巴西电网失步解列情况分析及启示
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摘要
失步解列是防止电网事故扩大而导致电网崩溃及大面积停电的最后一道防线,在大电网中广泛应用。2018年3月21日,巴西电网解列事件中,北部、东北部电网先后与主电网解列,巴西电网瓦解为3片。由于同步电网网架复杂、故障性质复杂、全局实测信息不足,失步保护的策略制定、实时判断和实时配合面临挑战。本次电网故障过程中系统解列的发生和发展过程体现了巴西区域电网联网架构、系统解列设备配置和参数整定、运行和管理等方面的自身特点。与中国电网实践相比,巴西电网发展具有自身理念,一是,电网管理方面,私有化特许经营体制对电网规划严格执行和电网系统保护参数适应性提出挑战;二是,输电网方面,电压等级密,若干主干网电压等级偏低,全国同步电网分层分区结构不明显,广泛应用各电压等级电磁环网。此次停电中电网解列过程,对巴西境内在建、在运的我国输电资产的管理提升具有重要参考价值。
Power system out-of-step separation is the last resort to prevent grid collapse and blackout caused by accident extension,and widely applied in large power grid. On March21, 2018, during the power grid separation, the Northern and Northeastern power grids of Brazil were disconnected with Brazilian Sistema Interligado Nacional(SIN), and the Brazilian power grid was disintegrated into 3 islands. Considering the complex synchronous grid structure, complex fault performance and lack of real-time global measurement information, out-of-step protection faces challenges on aspects of strategy formulation, real-time judgment and real-time cooperation. The grid separation performances basically embody the typical characteristics of Brazilian operation and management, on aspects of regional power grid structure,equipment configuration and system parameter setting of system protection. Compared with Chinese power grid practices, Brazilian power grid is characterized with its own characteristics and concepts. On one hand, as for grid management, private power administration is partly oppositely related to both strict implementation of power grid plan realization and high adaptability of the power system protection parameters. On the other hand, as for transmission grid, the voltage levels are dense, the voltage levels of some backbone grids are low,the hierarchical and regional principle has little shown in the nationwide synchronous power grid structure, and the electromagnetic loop networks with various voltage levels are widely applied. Analysis on the power system separation will be beneficial to promote management of Chinese transmission assets both under construction and operation in Brazil.
Power system out-of-step separation is the last resort to prevent grid collapse and blackout caused by accident extension,and widely applied in large power grid. On March21, 2018, during the power grid separation, the Northern and Northeastern power grids of Brazil were disconnected with Brazilian Sistema Interligado Nacional(SIN), and the Brazilian power grid was disintegrated into 3 islands. Considering the complex synchronous grid structure, complex fault performance and lack of real-time global measurement information, out-of-step protection faces challenges on aspects of strategy formulation, real-time judgment and real-time cooperation. The grid separation performances basically embody the typical characteristics of Brazilian operation and management, on aspects of regional power grid structure,equipment configuration and system parameter setting of system protection. Compared with Chinese power grid practices, Brazilian power grid is characterized with its own characteristics and concepts. On one hand, as for grid management, private power administration is partly oppositely related to both strict implementation of power grid plan realization and high adaptability of the power system protection parameters. On the other hand, as for transmission grid, the voltage levels are dense, the voltage levels of some backbone grids are low,the hierarchical and regional principle has little shown in the nationwide synchronous power grid structure, and the electromagnetic loop networks with various voltage levels are widely applied. Analysis on the power system separation will be beneficial to promote management of Chinese transmission assets both under construction and operation in Brazil.
引文
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[19]林伟芳,孙华东,汤涌,等.巴西“11?10”大停电事故分析及启示[J].电力系统自动化,2010,34(7):1-5.Lin Weifang,Sun Huadong,Tang Yong,et al.Analysis and lessons of the blackout in Brazil power grid on November 10,2009[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2010,34(7):1-5(in Chinese).
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[22]汤涌,卜广全,易俊.印度“7?30”、“7?31”大停电事故分析及启示[J].中国电机工程学报,2012,32(25):167-174.Tang Yong,Bu Guangquan,Yi Jun.Analysis and lessons of the blackout in Indian power grid on July 30 and 31,2012[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2012,32(25):167-174(in Chinese).
[23]邵瑶,汤涌,易俊,等.土耳其“3?31”大停电事故分析及启示[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(23):9-14.Shao Yao,Tang Yong,Yi Jun,et al.Analysis and lessons of blackout in Turkey power grid on March,31,2015[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(23):9-14(in Chinese).
