天然樟子松林幼树更新格局及其影响因子分析
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摘要
以呼伦贝尔沙地红花尔基镇樟子松天然林幼树为研究对象,对100 m×100 m的樟子松纯林样地进行全面调查,并采用空间点格局分析的方法对林内幼树更新格局及其主要影响因子进行分析。研究结果表明,林分中樟子松幼树在较大尺度内(40 m)呈显著的聚集分布状态,大树在较小尺度内(4 m)呈显著聚集状态,而蚁穴则在所有尺度内呈随机分布状态。对同种的樟子松幼树和大树而言,两者的关系在不考虑其它影响因子(蚁穴)的情况下,总体上不存在显著的作用关系;而在考虑蚁穴作用的情况下在0～2 m尺度上表现为抑制作用,3～4 m尺度上表现为促进作用,但两者均不显著。对樟子松幼树和蚁穴而言,两者的关系在不考虑其它影响因子(樟子松大树)的情况下,在较小尺度上对樟子松幼树产生了一定的抑制作用;在考虑樟子松大树作用的情况下,不显著的抑制作用进一步缩小为0～2 m尺度上,而在3～4 m的尺度上则表现为不显著的促进作用,其影响略强于樟子松大树。结合幼树成活率和保存率的分析结果,可以得出樟子松天然林幼树保存率低,很大程度上取决于气候因子特别是干旱带来的水分亏缺的影响。
This study was conducted in Honghuaerji Region, a natural distribution area of Scots pine in Hulun Buir Sandland, and an 100 m × 100 m square plot for Scots pine pure forest was chosen and mapped completely. Spatial point pattern analysis was employed to detect seedling regeneration patterns and their main influencing factors. The results showed that Scots pine seedlings and adult trees were aggregated significantly at scale of 0-40 m and 0-4 m, respectively, while ant pits showed random distribution at all scales. For relationships between seedlings and adult trees, there was no significant correlation without the presence of ant pits, and there was competition interaction at the 0-2 m scale and facilitation interaction at the 3-4 m scale, which were both insignificant with the presence of ant pits. For the relationship between seedlings and ant pits, there was an insignificant competition interaction without the presence adult trees, and there was also competition interaction at the 0-2 m scale and facilitation interaction at the 3-4 m scale, which were both insignificant with the presence of adult trees; seedlings had a slightly stronger influence compared to that of adult trees. Considering the survival rates of seedlings, we deduced that their low preservation rate was influenced to a greater extent by a water deficit.
This study was conducted in Honghuaerji Region, a natural distribution area of Scots pine in Hulun Buir Sandland, and an 100 m × 100 m square plot for Scots pine pure forest was chosen and mapped completely. Spatial point pattern analysis was employed to detect seedling regeneration patterns and their main influencing factors. The results showed that Scots pine seedlings and adult trees were aggregated significantly at scale of 0-40 m and 0-4 m, respectively, while ant pits showed random distribution at all scales. For relationships between seedlings and adult trees, there was no significant correlation without the presence of ant pits, and there was competition interaction at the 0-2 m scale and facilitation interaction at the 3-4 m scale, which were both insignificant with the presence of ant pits. For the relationship between seedlings and ant pits, there was an insignificant competition interaction without the presence adult trees, and there was also competition interaction at the 0-2 m scale and facilitation interaction at the 3-4 m scale, which were both insignificant with the presence of adult trees; seedlings had a slightly stronger influence compared to that of adult trees. Considering the survival rates of seedlings, we deduced that their low preservation rate was influenced to a greater extent by a water deficit.
引文
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[25] CHEN Z J,ZHANG X L,CUI M X,et al.Tree-ring based precipitation reconstruction for the forest-steppe ecotone in northern Inner Mongolia,China and its linkages to the Pacific Ocean variability[J].Global and Planetary Change,2012,86-87:45-56.
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[27] 张晓,潘磊磊,KWON S,等.沙地天然樟子松径向生长对干旱的响应[J].北京林业大学学报,2018,40(7):27-35.
[28] 李露露,李丽光,陈振举,等.辽宁省人工林樟子松径向生长对水热梯度变化的响应[J].生态学报,2015,35(13):4 508-4 517.
[29] 宋立宁,朱教君,康宏樟.樟子松幼苗水力结构参数和生长特征对模拟降水梯度的响应[J].干旱区研究,2013,30(6):1 021-1 027.
[30] YU H,WIEGAND T,YANG X H,et al.The impact of fire and density-dependent mortality on the spatial patterns of a pine forest in the Hulun Buir sandland,Inner Mongolia,China[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2009,257(10):2098-2107.
[2] 苏薇,岳永杰,余新晓.油松天然林群落结构及种群空间分布格局[J].东北林业大学学报,2009,37(3):18-20,61.
