少数民族传统节事商品化:行动主体及微观权力运作
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摘要
文章以云南省元阳县哈播长龙宴为案例,通过参与式观察和半结构化访谈,借助行动者网络这一分析工具,在福柯微观权力观的指导下剖析传统节事在旅游开发背景下商品化的发展过程,以及目的地社区的日常生活政治。研究发现:①少数民族节事旅游商品化是一个动态的发展过程,行动者网络中的利益主体角色发生变化,网络结构处于持续调整的状态。②政府借助行政征召的手段主导传统节事商品化发展,其核心地位在商品化发展过程中发生动摇。社区居民在旅游发展中的行动逻辑受多重因素影响,坚守传统文化以及追求经济利益是传统文化领袖和社区居民参与少数民族节事旅游发展共同的驱动力。社区的权利抗争一定程度上维护族群精神信仰。③传统节事商品化发展应重视少数民族社区的主体性,平衡社区和其他行动者之间的关系,选择适合少数民族地区的旅游发展道路。
The encounter of local tradition and modern tourism industry has changed ethnic traditional festivals. From the perspective of micro-power, the authors employ actor network theory and non-policy based rightful resistance to analyze the dynamic process regarding the commercialization of Long-street Banquet in Habo Village of Yunnan Province. The authors have conducted the fieldwork since 2015, using participatory observation and semi-structured interviews to explore the power relations and interactions among the local administration, religious leaders and local residents in ethnic tourism context. This study indicates that firstly, the commercialization of ethnic festivals is a dynamic process. The actors' roles are changing and the network structure is in a state of continuous adjustment. Secondly, the government has used administrative orders to dominate the commercialization of traditional festivals, but its core position has been challenged in the process. Sticking to traditional culture and pursuing economic interests are the common driving forces for both religious leaders and local residents to participate in the commercialization of ethnic festivals and tourism development. The non-policy based rightful resistance of local residents reflects the spiritual beliefs of the ethnic group to a certain extent. Thirdly, the commoditization of traditional ethnic festival should respect the subjectivity of local communities, balance the relationship between multiple actors and communities, and develop a sustainable path for tourism development in ethnic minority areas. This study reveals the detailed negotiations and conflicts among multiple actors in different stages regarding the commercialization of traditional festivals and provides a new approach of understanding the complexity of ethnic festival commercialization. The results suggest that ethnic minorities are active agencies and local elites should properly deal with conflicts of interests.
The encounter of local tradition and modern tourism industry has changed ethnic traditional festivals. From the perspective of micro-power, the authors employ actor network theory and non-policy based rightful resistance to analyze the dynamic process regarding the commercialization of Long-street Banquet in Habo Village of Yunnan Province. The authors have conducted the fieldwork since 2015, using participatory observation and semi-structured interviews to explore the power relations and interactions among the local administration, religious leaders and local residents in ethnic tourism context. This study indicates that firstly, the commercialization of ethnic festivals is a dynamic process. The actors' roles are changing and the network structure is in a state of continuous adjustment. Secondly, the government has used administrative orders to dominate the commercialization of traditional festivals, but its core position has been challenged in the process. Sticking to traditional culture and pursuing economic interests are the common driving forces for both religious leaders and local residents to participate in the commercialization of ethnic festivals and tourism development. The non-policy based rightful resistance of local residents reflects the spiritual beliefs of the ethnic group to a certain extent. Thirdly, the commoditization of traditional ethnic festival should respect the subjectivity of local communities, balance the relationship between multiple actors and communities, and develop a sustainable path for tourism development in ethnic minority areas. This study reveals the detailed negotiations and conflicts among multiple actors in different stages regarding the commercialization of traditional festivals and provides a new approach of understanding the complexity of ethnic festival commercialization. The results suggest that ethnic minorities are active agencies and local elites should properly deal with conflicts of interests.
引文
[1]陈天富.美丽乡村背景下河南乡村旅游发展问题与对策[J].经济地理,2017,37(11):236-240.
[2]戴光全,保继刚.西方事件及事件旅游研究的概念、内容、方法与启发(上)[J].旅游学刊,2003,18(5):26-34.
[3]霍尔,奈茨.文化:社会学的视野[M].周晓虹,徐彬,译.北京:商务印书馆,2009.
[4] Koch E. Ecotourism and Rural Reconstruction in South Africa:Reality or Rhetoric[C]//Ghimire K B,Pimbert M P. Social Change and Conservation:Environmental Politics and Impacts of National Parks and Protected Areas. London:Earthscan,1997:214-238.
