regulation by thyroid hormone[J].Folia Biol,2017,63(2):60-66.
[24]GUIGON C J,KIM D W,WILLINGHAM M C,et al.Mutation of thyroid hormone receptor-βin mice predisposes to the development of mammary tumors[J].Oncogene,2011,30(30):3381-3390.
[25]GONZLEZ-SANCHO J M,GARCíA V,BONILLAF,et al.Thyroid hormone receptors/THR genes in human cancer[J].Cancer Lett,2003,192(2):121-132.
[26]BRADLEY D J,TOWLE H C,YOUNG W S.Spatial and temporal expression of alpha-and beta-thyroid hormone receptor mRNAs,including the beta 2-subtype,in the developing mammalian nervous system[J].J Neurosci,1992,12(6):2288-2302.
[27]FORREST D,VENNSTRM B.Functions of thyroid hormone receptors in mice[J].Thyroid,2000,10(1):41-52.
[28]SINHA R A,SINGH B K,YEN P M.Thyroid hormone regulation of hepatic lipid and carbohydrate metabolism[J].Trends Endocrinol Metab,2014,25(10):538-545.
[29]FOZZATTI L,LU C X,KIM D W,et al.Differential recruitment of nuclear coregulators directs the isoform-dependent action of mutant thyroid hormone receptors[J].Mol Endocrinol,2011,25(6):908-921.
[30]HAMEED S,PATTERSON M,DHILLO W S,et al.Thyroid hormone receptor beta in the ventromedial hypothalamus is essential for the physiological regulation of food intake and body weight[J].Cell Rep,2017,19(11):2202-2209.
[31]D UFOURNY L,SKINNER D C.Colocalization of progesterone receptors and thyroid hormone receptors alpha in the ovine diencephalon:no effect of estradiol[J].Neuroendocrinology,2003,77(1):51-58.
[32]ABDOLI R,ZAMANI P,MIRHOSEINI S Z,et al.Areview on prolificacy genes in sheep[J].Reprod Domest Anim,2016,51(5):631-637.
[33]ANDERSON G M,HARDY S L,VALENT M,et al.Evidence that thyroid hormones act in the ventromedial preoptic area and the premammillary region of the brain to allow the termination of the breeding season in the ewe[J].Endocrinology,2003,144(7):2892-2901.
[34]DUFOURNY L,GENNETAY D,MARTINET S,et al.The content of thyroid hormone receptorαin ewe kisspeptin neurones is not season-dependent[J].JNeuroendocrinol,2016,28(2):12344.
[35]FRANCESCHINI I,LOMET D,CATEAU M,et al.Kisspeptin immunoreactive cells of the ovine preoptic area and arcuate nucleus co-express estrogen receptor alpha[J].Neurosci Lett,2006,401(3):225-230.
[36]ANDERSON G M,CONNORS J M,HARDY S L,et al.Thyroid hormones mediate steroid-independent seasonal changes in luteinizing hormone pulsatility in the ewe[J].Biol Reprod,2002,66(3):701-706.
[37]XIONG J J,KARSCH F J,LEHMAN M N.Evidence for seasonal plasticity in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)system of the ewe:changes in synaptic inputs onto GnRH neurons[J].Endocrinology,1997,138(3):1240-1250.
[38]B URGOS-TRINIDAD M,KOENIG R J.Dominant negative activity of thyroid hormone receptor variantα2and interaction with nuclear corepressors[J].Mol Cell Endocrinol,1999,149(1-2):107-114.
[39]Y AMAMURA T,HIRUNAGI K,EBIHARA S,et al.Seasonal morphological changes in the neuro-glial interaction between gonadotropin-releasing hormone nerve terminals and glial endfeet in Japanese quail[J].Endocrinology,2004,145(9):4264-4267.
[40]LAZAR M A,HODIN R A,DARLING D S,et al.Identification of a rat c-erbAα-related protein which binds deoxyribonucleic acid but does not bind thyroid hormone[J].Mol Endocrinol,1988,2(10):893-901.
[41]YOSHIMURA T.Molecular bases for seasonal reproduction in birds[J].J Poult Sci,2004,41(4):251-258.
[42]WOOD S H,CHRISTIAN H C,MIEDZINSKA K,et al.Binary switching of calendar cells in the pituitary defines the phase of the circannual cycle in mammals[J].Curr Biol,2015,25(20):2651-2662.
[43]WANG Y Q,FISAHN A,SINHA I,et al.Hippocampal transcriptome profile of persistent memory rescue in a mouse model of THRA1 mutation-mediated resistance to thyroid hormone[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:18617.
[44]BIANCO A C,ANDERSON G,FORREST D,et al.American Thyroid Association Guide to investigating thyroid hormone economy and action in rodent and cell models[J].Thyroid,2014,24(1):88-168.
[45]MATTA S L P,VILELA D A R,GODINHO H P,et al.The goitrogen 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil(PTU)given during testis development increases Sertoli and germ cell numbers per cyst in fish:the tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)model[J].Endocrinology,2002,143(3):970-978.
[46]JOYCE K L,PORCELLI J,COOKE P S.Neonatal goitrogen treatment increases adult testis size and sperm production in the mouse[J].J Androl,1993,14(6):448-455.
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