生物炭对矿区土壤重金属有效性及形态的影响
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摘要
为探索生物炭作为改良剂修复矿区重金属污染土壤的可行性,以玉米秸秆为原料在450℃制备生物炭,采用扫描电镜、能谱分析以及傅里叶变换红外光谱等分析与测试手段对其进行表征。采用室内连续培养的方法,研究在不同培养时间条件下,添加不同施用量(0、1%、3%和5%)的生物炭后,对矿区土壤pH,阳离子交换量(CEC),土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Mn有效性以及重金属不同形态变化的影响。结果表明:生物炭能够提高土壤的pH和CEC,且都随着添加量的增加而增加。56d土壤培养后,与对照相比,1%、3%和5%添加水平下pH分别增加了1.14个、1.42个和1.67个单位,土壤CEC分别增加了2.02cmol/kg、3.60cmol/kg和5.39cmol/kg。添加不同含量生物炭后,土壤中有效态重金属均呈现不同程度的降低,而且生物炭添加量越大,降幅也越大。在5%添加水平下,生物炭分别使Cu、Zn、Pb和Mn有效态下降了49.2%、46.2%、72.5%和26.3%。重金属有效态含量与土壤pH、CEC均呈显著负相关关系。添加生物炭后,土壤中重金属的形态发生了变化,由易迁移的弱酸提取态向更加稳定的残渣态转化,且生物炭添加量越大,钝化效果越显著。综上所述,玉米秸秆生物炭的添加提高了矿区重金属复合污染土壤的pH和CEC,促进了重金属复合污染土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb和Mn的弱酸提取态向化学性质稳定的残渣态转化,降低了土壤重金属的有效性,实现了对重金属复合污染土壤的修复。
In order to explore the feasibility of biochar as amendment for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil in mining area, biochar was prepared from corn straw at 450℃. The sample was characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR). The effects of biochar on soil pH, cation exchange capacity(CEC), bioavailability and transformation of heavy metals were studied under different incubation time and application rates(0, 1%, 3% and 5%) of biochar with batch experiments to reveal the possible mechanism of biochar as a passivating agent for the immobilization of heavy metals in mining area contaminated soil. The results showed that soil pH and CEC increased as the application rates increased.After 56 days, biochar application rates of 1%, 3% and 5%, soil pH increased by 1.14, 1.42 and 1.67 units, and the soil CEC increased by 2.02 cmol/kg, 3.60 cmol/kg and 5.39 cmol/kg, respectively compared with control. The CaCl2-extractable heavy metals content decreased as the application rates increased. At5% application rate, the concentration of extractable Cu, Zn, Pb and Mn decreased by 49.2%, 46.2%,72.5% and 26.3%, respectively. The bioavailable heavy metals content was negatively correlated with soil pH and CEC. The biochar promoted the metal ions transform from the weak acid extractable state to more stable residue state. The passivation effect could be noticeable as the application rates increased. Overall,the application of biochar elevated the soil pH and CEC, and promoted transformation of the weak acid extractable of Cu、 Zn、 Pb and Mn into chemically stable residual fractions, which could positively reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals in combined pollution soil near mining areas.
In order to explore the feasibility of biochar as amendment for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil in mining area, biochar was prepared from corn straw at 450℃. The sample was characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR). The effects of biochar on soil pH, cation exchange capacity(CEC), bioavailability and transformation of heavy metals were studied under different incubation time and application rates(0, 1%, 3% and 5%) of biochar with batch experiments to reveal the possible mechanism of biochar as a passivating agent for the immobilization of heavy metals in mining area contaminated soil. The results showed that soil pH and CEC increased as the application rates increased.After 56 days, biochar application rates of 1%, 3% and 5%, soil pH increased by 1.14, 1.42 and 1.67 units, and the soil CEC increased by 2.02 cmol/kg, 3.60 cmol/kg and 5.39 cmol/kg, respectively compared with control. The CaCl2-extractable heavy metals content decreased as the application rates increased. At5% application rate, the concentration of extractable Cu, Zn, Pb and Mn decreased by 49.2%, 46.2%,72.5% and 26.3%, respectively. The bioavailable heavy metals content was negatively correlated with soil pH and CEC. The biochar promoted the metal ions transform from the weak acid extractable state to more stable residue state. The passivation effect could be noticeable as the application rates increased. Overall,the application of biochar elevated the soil pH and CEC, and promoted transformation of the weak acid extractable of Cu、 Zn、 Pb and Mn into chemically stable residual fractions, which could positively reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals in combined pollution soil near mining areas.