[5]李靖.印象“泼水节”:交织于国家、地方、民间仪式中的少数民族节庆旅游[J].民俗研究,2014(1):45-57.
[6]吴炆佳,袁振杰.商品化、主体性和地方性的重构——再造的西双版纳傣族园泼水节[J].旅游学刊,2013,28(4):14-15.
[7]庄晓平,朱竑.权利视角下的旅游权利主体探究——兼与国内若干学者商榷[J].旅游学刊,2013,28(5):116-122.
[8]韦瑾,戴光全.民族节事场域居民的权力感、主客交往意愿与节事支持度研究[J].旅游科学,2018,32(6):65-78.
[9] Wang N. The Rise of Toutistic Consumerism in Urban China[J]. Tourism Recreation Research,2004,29(2):47-58.
[10]戴光全,等.节事地理研究:节事·地方·场所[M].北京:科学出版社,2012:21.
[11] Long H,Tu S,Ge D,et al. The allocation and management of critical resources in rural China under restructuring:Problems and prospects[J]. Journal of Rural Studies,2016,47:392-412.
[12] Gursoy D,Kim K M,Uysal M. Perceived impacts of festivals and special events by organizers:an extension and validation[J]. Tourism Management,2004,25(2):171-181.
[13]肖琼.葛兰西的“文化领导权”和福柯的微观权力论之比较[J].广西师范大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2009,45(1):24-28.
[14]欧阳谦.福柯的新政治观:一种微观权力的谱系学建构[J].中国人民大学学报,2012,26(2):57-64.
[15]高宣扬.当代社会学理论(上)[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005.
[16] Boissevain J eds. Coping with Tourists:European Reactions to Mass Tourism[M]. Oxford:Berghahn Books,1996.
[17] Cole S. Beyond authenticity and commodification[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,2007,34(4):943-960.
[18] Dogan H Z. Forms of adjustment:Sociocultural impacts of tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,1989,16(2):216-236.
[19] Evans-Pritchard D. How"they"see"us". Native American images of tourists[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,1989,16(1):89-105.
[20] Cartier C,Lew A. Seductions of Place[M]. London and New York:Routledge,2005:45-62.
[21] Westerhausen K,Macbeth J. Backpackers and empowered local communities:Natural allies in the struggle for sustainability and local control?[J]. Tourism Geographies,2003,5(1):71-86.
[22] Cheong S M,Miller M L. Power and tourism:A Foucauldian observation[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,2000,27(2):371-390.
[23] Maoz D. The mutual gaze[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,2006,33(1):221-239.
[24] Wei L,Qian J,Sun J. Self-orientalism,joke-work and hosttourist relation[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,2018,68(1):89-99.
[25]钱俊希,张瀚.想象,展演与权力:西藏旅游过程中的“他者性”建构[J].旅游学刊,2016,31(6):82-93.
[26] Yang L. Tourists’perceptions of ethnic tourism in Lugu Lake,Yunnan,China[J]. Journal of Heritage Tourism,2012,7(1):59-81.
[27] Tuulentie S. The dialectic of identities in the field of tourism:The discourses of the indigenous Sámi in defining their own and the tourists'identities[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Hospi‐tality and Tourism,2006,6(1):25-36.
[28] O’Brien K. Rightful resistance[J]. World Politics Journal,1996,49(1):31-55.
[29] O’Brien K,Li L. Rightful Resistance in Rural China[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006.
[30] Callon M. The sociology of an actor-network:The case of the electric vehicle[M]. In Callon M,Law J&Rip A. eds. Map‐ping the Dynamics of Science and Technology. Palgrave Mac‐millan Press,London,UK,1986:19-34.
[31]李立华,付涤非,刘睿.旅游研究的空间转向:行动者网络理论视角的旅游研究述评[J].旅游学刊,2014,29(3):107-115.
[32]刘宣,王小依.行动者网络理论在人文地理领域应用研究述评[J].地理科学进展,2013,32(7):1 139-1 147.
[33]艾少伟,苗长虹.行动者网络理论视域下的经济地理学哲学思考[J].经济地理,2009,29(4):545-550.
[34]艾少伟,苗长虹.从“地方空间”、“流动空间”到“行动者网络空间”:ANT视角[J].人文地理,2010(2):43-49.
[35] Gerth H H,Mills C W. From Max Weber:Essays in Sociology[M]. London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1970:280.
[36] Weber M. Economy and Society[M]. Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press,1978:399.
[37] Bourdieu P. Legitimation and structured interests in Weber’s sociology of religion[M]. In Lash S and Whimster S eds. Max Weber,Rationality and Irrationality. Boston:Allen and Unwin,1987.
