闪电产生氮氧化物对青藏高原臭氧低谷形成的影响
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摘要
为了进一步了解青藏高原闪电的产生氮氧化物(LNO_x)经由光化学反应对O_3浓度变化及夏季O_3低谷形成的可能影响,本文利用2005～2013年由OMI卫星得到的对流层NO_2垂直浓度柱(NO_2 VCD)、O_3总浓度柱(TOC)和O_3廓线以及星载光学瞬变探测器OTD和闪电成像仪LIS获取的总闪电数资料,对青藏高原和同纬度长江中下游地区的TOC和NO_2 VCD月均值时空分布特征、闪电与NO_(2 )VCD的相关性和O_3的垂直分布特征及其与LNO_x的关系进行了对比分析。结果表明,青藏高原的O_3低谷主要出现在夏季和秋季,其TOC值比同纬度长江中下游地区低约10～15 DU(Dobson unit)。青藏高原NO_2VCD总体较小,表现为夏高冬低的分布特征。青藏高原夏季O_3浓度受南亚高压的影响总体呈减小趋势,但因强雷暴天气导致对流层中上部LNO_x浓度升高,并随强上升气流向对流层顶输送,同时通过光化学反应使O_3浓度增加,缩小了青藏高原和同纬度地区的O_3浓度差,减缓了O_3总浓度的下降,抑制了夏季O_3低谷的进一步深化。
In order to further study possible influences of the photocatalytic reaction on the formation of O_3 and O_3valley in the summer over the Tibetan Plateau,NO_2 VCD,O_3 total column and O_3 profiles from OMI and OTD(Optics Transient Detection)/LIS(Lightning Imaging Sensor)total lightning data are used to investigate the spatial and temporal distributions characteristics of TOC and NO_2 VCD,the correlation between lightning and NO_(2 )VCD,the vertical distribution of O_3 and its relationship with LNO_x in the Tibetan Plateau and the Yangtze River Delta.Results in the two regions,which are located at the similar latitudes,are compared and analyzed.It is found that the O_3 valley over the Tibetan Plateau mainly appears in the summer and autumn,and its TOC value is about 10–15 DU(Dobson unit)lower than that over the Yangtze River Delta.The NO_2 VCD over the Tibetan Plateau is relatively small,and exhibits a temporal distribution characteristic of low in the summer and high in the winter.The total concentration of O_3 in the Tibetan Plateau generally decreases in the summer due to the effect of the South Asia high.However,due to the influence of strong thunderstorms,the concentration of LNO_x in the upper troposphere increases and can be transported to the top of the troposphere by strong ascending flows,which subsequently increases the concentration of O_3 by photochemical reaction.Thereby,the O_3 concentration difference between the Tibetan Plateau and the same latitude region is reduced and the decrease of the total O_3 concentration slows down,which inhibits further deepening of the O_3 valley in the Tibetan Plateau in the summer.
In order to further study possible influences of the photocatalytic reaction on the formation of O_3 and O_3valley in the summer over the Tibetan Plateau,NO_2 VCD,O_3 total column and O_3 profiles from OMI and OTD(Optics Transient Detection)/LIS(Lightning Imaging Sensor)total lightning data are used to investigate the spatial and temporal distributions characteristics of TOC and NO_2 VCD,the correlation between lightning and NO_(2 )VCD,the vertical distribution of O_3 and its relationship with LNO_x in the Tibetan Plateau and the Yangtze River Delta.Results in the two regions,which are located at the similar latitudes,are compared and analyzed.It is found that the O_3 valley over the Tibetan Plateau mainly appears in the summer and autumn,and its TOC value is about 10–15 DU(Dobson unit)lower than that over the Yangtze River Delta.The NO_2 VCD over the Tibetan Plateau is relatively small,and exhibits a temporal distribution characteristic of low in the summer and high in the winter.The total concentration of O_3 in the Tibetan Plateau generally decreases in the summer due to the effect of the South Asia high.However,due to the influence of strong thunderstorms,the concentration of LNO_x in the upper troposphere increases and can be transported to the top of the troposphere by strong ascending flows,which subsequently increases the concentration of O_3 by photochemical reaction.Thereby,the O_3 concentration difference between the Tibetan Plateau and the same latitude region is reduced and the decrease of the total O_3 concentration slows down,which inhibits further deepening of the O_3 valley in the Tibetan Plateau in the summer.