[24]李保杰,李进波,李洪杰,等.土耳其“3?31”大停电事故的分析及对我国电网安全运行的启示[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(21):5788-5795.LI Baojie,LI Jinbo,LI Hongjie,et al.Analysis of Turkish blackout on March 31,2015 and lesson on China power grid[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(21):5788-5795(in Chinese).
[25]曾辉,孙峰,李铁,等.澳大利亚“9?28”大停电事故分析及对中国启示[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(13):1-6.Zeng Hui,Sun Feng,Li Tie,et al.Analysis of“9?28”blackout in south Australia and its enlightenment to China[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(13):1-6(in Chinese).
[26]王梅义,吴竞昌,蒙定中.大电网系统技术[M].北京:中国电力出版社,1995.
[27]杨以涵,艾琳,姜彤,等.基于效益风险函数的电磁环网风险评估与控制[J].电网技术,2009,33(7):65-70.Yang Yihan,Ai Lin,Jiang Tong,et al.Risk assessment and control of electromagnetically coupled power loop based on risk benefit function[J].Power System Technology,2009,33(7):65-70(in Chinese).
[28]范明天,张祖平,苏傲雪,等.主动配电系统可行技术的研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(22):12-18.Fan Mingtian,Zhang Zuping,Su Aoxue,et al.Enabling technologies for active distribution systems[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(22):12-18(in Chinese).
[2]ONS,Entrevista coletiva sobre a Perturba??o de 21/03/2018[EB/OL].[2018-04-06].http://ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentos EPublicacoes/ONS_Apresenta??o_coletiva.pdf.
[3]汤涌.基于响应的电力系统广域安全稳定控制[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(29):5041-5050.Tang Yong.Response-based wide area control for power system security and stability[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(29):5041-5050(in Chinese).
[4]丁剑,马世英,赵伟,等.大电网失步解列难点问题及隔离策略初步构想[J].高电压技术,2017,43(7):2394-2401.Ding Jian,Ma Shiying,Zhao Wei,et al.Difficulties and preliminary conception of isolation strategy on power grid out-of-step islanding[J].High Voltage Engineering,2017,43(7):2394-2401(in Chinese).
[5]王英涛,汤涌,丁理杰,等.新型电力系统失步广域控制技术研发[J].电网技术,2013,37(7):1827-1833.Wang Yingtao,Tang Yong,Ding Lijie,et al.Research and development of new wide area out-of-step control technology for power systems[J].Power System Technology,2013,37(7):1827-1833(in Chinese).
[6]李晓珺,周剑,唐晓骏,等.南方电网多通道受电断面失步振荡及解列措施[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(20):163-167.Li Xiaojun,Zhou Jian,Tang Xiaojun,et al.Out-of-step oscillation and splitting measures of multi-channel receiving section in southern power grid[J].Automaton of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(20):163-167(in Chinese).
[7]ONS,NotaàImprensa 3-Ocorrência no SIN-21/03/2018[EB/OL].[2019-03-22].http://www.ons.org.br/Paginas/Noticias/20180322-notaaimprensacomplementar2.aspx.
[8]刘云.巴西“9.13”远西北电网解列及停电事故分析及启示[J].中国电机工程学报,2018,38(11):3204-3213.Liu Yun.Analysis on and inspiration of the“9.13”islanding and outage of Brazilian remote northwest power grid[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2018,38(11):3204-3213(in Chinese).
[9]刘云.我国特高压直流输电技术的巴西本地化工程实施方案[J].电网技术,2017,41(10):3323-3229.Liu Yun.Research on localized channel design in Brazil utilizing Chinese UHVDC telecommunication technologies[J].Power System Technology,2017,41(10):3323-3229(in Chinese).
[10]Faugstad K,Magg T,Damgaard P,et al.HVDC environment planning guidelines[J].Electra,2012(264):39.
[11]ONS.Plano da Opera??o Elétrica 2018/2019[EB/OL].[2017-06-01].http://www.ons.org.br/Acervo Digital Documentos EPublicacoes/PEL2018-2019_Sumario_Executivo.pdf.
[12]ONS.Mapa geoeletrico redede operacao Brasil2017[EB/OL].[2017-12-15].http://ons.org.br/paginas/sobre-o-ons/o-que-e-ons.
[13]侯俊贤,韩民晓,汤涌,等.机电暂态仿真中振荡中心的识别方法及应用[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(25):61-67.Hou Junxian,Han Minxiao,Tang Yong,et al.An oscillation center identification method and application in electro-mechanic transient simulation[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(25):61-67(in Chinese).