引文
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[2]黄小娟,江长胜,郝庆菊.重庆溶溪锰矿区土壤重金属污染评价及植物吸收特征[J].生态学报,2014,34(15):4201-4211.HUANG X J,JIANG C S,HAO Q J.Assessment of heavy metal pollutions in soils and bioaccumulation of heavy metals by plants in Rongxi Manganese mineland of Chongqing[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(15):4201-4211.
[3]徐粲然,卢滇楠,刘永民.生物钝化修复镉污染土壤研究进展[J].化工进展,2014,33(8):2174-2179.XU C R,LU D N,LIU Y M.Research advance in the biostabilization remediation of cadmium contaminated soil[J].Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2014,33(8):2174-2179.
[4]SUMAN RAJ D S,APARNA C,REKHA P,et al.Stabilization and solidification technologies for the remediation of contaminated soils and sediments:an overview[J].Land Contamination and Reclamation,2005,13(1):23-48.
[5]张小凯,何丽芝,陆扣萍,等.生物质炭修复重金属及有机物污染土壤的研究进展[J].土壤,2013,45(6):970-977.ZHANG X K,HE L Z,LU K P,et al.Use of biochar for remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals and organic pollutants:a review[J].Soils,2013,45(6):970-977.
[6]RIZWAN M S,IMTIAZ M,CHHAJRO M A,et al.Influence of pyrolytic and non-pyrolytic rice and castor straws on the immobilization of Pb and Cu in contaminated soil[J].Environmental Technology,2016,37(21):2679-2688.
[7]荆延德,巩晨,孙小银,等.棉花、花生秸秆生物炭对棕壤中Cu(Ⅱ)运移的影响[J].水土保持通报,2016,36(3):50-55.JING Y D,GONG C,SUN X Y,et al.Effects of cotton and peanut straw biochar on Cu(Ⅱ)migration in brown soil[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,36(3):50-55.
[8]HOUBEN D,EVRARD L,SONNET P.Beneficial effects of biochar application to contaminated soils on the bioavailability of Cd,Pb and Zn and the biomass production of rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)[J].Biomass&Bioenergy,2013,57(11):196-204.
[9]张连科,刘心宇,王维大,等.两种油料作物秸秆生物炭对土壤中铅的钝化修复[J].生态环境学报,2018,27(1):166-173.ZHANG L K,LIU X Y,WANG W D,et al.Passivation and remediation of lead in soil by biochar from two oil crops[J].Journal of Ecology and Environment,2018,27(1):166-173.
[10]FELLET G,MARMIROLI M,MARCHIOL L.Elements uptake by metal accumulator species grown on mine tailings amended with three types of biochar[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,468-469:598-608.
[11]段丽丽.白云鄂博矿区土壤重金属污染地球化学评价[J].山东理工大学学报(自然科学版),2012,26(6):23-28.DUAN L L.Pollution assessments of heavy metals in soils in the mining area of Bayan Obo[J].Journal of Shandong University of Technology(Natural Science Edition),2012,26(6):23-28.
[12]徐楠楠,林大松,徐应明,等.玉米秸秆生物炭对Cd2+的吸附特性及影响因素[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(5):958-964.XU N N,LIN D S,XU Y M,et al.Adsorption of aquatic Cd2+by biochar obtained from corn stover[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(5):958-964.