引文
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李庆,陈月娟,施春华,等.2005.青藏高原上空氮氧化物的分布特征及其与臭氧的关系[J].高原气象,24(6):935-940.Li Qing,Chen Yuejuan,Shi Chunhua,et al.2005.NOx distribution over the QinghaiXizang Plateau and its relationship with O3[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),24(6):935-940.
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漏嗣佳,朱彬,廖宏.2010.中国地区臭氧前体物对地面臭氧的影响[J].大气科学学报,33(4):451-459.Lou Sijia,Zhu Bin,Liao Hong.2010.Impacts of O3 precursor on surface O3 concentration over China[J].Trans.Atmos.Sci.(in Chinese),33(4):451-459,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7097.2010.04.009.
Luo C,Tang J,Zhou X J.1996.Measurements and model simulations of surface ozone variations at different background concentrations of the precursors[J].J.Meteor.Res.,10(2):215-221.
Noxon J F.1976.Atmospheric nitrogen fixation by lightning[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,3(8):463-465,doi:10.1029/GL003i008p00463.
Seinfeld J H,Pandis S N.1998.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics[M].New York:Wiley-Interscience,969pp.
唐孝炎,张远航,邵敏.2006.大气环境化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,598pp.Tang Xiaoyan,Zhang Yuanhang,Shao Min.2006.Atmospheric Environmental Chemistry(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,598pp.
王跃启,江洪,肖钟湧,等.2009.基于OMI数据的中国臭氧总量时空动态信息提取[J].环境科学与技术,32(6):177-180,184.Wang Yueqi,Jiang Hong,Xiao Zhongyong,et al.2009.Extracting temporal and spatial distribution information about total ozone amount in China based on OMIsatellite data[J].Environmental Science&Technology(in Chinese),32(6):177-180,184,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2009.06.041.
韦惠红,郑有飞.2006.我国臭氧总量的时空分布特征[J].南京气象学院学报,29(3):390-395.Wei Huihong,Zheng Youfei.2006.Analysis of the temporal and spatial distributions of the total ozone over China[J].Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology(in Chinese),29(3):390-395,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7097.2006.03.016.
杨景梅,邱金桓.2009.利用卫星资料分析我国北方东西部臭氧分布差异[J].应用气象学报,20(1):1-7.Yang Jingmei,Qiu Jinhuan.2009.Differences in ozone distribution patterns of east and west parts in the North of China based on satellite data.[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,20(1):1-7,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2009.01.001.
叶笃正,高由禧,罗四维,等.1979.青藏高原气象学[M].北京:科学出版社,1pp.1.Ye Duzheng,Gao Youxi,Luo Siwei,et al.1979.Atmosphere in Tibetan Plateau(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Science Press,1.
张兴赢,张鹏,张艳,等.2007.近10 a中国对流层NO2的变化趋势、时空分布特征及其来源解析[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,37(10):1409-1416.Zhang Xingying,Zhang Peng,Zhang Yan,et al.2007.The trend,seasonal cycle,and sources of tropospheric NO2 over China during1997-2006 based on satellite measurement[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Science,50(12):1877-1884,doi:10.1007/s11430-007-0141-6.
Zhou Xiuji,Luo Chao.1994.Ozone valley over Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,8(4):505-506.
