我国人工林新时代发展形势分析
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摘要
改革开放40年来,我国人工林发展迅速,不仅造林面积稳居世界第1,生产的林副产品也有力地促进了经济增长。在全球气候变化、国家生态文明、美丽中国、森林城市建设以及乡村振兴战略的新时代,人工林将为增加森林碳汇、建设更加美好的生态环境、提供优质的生态产品、优化城市绿色空间以及建设美丽乡村等多重效益带来新的发展机遇。文中在梳理人工林建设成就的同时,针对我国人工林存在的单位面积蓄积量低、木材产品和生态产品供给不足和未来造林空间受限等问题,参照国内外林业发展研究与实践经验,总结了人工林发展方向的转变,即从木材导向的单一经营迈向可持续的多功能经营,从大面积低质低效纯林迈向近自然育林,从重数量轻质量迈向质量与数量并举,以及从静态主观事后管理迈向动态智能实时管理。
In the past 40 years of reform and opening up, China has seen the rapid development of plantations, which not only top the world in area, but also makes significant contribution to the growth of forestry economy by producing wood and other products. In the new era in which global climate change, national ecological civilization development, beautiful China construction, forest city construction and rural revitalization strategy are rising as main issues, the plantation will bring on new development opportunities to increase forest carbon sink, build a better ecological environment, provide high-quality ecological products, optimize urban green space and build beautiful villages. Based on the review of the achievements of plantation development in China and with an eye to the current problems including low volume per unit area, the shortage of wood and ecological products and the limited supply of land for afforestation in the future, this paper summarizes the transition of development direction of the plantation in reference to domestic and foreign forestry development research and practical experiences, i.e., from timber-oriented operation to sustainable multi-functional management, from large-scale low-quality and low-efficiency pure forest establishment to close-to-nature silviculture, from more focused on quantity than quality to equal attention to quality and quantity, and from static and subjective post facto management to dynamic and intelligent real-time management.
In the past 40 years of reform and opening up, China has seen the rapid development of plantations, which not only top the world in area, but also makes significant contribution to the growth of forestry economy by producing wood and other products. In the new era in which global climate change, national ecological civilization development, beautiful China construction, forest city construction and rural revitalization strategy are rising as main issues, the plantation will bring on new development opportunities to increase forest carbon sink, build a better ecological environment, provide high-quality ecological products, optimize urban green space and build beautiful villages. Based on the review of the achievements of plantation development in China and with an eye to the current problems including low volume per unit area, the shortage of wood and ecological products and the limited supply of land for afforestation in the future, this paper summarizes the transition of development direction of the plantation in reference to domestic and foreign forestry development research and practical experiences, i.e., from timber-oriented operation to sustainable multi-functional management, from large-scale low-quality and low-efficiency pure forest establishment to close-to-nature silviculture, from more focused on quantity than quality to equal attention to quality and quantity, and from static and subjective post facto management to dynamic and intelligent real-time management.
引文
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[24]刘世荣,杨予静,王晖.中国人工林经营发展战略与对策:从追求木材产量的单一目标经营转向提升生态系统服务质量和效益的多目标经营[J].生态学报,2018,38(1):1-10.
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[28]彭舜磊,王得祥,赵辉,等.我国人工林现状与近自然经营途径探讨[J].西北林学院学报,2008,23(2):184-188.
[29]蔡磊,杨健,王六平,等.贵州省主要人工林近自然经营技术研究[C]//中国科学技术协会,贵州省人民政府.第十五届中国科协年会第19分会场:中国西部生态林业和民生林业与科技创新学术研讨会论文集.中国科学技术协会,贵州省人民政府,2013.
[30]陈幸良,巨茜,林昆仑.中国人工林发展现状、问题与对策[J].世界林业研究,2014,27(6):54-59.
[31]闫星宇,金兆怀,张清正.中国林业信息化与林业经济发展关系的分析与对策[J].经济问题探索,2018(3):151-158.
[2]陈辉民,徐运保.林产品进出口贸易特征及流向研究[J].中国林业经济,2015(5):42-47.
[3]胡会峰,刘国华.森林管理在全球CO2减排中的作用[J].应用生态学报,2006(4):4709-4714.