[38]保继刚,孙九霞.社区参与旅游发展的中西差异[J].地理学报,2006,61(4):401-413.
[39] Li W J. Community decision making:Participation in development[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,2006,33(1):132-143.
[40] Oakes T. Tourism and Modernity in China[M]. London:Routledge,2005.
[41] Louisa S. Minority Rules:The Miao and the Feminine in China's Cultural Politics[M]. Durham:Duke University Press,2000.
[42]孙九霞,保继刚.从缺失到凸显:社区参与旅游发展研究脉络[J].旅游学刊,2006,21(7):63-68.
[43]魏雷,孙九霞.少数民族旅游社区现代性的本土化实践——以泸沽湖大落水村为例[J].旅游学刊,2017,32(10):47-56.
[44]高永久,柳建文.民族政治精英论[J].南开学报:哲学社会科学版,2008(5):124-135.
[45] Carroll W K. Transnationalists and national networkers in the global corporate elite[J]. Global Networks:A Journal of Trans‐national Affairs,2009,9(3):289-314.
[46] Machonin P,Tucek M,Nekola M. The Czech economic elite after fifteen years of post-socialist transformation[J]. Socio‐logical Review,2006,42(3):537-556.
[47] Jasiecki K. The changing roles of the post-transitional economic elite in Poland[J]. Journal for East European Management Studies,2008,13(4):327-359.
[48] Michael D L. Evangelicals in the power elite:Elite cohesion advancing a movement[J]. American Sociological Review,2008,73(2):60-82.
[49] Ansoms A. Re-engineering rural society:the visions and ambitions of the Rwandan elite[J]. African Affairs,2009,108(431):289-309.
(1)统计日期截至2014年12月。数据来源:元阳县俄扎乡人口统计办公室。
(1)每个村寨庆祝昂玛突的日期不同,每年哈尼历十二月的第一个属牛日是哈播村的祭寨神日,第二和第三天(虎日和兔日)则是村民摆长龙宴、集体欢庆昂玛突节的日子。
[2]戴光全,保继刚.西方事件及事件旅游研究的概念、内容、方法与启发(上)[J].旅游学刊,2003,18(5):26-34.
[3]霍尔,奈茨.文化:社会学的视野[M].周晓虹,徐彬,译.北京:商务印书馆,2009.
[4] Koch E. Ecotourism and Rural Reconstruction in South Africa:Reality or Rhetoric[C]//Ghimire K B,Pimbert M P. Social Change and Conservation:Environmental Politics and Impacts of National Parks and Protected Areas. London:Earthscan,1997:214-238.
[5]李靖.印象“泼水节”:交织于国家、地方、民间仪式中的少数民族节庆旅游[J].民俗研究,2014(1):45-57.
[6]吴炆佳,袁振杰.商品化、主体性和地方性的重构——再造的西双版纳傣族园泼水节[J].旅游学刊,2013,28(4):14-15.
[7]庄晓平,朱竑.权利视角下的旅游权利主体探究——兼与国内若干学者商榷[J].旅游学刊,2013,28(5):116-122.
[8]韦瑾,戴光全.民族节事场域居民的权力感、主客交往意愿与节事支持度研究[J].旅游科学,2018,32(6):65-78.
[9] Wang N. The Rise of Toutistic Consumerism in Urban China[J]. Tourism Recreation Research,2004,29(2):47-58.
[10]戴光全,等.节事地理研究:节事·地方·场所[M].北京:科学出版社,2012:21.
[11] Long H,Tu S,Ge D,et al. The allocation and management of critical resources in rural China under restructuring:Problems and prospects[J]. Journal of Rural Studies,2016,47:392-412.
[12] Gursoy D,Kim K M,Uysal M. Perceived impacts of festivals and special events by organizers:an extension and validation[J]. Tourism Management,2004,25(2):171-181.
[13]肖琼.葛兰西的“文化领导权”和福柯的微观权力论之比较[J].广西师范大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2009,45(1):24-28.
[14]欧阳谦.福柯的新政治观:一种微观权力的谱系学建构[J].中国人民大学学报,2012,26(2):57-64.
[15]高宣扬.当代社会学理论(上)[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005.
[16] Boissevain J eds. Coping with Tourists:European Reactions to Mass Tourism[M]. Oxford:Berghahn Books,1996.
[17] Cole S. Beyond authenticity and commodification[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,2007,34(4):943-960.
[18] Dogan H Z. Forms of adjustment:Sociocultural impacts of tourism[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,1989,16(2):216-236.
[19] Evans-Pritchard D. How"they"see"us". Native American images of tourists[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,1989,16(1):89-105.