[3] PETRIE M D,BRADFORD J B,HUBBARD R M,et al.Climate change may restrict dryland forest regeneration in the 21st century[J].Ecology,2017,98(6):1 548-1 559.
[4] VAN HUONG P,陈昌雄,洪伟,等.不同林分下胖大海幼树幼苗更新分布格局[J].森林与环境学报,2015,35(4):377-384.
[5] 王文俊,张薇,李莲芳,等.云南松林林窗下小尺度空间的天然更新模式[J].森林与环境学报,2017,37(3):336-341.
[6] CASTRO J,ZAMORA R,HóDAR J A,et al.Seedling establishment of a boreal tree species (Pinus sylvestris) at its southernmost distribution limit:consequences of being in a marginal Mediterranean habitat[J].Journal of Ecology,2004,92(2):266-277.
[7] 赵兴梁,李万英.樟子松[M].北京:农业出版社,1963.
[8] 赵兴梁.内蒙呼伦贝尔盟沙地上的樟子松林初步调查报告[J].植物生态学与地植物学资料丛刊,1958(1):90-180.
[9] ZHENG X,ZHU J J,YAN Q L,et al.Effects of land use changes on the groundwater table and the decline of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica plantations in southern Horqin Sandy Land,Northeast China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2012,109:94-106.
[10] DENG J F,LI J H,DENG G,et al.Fractal scaling of particle-size distribution and associations with soil properties of Mongolian pine plantations in the Mu Us Desert,China[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):6 742.
[11] 朱教君,曾德慧,康宏樟,等.沙地樟子松人工林衰退机制[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2005.
[12] 杨晓晖,喻泓,于春堂,等.呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松林火烧后恢复演替的空间格局分析[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,30(2):44-49.
[13] 毛磊,王冬梅,杨晓晖,等.樟子松幼树在不同林分结构中的空间分布及其更新分析[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,30(6):71-77.
[14] 喻泓,杨晓晖,慈龙骏.内蒙古呼伦贝尔沙地不同樟子松林竞争强度的比较[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(2):250-255.
[15] 朱震达.中国沙漠概论[M].2版.北京:科学出版社,1980.
[16] 吴征镒.中国植被[M].北京:科学出版社,1980.
[17] ABATZOGLOU J T,DOBROWSKI S Z,PARKS S A,et al.TerraClimate,a high-resolution global dataset of monthly climate and climatic water balance from 1958—2015[J].Scientific Data,2018,5:170 191.
[18] THOMAS M.A generalization of Poisson′s binomial limit for use in ecology[J].Biometrika,1949,36(1/2):18-25.
[19] WIEGAND T,GUNATILLEKE S,GUNATILLEKE N,et al.Analyzing the spatial structure of a Sri Lankan tree species with multiple scales of clustering[J].Ecology,2007,88(12):3 088-3 102.
[20] WIEGAND T,MOLONEY K A.Rings,circles,and null-models for point pattern analysis in ecology[J].Oikos,2004,104(2):209-229.
[21] GOREAUD F,PELISSIER R.Avoiding misinterpretation of biotic interactions with the intertype K12-function:population independence vs.random labelling hypotheses[J].Journal of Vegetation Science,2003,14(5):681-692.
[22] RAVENTóS J,WIEGAND T,DE LUIS M.Evidence for the spatial segregation hypothesis:a test with nine-year survivorship data in a Mediterranean shrubland[J].Ecology,2010,91(7):2 110-2 120.
[23] WIEGAND T,MOLONEY K A.Handbook of spatial point-pattern analysis in ecology[M].Florida:CRC Press,2013.
[24] 王妍,卢琦,吴波,等.呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松更新苗分布特征研究[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(5):86-91.
[25] CHEN Z J,ZHANG X L,CUI M X,et al.Tree-ring based precipitation reconstruction for the forest-steppe ecotone in northern Inner Mongolia,China and its linkages to the Pacific Ocean variability[J].Global and Planetary Change,2012,86-87:45-56.
[26] RENNENBERG H,LORETO F,POLLE A,et al.Physiological responses of forest trees to heat and drought[J].Plant Biology,2006,8(5):556-571.
[27] 张晓,潘磊磊,KWON S,等.沙地天然樟子松径向生长对干旱的响应[J].北京林业大学学报,2018,40(7):27-35.
[28] 李露露,李丽光,陈振举,等.辽宁省人工林樟子松径向生长对水热梯度变化的响应[J].生态学报,2015,35(13):4 508-4 517.
[29] 宋立宁,朱教君,康宏樟.樟子松幼苗水力结构参数和生长特征对模拟降水梯度的响应[J].干旱区研究,2013,30(6):1 021-1 027.
[30] YU H,WIEGAND T,YANG X H,et al.The impact of fire and density-dependent mortality on the spatial patterns of a pine forest in the Hulun Buir sandland,Inner Mongolia,China[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2009,257(10):2098-2107.