[4]BING X,GUO Z D,PIAO S L,et al.Biomass carbon stocks in China’s forests between 2000 and 2050:a prediction based on forest biomass-age relationships[J].Science China Life Sciences,2010,53(7):776-783.
[5]张颖,潘静.森林碳汇经济核算及资产负债表编制研究[J].统计研究,2016,33(11):71-76.
[6]国家林业局.中国森林资源报告:第八次全国森林资源清查[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2014.
[7]许传德.从连续八次森林资源清查数据看我国森林经营[J].林业经济,2014,36(4):8-11,36.
[8]徐济德.我国第八次森林资源清查结果及分析[J].林业经济,2014,36(3):6-8.
[9]曾伟生.近自然森林经营是提高我国森林质量的可行途径[J].林业资源管理,2009(2):6-11.
[10]郑晶,于浩.供给侧改革视角下中国省域生态产品有效供给及影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(10):3326-3336.
[11]胡觉,彭长清,甘世书,等.我国人工林变化动态及增长潜力分析[J].林业资源管理,2014(增刊1):6-8.
[12]尚雯,李德禄,魏林源,等.石羊河流域干旱荒漠区人工梭梭林对土壤碳库的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(3):191-198.
[13]黄东,谢晨,赵金成,等.澳大利亚多功能林业经营及其对我国的启示[J].林业经济,2010(2):117-121.
[14]LIU S R,WU S R,WANG H.Managing planted forests for multiple uses under a changing environment in China[J].New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science,2014,44(suppl1):S3.
[15]BORRASS L,KLEINSCHMIT D,WINKEL G.The “German model” of integrative multifunctional forest management:analysing the emergence and political evolution of a forest management concept[J].Forest Policy & Economics,2017,77:16-23.
[16]MACDICKEN K G,SOLA P,HALL J E,et al.Global progress toward sustainable forest management[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2015,352:47-56.
[17]魏晓华,郑吉,刘国华,等.人工林碳汇潜力新概念及应用[J].生态学报,2015,35(12):3881-3885.
[18]姜俊,陆元昌,谢阳生,等.基于发展类型理念的多功能人工林经营模式研究[J].世界林业研究,2015,28(3):1-5.
[19]陆元昌,刘宪钊,王宏,等.多功能人工林经营技术指南[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2014:47-56.
[20]陆元昌,刘宪钊,雷相东,等.人工林多功能经营技术体系[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2017,37(7):1-10.
[21]盛后财,郭娜,琚存勇,等.胡桃楸人工林降雨截留分配效应研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018,32(7):128-133.
[22]张淑兰,王彦辉,于澎涛,等.定量区分人类活动和降水量变化对泾河上游径流变化的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(4):53-58.
[23]朱教君,张金鑫.关于人工林可持续经营的思考[J].科学,2016,68(4):37-40,63.
[24]刘世荣,杨予静,王晖.中国人工林经营发展战略与对策:从追求木材产量的单一目标经营转向提升生态系统服务质量和效益的多目标经营[J].生态学报,2018,38(1):1-10.
[25]KOHSAKS R,HANDOH I C.Perceptions of “close-to-nature forestry” by German and Japanese groups:inquiry using visual materials of “cut” and “dead” wood [J].Journal of Forest Research,2006,11(1):11-19.
[26]赵明,孟京辉,陆元昌.我国人工林近自然经营的可行性与必要性[J].河北林果研究,2013,28(2):136-139.
[27]陆元昌,张守攻,雷相东,等.人工林近自然化改造的理论基础和实施技术[J].世界林业研究,2009,22(1):20-27.
[28]彭舜磊,王得祥,赵辉,等.我国人工林现状与近自然经营途径探讨[J].西北林学院学报,2008,23(2):184-188.
[29]蔡磊,杨健,王六平,等.贵州省主要人工林近自然经营技术研究[C]//中国科学技术协会,贵州省人民政府.第十五届中国科协年会第19分会场:中国西部生态林业和民生林业与科技创新学术研讨会论文集.中国科学技术协会,贵州省人民政府,2013.
[30]陈幸良,巨茜,林昆仑.中国人工林发展现状、问题与对策[J].世界林业研究,2014,27(6):54-59.
[31]闫星宇,金兆怀,张清正.中国林业信息化与林业经济发展关系的分析与对策[J].经济问题探索,2018(3):151-158.