[20] Cartier C,Lew A. Seductions of Place[M]. London and New York:Routledge,2005:45-62.
[21] Westerhausen K,Macbeth J. Backpackers and empowered local communities:Natural allies in the struggle for sustainability and local control?[J]. Tourism Geographies,2003,5(1):71-86.
[22] Cheong S M,Miller M L. Power and tourism:A Foucauldian observation[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,2000,27(2):371-390.
[23] Maoz D. The mutual gaze[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,2006,33(1):221-239.
[24] Wei L,Qian J,Sun J. Self-orientalism,joke-work and hosttourist relation[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,2018,68(1):89-99.
[25]钱俊希,张瀚.想象,展演与权力:西藏旅游过程中的“他者性”建构[J].旅游学刊,2016,31(6):82-93.
[26] Yang L. Tourists’perceptions of ethnic tourism in Lugu Lake,Yunnan,China[J]. Journal of Heritage Tourism,2012,7(1):59-81.
[27] Tuulentie S. The dialectic of identities in the field of tourism:The discourses of the indigenous Sámi in defining their own and the tourists'identities[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Hospi‐tality and Tourism,2006,6(1):25-36.
[28] O’Brien K. Rightful resistance[J]. World Politics Journal,1996,49(1):31-55.
[29] O’Brien K,Li L. Rightful Resistance in Rural China[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006.
[30] Callon M. The sociology of an actor-network:The case of the electric vehicle[M]. In Callon M,Law J&Rip A. eds. Map‐ping the Dynamics of Science and Technology. Palgrave Mac‐millan Press,London,UK,1986:19-34.
[31]李立华,付涤非,刘睿.旅游研究的空间转向:行动者网络理论视角的旅游研究述评[J].旅游学刊,2014,29(3):107-115.
[32]刘宣,王小依.行动者网络理论在人文地理领域应用研究述评[J].地理科学进展,2013,32(7):1 139-1 147.
[33]艾少伟,苗长虹.行动者网络理论视域下的经济地理学哲学思考[J].经济地理,2009,29(4):545-550.
[34]艾少伟,苗长虹.从“地方空间”、“流动空间”到“行动者网络空间”:ANT视角[J].人文地理,2010(2):43-49.
[35] Gerth H H,Mills C W. From Max Weber:Essays in Sociology[M]. London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1970:280.
[36] Weber M. Economy and Society[M]. Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press,1978:399.
[37] Bourdieu P. Legitimation and structured interests in Weber’s sociology of religion[M]. In Lash S and Whimster S eds. Max Weber,Rationality and Irrationality. Boston:Allen and Unwin,1987.
[38]保继刚,孙九霞.社区参与旅游发展的中西差异[J].地理学报,2006,61(4):401-413.
[39] Li W J. Community decision making:Participation in development[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,2006,33(1):132-143.
[40] Oakes T. Tourism and Modernity in China[M]. London:Routledge,2005.
[41] Louisa S. Minority Rules:The Miao and the Feminine in China's Cultural Politics[M]. Durham:Duke University Press,2000.
[42]孙九霞,保继刚.从缺失到凸显:社区参与旅游发展研究脉络[J].旅游学刊,2006,21(7):63-68.
[43]魏雷,孙九霞.少数民族旅游社区现代性的本土化实践——以泸沽湖大落水村为例[J].旅游学刊,2017,32(10):47-56.
[44]高永久,柳建文.民族政治精英论[J].南开学报:哲学社会科学版,2008(5):124-135.
[45] Carroll W K. Transnationalists and national networkers in the global corporate elite[J]. Global Networks:A Journal of Trans‐national Affairs,2009,9(3):289-314.
[46] Machonin P,Tucek M,Nekola M. The Czech economic elite after fifteen years of post-socialist transformation[J]. Socio‐logical Review,2006,42(3):537-556.
[47] Jasiecki K. The changing roles of the post-transitional economic elite in Poland[J]. Journal for East European Management Studies,2008,13(4):327-359.
[48] Michael D L. Evangelicals in the power elite:Elite cohesion advancing a movement[J]. American Sociological Review,2008,73(2):60-82.
[49] Ansoms A. Re-engineering rural society:the visions and ambitions of the Rwandan elite[J]. African Affairs,2009,108(431):289-309.
(1)统计日期截至2014年12月。数据来源:元阳县俄扎乡人口统计办公室。
(1)每个村寨庆祝昂玛突的日期不同,每年哈尼历十二月的第一个属牛日是哈播村的祭寨神日,第二和第三天(虎日和兔日)则是村民摆长龙宴、集体欢庆昂玛突节的日子。