周秀骥,罗超,李维亮,等.1995.中国地区臭氧总量变化与青藏高原低值中心[J].科学通报,40(15):1396-1398.Zhou Xiuji,Luo Chao,Li Weiliang,et al.1995.Variation of total ozone over China and the Tibetan Plateau low center[J].Chinese Sci.Bull.,40(15):1396-1398.
周秀骥,李维亮,陈隆勋,等.2004.青藏高原地区大气臭氧变化的研究[J].气象学报,62(5):513-527.Zhou Xiuji,Li Weiliang,Chen Longxun,et al.2004.Study of ozone change over Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,62(5):513-527,doi:10.3321/j.issn:0577-6619.2004.05.001.
邹捍,郜永祺.1997.大尺度山地上空臭氧亏损及其变化趋势[J].山地研究,15(4):209-213.Zou Han,Gao Yongqi.1997.Ozone deficit and trend over the large scale mountains[J].Mountain Research,15(4):209-213,doi:10.16089/j.cnki.1008-2786.1997.04.001.
Borucki W J,Chameides W J.1984.Lightning:Estimates of the rates of energy dissipation and nitrogen fixation[J].Rev.Geophys.,22(4):363-372,doi:10.1029/RG022i004p00363.
Chen Liujia,Yu Bailang,Chen Zuoqi,et al.2014.Investigating the temporal and spatial variability of total ozone column in the Yangtze River Delta using satellite data:1978-2013[J].Remote Sens.,6(12):12527-12543,doi:10.3390/rs61212527.
Crutzen P J.1970.The influence of nitrogen oxides on the atmospheric ozone content[J].Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,96(408):320-325,doi:10.1002/qj.49709640815.
Delmas R,Serca D,Jambert C.1997.Global inventory of NOx sources[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,48(1-2):51-60,doi:10.1023/A:1009793806086.
杜君平,朱玉霞,刘锐,等.2014.基于OMI数据的中国臭氧总量时空分布特征[J].中国环境监测,30(2):191-196.Du Junping,Zhu Yuxia,Liu Rui,et al.2014.Analysis on spatiotemporal characteristics of total column ozone over China based on OMI product[J].Environmental Monitoring in China(in Chinese),30(2):191-196,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-6002.2014.02.037.
郭凤霞,陈聪.2012.中国地区闪电和对流层上部NOx的时空分布特征及其相关性分析[J].大气科学,36(4):713-721.Guo Fengxia,Chen Cong.2012.Comparison of lightning activity and NOx distribution in the upper troposphere in China[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),36(4):713-721,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2011.11129.
Guo F X,Bao M,Mu Y J,et al.2016.Temporal and spatial characteristics of lightning-produced nitrogen oxides in China[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,149:100-107,doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2016.10.007.
Guo F X,Ju X Y,Bao M,et al.2017.Relationship between lightning activity and tropospheric nitrogen dioxide and the estimation of lightningproduced nitrogen oxides over China[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,34(2):235-245,doi:10.1007/s00376-016-6087-x.
李庆,陈月娟,施春华,等.2005.青藏高原上空氮氧化物的分布特征及其与臭氧的关系[J].高原气象,24(6):935-940.Li Qing,Chen Yuejuan,Shi Chunhua,et al.2005.NOx distribution over the QinghaiXizang Plateau and its relationship with O3[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),24(6):935-940.
Lin J T.2012.Satellite constraint for emissions of nitrogen oxides from anthropogenic,lightning and soil sources over East China on a high-resolution grid[J].Atmos.Chem.Phys.,12(6):2881-2898,doi:10.5194/acp-12-2881-2012.
Liu Y,Li W L,Zhou X J.2001.Prediction of the trend of total column ozone over the Tibetan Plateau[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,44(S1):385-389,doi:10.1007/BF02912010.
Liu Y,Li W L,Zhou X J,et al.2003.Mechanism of formation of the ozone valley over the Tibetan Plateau in summer-transport and chemical process of ozone[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,20(1):103-109,doi:10.1007/BF03342054.
