三峡库区重要支流8种优势鱼类生长及其资源开发现状评估
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摘要
根据2015年11月、12月和2016年5月、6月、9月三峡库区36条重要支流渔获物调查信息,基于FiSAT II软件对鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、瓦氏拟鲿(Pseudobagrus vachellii)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、蛇鮈(Saurogobio dabryi)、光泽拟鲿(Pseudobagrusnitidus)、?(Hemiculterleucisculus)、银鮈(Squalidusargentatus)和似鳊(Pseudobramasimoni)8种优势鱼类的生长及其资源开发现状进行了评估,旨在了解三峡库区重要支流鱼类资源变动趋势和生长情况,为该区域渔业管理和资源保护提供科学依据。结果显示, 8种鱼类生长指数(b)为2.74～3.11,近似等速生长;生长系数(K)大于0.2,为快速生长型;生长性能指数(φ?)为2.83～5.25;似鳊和鲫的资源开发率小于0.5,其余种类在0.5及以上;鲤、瓦氏拟鲿、蛇鮈、光泽拟鲿、?、银鮈的开捕体长分别控制在289 mm、253 mm、134 mm、102 mm、71 mm及52 mm以上,鱼类资源可得到有效恢复。研究表明,目前三峡库区重要支流鱼类资源开发过度;杂食性和肉食性鱼类生长速度呈加快趋势,而底栖动物食性鱼类呈减小趋势。
Accurate understanding of the changes in fish resources and growth characteristic in important tributaries in the Three Gorges Reservoir can provide a scientific basis for fishery management and resource conservation in the region. This study was based on fishery information collected in 36 important tributaries of the Three Gorges Reservoir area in November and December 2015 and May, June, and September 2016. The growth and development status of eight species of dominant fish was evaluated using the FiSAT II software developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO). These species were Cyprinus carpio, Pseudobagrus vachellii, Carassius auratus, Saurogobio dabryi, Pseudobagrus nitidus, Hemiculter leucisculus, Squalidus argentatus, and Pseudobrama simoni. The growth and death parameters were estimated using the body length frequency distribution method(ELEFAN I), and the resource change trend was evaluated according to the Beverton-Holt model. The results showed the following. The body length and body weight of the eight species of fish were in a power function, and the growth index(b) was between 2.74 and 3.11, which is an approximate constant velocity growth. The growth coefficient(K) values of the eight species of fish were all greater than 0.2, which indicated a rapid growth type. The growth performance index(φ') was between 2.83 and 5.25, Cyprinus carpio was the highest at 5.25, and Squalidus argentatus was the lowest at only 2.83. The development rates of Pseudobrama simoni(0.2) and Carassius auratus(0.4) were less than 0.5 and less than Emax; the development rates of the remaining six species were 0.5 and above. The length of the opening of Cyprinus carpio, Pseudobagrus vachelli,Saurogobio dabryi, Pseudobagrus nitidus, Hemiculter leucisculus, and Squalidus argentatus should be controlled at 289 mm, 253 mm, 134 mm, 102 mm, 71 mm, and 52 mm, respectively, and fish resources can be effectively restored. From these results, we can conclude that the development of important tributary fish resources in the Three Gorges reservoir area was excessive. The growth rate of omnivorous and carnivorous fish was increasing,but the benthic food fish were decreasing. We conclude that the upper reaches of the Yangtze River should focus on the protection of endemic species and the maintenance of biodiversity. Key waters should be forbidden from fishing throughout the year, so aquatic organisms can play out their ecological roles and improve the stability of the Yangtze River aquatic ecosystem.
Accurate understanding of the changes in fish resources and growth characteristic in important tributaries in the Three Gorges Reservoir can provide a scientific basis for fishery management and resource conservation in the region. This study was based on fishery information collected in 36 important tributaries of the Three Gorges Reservoir area in November and December 2015 and May, June, and September 2016. The growth and development status of eight species of dominant fish was evaluated using the FiSAT II software developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO). These species were Cyprinus carpio, Pseudobagrus vachellii, Carassius auratus, Saurogobio dabryi, Pseudobagrus nitidus, Hemiculter leucisculus, Squalidus argentatus, and Pseudobrama simoni. The growth and death parameters were estimated using the body length frequency distribution method(ELEFAN I), and the resource change trend was evaluated according to the Beverton-Holt model. The results showed the following. The body length and body weight of the eight species of fish were in a power function, and the growth index(b) was between 2.74 and 3.11, which is an approximate constant velocity growth. The growth coefficient(K) values of the eight species of fish were all greater than 0.2, which indicated a rapid growth type. The growth performance index(φ') was between 2.83 and 5.25, Cyprinus carpio was the highest at 5.25, and Squalidus argentatus was the lowest at only 2.83. The development rates of Pseudobrama simoni(0.2) and Carassius auratus(0.4) were less than 0.5 and less than Emax; the development rates of the remaining six species were 0.5 and above. The length of the opening of Cyprinus carpio, Pseudobagrus vachelli,Saurogobio dabryi, Pseudobagrus nitidus, Hemiculter leucisculus, and Squalidus argentatus should be controlled at 289 mm, 253 mm, 134 mm, 102 mm, 71 mm, and 52 mm, respectively, and fish resources can be effectively restored. From these results, we can conclude that the development of important tributary fish resources in the Three Gorges reservoir area was excessive. The growth rate of omnivorous and carnivorous fish was increasing,but the benthic food fish were decreasing. We conclude that the upper reaches of the Yangtze River should focus on the protection of endemic species and the maintenance of biodiversity. Key waters should be forbidden from fishing throughout the year, so aquatic organisms can play out their ecological roles and improve the stability of the Yangtze River aquatic ecosystem.