[13]HOUBEN D,EVRARD L,SONNET P.Mobility,bioavailability and pH-dependent leaching of cadmium,zinc and lead in a contaminated soil amended with biochar[J].Chemosphere,2013,92(11):1450-1457.
[14]XU X Y,CAO X D.Removal of Cu,Zn,and Cd from aqueous solutions by the dairy manure-derived biochar[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research,2013,20(1):358-368.
[15]杨兰,李冰,王昌全,等.改性生物炭材料对稻田原状和外源镉污染土钝化效应[J].环境科学,2016,37(9):3562-3574.YANG L,LI B,WANG C Q,et al.Effect of modified biochars on soil cadmium stabilization in paddy soil suffered from original or exogenous contamination[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(9):3562-3574.
[16]LUNDBERG B,SUNDQVIST B.A review of biochars’potential role in the remediation,revegetation and restoration of contaminated soils[J].Environmental Pollution,2011,159(12):3269-3282.
[17]吴烈善,曾东梅,莫小荣,等.不同钝化剂对重金属污染土壤稳定化效应的研究[J].环境科学,2015,36(1):309-313.WU L S,ZENG D M,MO X R,et al.Immobilization impact of different fixatives on heavy metals contaminated soil[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(1):309-313.
[18]BOLAN N,KUNHIKRISHNAN A,THANGARAJAN R,et al.Remediation of heavy metal(loid)s contaminated soils-to mobilize or to immobilize?[J].Journalof Hazardous Materials,2014,266(4):141-166.
[19]孙约兵,王朋超,徐应明,等.海泡石对镉-铅复合污染钝化修复效应及其土壤环境质量影响研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(12):4720-4726.SUN Y B,WANG P C,XU Y M,et al.Immobilization remediation of Cd and Pb contaminated soil:remediation potential and soil environmental quality[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(12):4720-4726.
[20]WAGNER A,KAUPENJOHANN M.Suitability of biochars(pyro and hydrochars)for metal immobilization on former sewage field soils[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2014,65(1):139-148.
[21]高瑞丽,唐茂,付庆灵,等.生物炭、蒙脱石及其混合添加对复合污染土壤中重金属形态的影响[J].环境科学,2017,38(1):361-367.GAO R L,TANG M,FU Q L,et al.Fractions transformation of heavy metals in compound contaminated soil treated with biochar,montmorillonite and mixed addition[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(1):361-367.
[22]MOHAMED I,ZHANG G S,LI Z G,et al.Ecological restoration of an acidic Cd contaminated soil using bamboo biochar application[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,84:67-76.
[23]YIN D,WANG X,CHEN C,et al.Varying effect of biochar on Cd,Pb and As mobility in a multi-metal contaminated paddy soil[J].Chemosphere,2016,152:196-206.
[24]LIANG J,YANG Z,TANG L,et al.Changes in heavy metal mobility and availability from contaminated wetland soil remediated with combined biochar-compost[J].Chemosphere,2017,181:281-288.
[25]YANG X,LIU J,MCGROUTHER K,et al.Effect of biochar on the extractability of heavy metals(Cd,Cu,Pb,and Zn)and enzyme activity in soil[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research,2016,23(2):974-984.
[26]高译丹,梁成华,裴中健,等.施用生物炭和石灰对土壤镉形态转化的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(2):258-261.GAO Y D,LIANG C H,PEI Z J,et al.Effects of biochar and lime on the fraction transform of cadmium in contaminated soil[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(2):258-261.
[27]高彦鑫,冯金国,唐磊,等.密云水库上游金属矿区土壤中重金属形态分布及风险评价[J].环境科学,2012,33(5):1707-1717.GAO Y X,FENG J G,TANG L,et al.Fraction distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in iron and gold mine soil of Miyun reservoir upstream[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(5):1707-1717.
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