[14]夏成军,陈翠琼,涂亮,等.多频振荡下失步解列判据的适用性分析[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(4):26-31.Xia Chengjun,Chen Cuiqiong,Tu Liang,etal.Applicability analysis of out-of-step splitting criteria under multi-frequency oscillation[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(4):26-31(in Chinese).
[15]刘福锁,方勇杰,李威,等.多频振荡下的失步振荡中心变化规律及其定位[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(20):68-73.Liu Fusuo,Fang Yongjie,Li Wei,et al.Out-of-step oscillation center change rules and its location under multi-frequency oscillation[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2014,38(20):68-73(in Chinese).
[16]高鹏,王建全,周文平,等.关于振荡中心的研究[J].电力系统及其自动化学报,2015,17(2):48-53.Gao Peng,Wang Jianquan,Zhou Wenping,et al.Study on oscillation center[J].Proceedings of the CSU-EPSA,2015,17(2):48-53(in Chinese).
[17]刘福锁,方勇杰,李威,等.阻抗不均导致振荡中心迁移的规律[J].电网技术,2014,38(1):193-198.Liu Fusuo,Fang Yongjie,Li Wei,et al.The mechanism of oscillation center migration due to impedance inequality[J].Power System Technology,2014,38(1):193-198(in Chinese).
[18]陈恩泽,唐飞,刘涤尘,等.振荡中心迁移下的电网失步解列策略[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(22):3799-3805.Chen Enze,Tang Fei,Liu Dichen,et al.Splitting strategy of power systems based on migration of oscillation center[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(22):3799-3805(in Chinese).
[19]林伟芳,孙华东,汤涌,等.巴西“11?10”大停电事故分析及启示[J].电力系统自动化,2010,34(7):1-5.Lin Weifang,Sun Huadong,Tang Yong,et al.Analysis and lessons of the blackout in Brazil power grid on November 10,2009[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2010,34(7):1-5(in Chinese).
[20]林伟芳,汤涌,孙华东,等.巴西“2?4”大停电事故及对电网安全稳定运行的启示[J].电力系统自动化,2011,35(9):1-5.Lin Weifang,Tang Yong,Sun Huadong,et al.Blackout in Brazil power grid on February 4,2011 and inspirations for stable operation of power grid[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2011,35(9):1-5(in Chinese).
[21]方勇杰.美国“9?8”大停电对连锁故障防控技术的启示[J].电力系统自动化,2012,36(15):1-7.Fang Yongjie.Lessons from September 8,2011 Southwest America blackout for prevention and control of cascading outages[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2012,36(15):1-7(in Chinese).
[22]汤涌,卜广全,易俊.印度“7?30”、“7?31”大停电事故分析及启示[J].中国电机工程学报,2012,32(25):167-174.Tang Yong,Bu Guangquan,Yi Jun.Analysis and lessons of the blackout in Indian power grid on July 30 and 31,2012[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2012,32(25):167-174(in Chinese).
[23]邵瑶,汤涌,易俊,等.土耳其“3?31”大停电事故分析及启示[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(23):9-14.Shao Yao,Tang Yong,Yi Jun,et al.Analysis and lessons of blackout in Turkey power grid on March,31,2015[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(23):9-14(in Chinese).
[24]李保杰,李进波,李洪杰,等.土耳其“3?31”大停电事故的分析及对我国电网安全运行的启示[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(21):5788-5795.LI Baojie,LI Jinbo,LI Hongjie,et al.Analysis of Turkish blackout on March 31,2015 and lesson on China power grid[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(21):5788-5795(in Chinese).
[25]曾辉,孙峰,李铁,等.澳大利亚“9?28”大停电事故分析及对中国启示[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(13):1-6.Zeng Hui,Sun Feng,Li Tie,et al.Analysis of“9?28”blackout in south Australia and its enlightenment to China[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(13):1-6(in Chinese).
[26]王梅义,吴竞昌,蒙定中.大电网系统技术[M].北京:中国电力出版社,1995.
[27]杨以涵,艾琳,姜彤,等.基于效益风险函数的电磁环网风险评估与控制[J].电网技术,2009,33(7):65-70.Yang Yihan,Ai Lin,Jiang Tong,et al.Risk assessment and control of electromagnetically coupled power loop based on risk benefit function[J].Power System Technology,2009,33(7):65-70(in Chinese).
[28]范明天,张祖平,苏傲雪,等.主动配电系统可行技术的研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(22):12-18.Fan Mingtian,Zhang Zuping,Su Aoxue,et al.Enabling technologies for active distribution systems[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(22):12-18(in Chinese).