引文
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[6]Xiong F,Liu H Y,Duan X B,et al.Population parameters and population abundance of Rhinogobio cylindricus in Zhuyangxi section of the upper Yangtze River[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(22):7320-7327.[熊飞,刘红艳,段辛斌,等.长江上游朱杨溪江段圆筒吻鮈种群参数和资源量[J].生态学报,2015,35(22):7320-7327.]
[7]Xin J F,Yang Y F,Duan Z H,et al.Population characteristics and species conservation of Rhinogobio ventralis in upper reaches of Yangtze River[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2010,29(7):1377-1381.[辛建峰,杨宇峰,段中华,等.长江上游长鳍吻鮈的种群特征及其物种保护[J].生态学杂志,2010,29(7):1377-1381.]
[8]Tian H W,Duan X B,Xiong X,et al.Estimation of growth and population parameters of elongate loach(Leptobotia elongata)in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2013,22(10):1305-1312.[田辉伍,段辛斌,熊星,等.长江上游长薄鳅生长和种群参数的估算[J].长江流域资源与环境,2013,22(10):1305-1312.]
[9]Duan P X,Yang Z,Tang H Y,et al.Study on age,growth,reproduction and the status of resource development of Culter oxycephaloides(Kreyenberg et Pappenheim)in the Xiao River[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2015,39(4):695-704.[段鹏翔,杨志,唐会元,等.小江拟尖头鲌的年龄,生长,繁殖及其资源开发状况研究[J].水生生物学报,2015,39(4):695-704.]
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[13]Ding R H.The Fishes of Sichuan[M].Chengdu:Sichuan Publishing House of Science&Technology,1994:1-539.[丁瑞华.四川鱼类志[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1994:1-539.]
[14]Jiang Z G,Jiang J P,Wang Y Z,et al.Red list of China’s vertebrates[J].Biodiversity Science,2016,24(5):500-551.[蒋志刚,江建平,王跃招,等.中国脊椎动物红色名录[J].生物多样性,2016,24(5):500-551.]
[15]Wo J,Xu B D,Xue Y,et al.Temporo-spatial heterogeneity of dominant fish species in the Jiaozhou Bay community[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2017,24(5):1091-1098.[沃佳,徐宾铎,薛莹,等.胶州湾鱼类群落优势种组成的时空变化[J].中国水产科学,2017,24(5):1091-1098.]
[16]Chen G B,Li Y Z,Chen P M,et al.Optimum interval class size of length-frequency analysis of fish[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2008,15(4):659-666.[陈国宝,李永振,陈丕茂,等.鱼类最佳体长频率分析组距研究[J].中国水产科学,2008,15(4):659-666.]
[17]Pauly D.Theory and management of tropical multi species stocks:a review,with emphasis on the Southeast Asian demersal fisheries[J].Working Papers,1979,26(5):22-29.
[18]Pauly D,Munro J L.Once more on the comparison of growth in fishes and invertebrates[J].Fishbyte,1984,2:21-22.
[19]Pauly D.On the interrelationships between natural mortality,growth parameters,and mean environmental temperature in175 fish stocks[J].ICES Journal of Marine Science,1980,39(2):175-192.
[20]Froese R,Binohlan C.Empirical relationships to estimate asymptotic length,length at first maturity and length at maximum yield per recruit in fishes,with a simple method to evaluate length frequency data[J].Journal of Fish Biology,2010,56(4):758-773.
[21]Branstetter S.Age and growth estimates for blacktip,Carcharhinus limbatus,and spinner,C.brevipinna,sharks from the northwestern gulf of Mexico[J].Copeia,1987,1987(4):964-974.
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