漏嗣佳,朱彬,廖宏.2010.中国地区臭氧前体物对地面臭氧的影响[J].大气科学学报,33(4):451-459.Lou Sijia,Zhu Bin,Liao Hong.2010.Impacts of O3 precursor on surface O3 concentration over China[J].Trans.Atmos.Sci.(in Chinese),33(4):451-459,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7097.2010.04.009.
Luo C,Tang J,Zhou X J.1996.Measurements and model simulations of surface ozone variations at different background concentrations of the precursors[J].J.Meteor.Res.,10(2):215-221.
Noxon J F.1976.Atmospheric nitrogen fixation by lightning[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,3(8):463-465,doi:10.1029/GL003i008p00463.
Seinfeld J H,Pandis S N.1998.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics[M].New York:Wiley-Interscience,969pp.
唐孝炎,张远航,邵敏.2006.大气环境化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,598pp.Tang Xiaoyan,Zhang Yuanhang,Shao Min.2006.Atmospheric Environmental Chemistry(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,598pp.
王跃启,江洪,肖钟湧,等.2009.基于OMI数据的中国臭氧总量时空动态信息提取[J].环境科学与技术,32(6):177-180,184.Wang Yueqi,Jiang Hong,Xiao Zhongyong,et al.2009.Extracting temporal and spatial distribution information about total ozone amount in China based on OMIsatellite data[J].Environmental Science&Technology(in Chinese),32(6):177-180,184,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2009.06.041.
韦惠红,郑有飞.2006.我国臭氧总量的时空分布特征[J].南京气象学院学报,29(3):390-395.Wei Huihong,Zheng Youfei.2006.Analysis of the temporal and spatial distributions of the total ozone over China[J].Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology(in Chinese),29(3):390-395,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7097.2006.03.016.
杨景梅,邱金桓.2009.利用卫星资料分析我国北方东西部臭氧分布差异[J].应用气象学报,20(1):1-7.Yang Jingmei,Qiu Jinhuan.2009.Differences in ozone distribution patterns of east and west parts in the North of China based on satellite data.[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,20(1):1-7,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2009.01.001.
叶笃正,高由禧,罗四维,等.1979.青藏高原气象学[M].北京:科学出版社,1pp.1.Ye Duzheng,Gao Youxi,Luo Siwei,et al.1979.Atmosphere in Tibetan Plateau(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Science Press,1.
张兴赢,张鹏,张艳,等.2007.近10 a中国对流层NO2的变化趋势、时空分布特征及其来源解析[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,37(10):1409-1416.Zhang Xingying,Zhang Peng,Zhang Yan,et al.2007.The trend,seasonal cycle,and sources of tropospheric NO2 over China during1997-2006 based on satellite measurement[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Science,50(12):1877-1884,doi:10.1007/s11430-007-0141-6.
Zhou Xiuji,Luo Chao.1994.Ozone valley over Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,8(4):505-506.
周秀骥,罗超,李维亮,等.1995.中国地区臭氧总量变化与青藏高原低值中心[J].科学通报,40(15):1396-1398.Zhou Xiuji,Luo Chao,Li Weiliang,et al.1995.Variation of total ozone over China and the Tibetan Plateau low center[J].Chinese Sci.Bull.,40(15):1396-1398.
周秀骥,李维亮,陈隆勋,等.2004.青藏高原地区大气臭氧变化的研究[J].气象学报,62(5):513-527.Zhou Xiuji,Li Weiliang,Chen Longxun,et al.2004.Study of ozone change over Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,62(5):513-527,doi:10.3321/j.issn:0577-6619.2004.05.001.
邹捍,郜永祺.1997.大尺度山地上空臭氧亏损及其变化趋势[J].山地研究,15(4):209-213.Zou Han,Gao Yongqi.1997.Ozone deficit and trend over the large scale mountains[J].Mountain Research,15(4):209-213,doi:10.16089/j.cnki.1008-2786.1997.04.001.