南极治理机制的内涵、动力与前景
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摘要
南极治理是国际合作与国际博弈的新议题,也是中国参与全球治理的重要组成部分。南极治理机制是南极治理的核心,其主要来源于南极条约体系。作为一种机制复合体,南极治理机制通过"增生"与"裂变"的方式形成与发展,各个机制共享相同的核心原则与价值理念。南极治理机制背后公私混杂的价值理念构成南极治理机制的内涵。权力结构和显要规范的共同作用推进南极治理机制的演变。目前,南极治理的权力持续扩散、资源利用规范悄然兴起,南极治理机制将迎来新变化。
Antarctic governance is a new focus of international cooperation and international relations, and it forms an important part of China's share in global governance. Antarctic governance regime derives mainly from the Antarctic Treaty System. The Antarctic governance regime is a regime complex, formed by means of accretion and fission in international relations, though the regime partners are meant to share the same core principles and values. The values of the Antarctic governance regime, which mixes public interests and national self-interests, have determined the implications of Antarctic governance regime. However, a combination of power and norms exists to promote changes in the Antarctic governance regime. At present, the power of Antarctic governance appears to be diffusing, while the resource utilization norm is intensifying;thus, the Antarctic governance regime must confront future changes.
Antarctic governance is a new focus of international cooperation and international relations, and it forms an important part of China's share in global governance. Antarctic governance regime derives mainly from the Antarctic Treaty System. The Antarctic governance regime is a regime complex, formed by means of accretion and fission in international relations, though the regime partners are meant to share the same core principles and values. The values of the Antarctic governance regime, which mixes public interests and national self-interests, have determined the implications of Antarctic governance regime. However, a combination of power and norms exists to promote changes in the Antarctic governance regime. At present, the power of Antarctic governance appears to be diffusing, while the resource utilization norm is intensifying;thus, the Antarctic governance regime must confront future changes.
引文
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2陈力.南极治理机制的挑战与变革[J].国际观察,2014,(2):95-109.
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16 KRASNER S D.Structural causes and regime consequences:regimes as intervening variables[J].International Organization,1982,36(2):185-205.
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19王婉潞.南极治理中的权力扩散[J].国际论坛,2016,18(4):14-19.
20彼得·卡赞斯坦.国家安全的文化:世界政治中的规范与认同[M].宋伟,刘铁娃,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2009:57.
21王婉潞.南极治理中的规范更替[J].边界与海洋研究,2018,(4):110-119.
22 CHOWN S L,LEE J E,HUGHES K A,et al.Challenges to the future conservation of the Antarctic[J].Science,2012,337(6091):158-159.DOI:10.1126/science.1222821.
23 JABOUR J.The Antarctic treaty system:what’s on the horizon?[J].The Yearbook of Polar Law IV,2012:709-722.
24 HAASE D,LAMERS M,ANELUNG B.Heading into uncharted territory?Exploring the institutional robustness of self-regulation in the Antarctic tourism sector[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2009,17(4):411-430.
25 ZEBICH-KNOS M.Managing polar policy through public and private regulatory standards:the case of tourism in the Antarctic[M]//PINCUS R,ALI S H.Diplomacy on Ice:Energy and the Environment in the Arctic and Antarctic.Yale University Press,2015:94-112.
26刘惠荣,刘秀.国际法体系下南极生物勘探的法律规制研究[J].中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版),2012,(04):9-14.
27 BRAY D.The geopolitics of Antarctic governance:sovereignty and strategic denial in Australia’s Antarctic policy[J].Australian Journal of International Affairs,2016,70(3):256-274.
28 JOYNER C C.Bioprospecting as a challenge to the Antarctic Treaty[C]//HEMMINGS A D,ROTHWELL D R,SCOTT K N.Antarctic Security in the Twenty-First Century:Legal and policy perspectives.Routledge,2012:197-214.
29 TRIGGS G.The Antarctic Treaty System:a model of legal creativity and cooperation[C]//BERKMAN P A.Science diplomacy:Antarctica,science,and the governance of international spaces.Washington,D.C.:Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press,2012:39-49.
30杨剑,郑英琴.“人类命运共同体”思想与新疆域的国际治理[J].国际问题研究,2017,(4):1.
2陈力.南极治理机制的挑战与变革[J].国际观察,2014,(2):95-109.
3刘宏松.正式与非正式国际机制的概念辨析[J].欧洲研究,2009,(3):91-106.
4 TRIGGS G D.The Antarctic Treaty Regime:Law,Environment and Resources[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1987.
5薄燕,高翔.原则与规则:全球气候变化治理机制的变迁[J].世界经济与政治,2014,(2):48-65,156-157.
6 KEOHANE R O,VICTOR D G.The regime complex for climate change[J].Perspectives on Politics,2011,9(1):7-23.
7 FABRA A,GASCON V.The Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources(CCAMLR)and the Ecosystem Approach[J].The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law,2008,23(3):567-598.
8 STUDENT J,AMELUNG B,LAMERS M.Towards a tipping point?Exploring the capacity to self-regulate Antarctic tourism using agent-based modelling[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2016,24(3):412-429.
9 BASTMEIJER K,ROURA R.Regulating Antarctic tourism and the precautionary principle[J].American Journal of International Law,2004,98(4):763-781.
10 HAASE D,LAMERS M,ANELUNG B.Heading into uncharted territory?Exploring the institutional robustness of self-regulation in the antarctic tourism sector[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2009,17(4):411-430.
11 VERBITSKY J.Antarctic tourism management and regulation:the need for change[J].Polar Record,2013,49(3):278-285.
12王婉潞.南极治理机制的类型分析[J].太平洋学报,2016,(4):77-85.
13罗伯特·基欧汉.霸权之后:世界政治经济中的合作与纷争[M].苏长和,信强,何曜,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2006:58-59.
14唐世平.制度变迁的广义理论[M].沈文松,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2016:5.
15秦亚青.权力·制度·文化[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2005:101-105.
16 KRASNER S D.Structural causes and regime consequences:regimes as intervening variables[J].International Organization,1982,36(2):185-205.
17国家海洋局极地考察办公室.南极条约[EB/OL].(2018-04-23)[2018-07-10].http://www.chinare.cn/caa/gb_article.php?modid=07001.
18 PANKE D,PTERSOHN U.Norm challenges and norm death:the inexplicable?[J].Cooperation and Conflict,2016,51(1):4.
19王婉潞.南极治理中的权力扩散[J].国际论坛,2016,18(4):14-19.
20彼得·卡赞斯坦.国家安全的文化:世界政治中的规范与认同[M].宋伟,刘铁娃,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2009:57.
21王婉潞.南极治理中的规范更替[J].边界与海洋研究,2018,(4):110-119.
22 CHOWN S L,LEE J E,HUGHES K A,et al.Challenges to the future conservation of the Antarctic[J].Science,2012,337(6091):158-159.DOI:10.1126/science.1222821.
23 JABOUR J.The Antarctic treaty system:what’s on the horizon?[J].The Yearbook of Polar Law IV,2012:709-722.
24 HAASE D,LAMERS M,ANELUNG B.Heading into uncharted territory?Exploring the institutional robustness of self-regulation in the Antarctic tourism sector[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2009,17(4):411-430.
25 ZEBICH-KNOS M.Managing polar policy through public and private regulatory standards:the case of tourism in the Antarctic[M]//PINCUS R,ALI S H.Diplomacy on Ice:Energy and the Environment in the Arctic and Antarctic.Yale University Press,2015:94-112.
26刘惠荣,刘秀.国际法体系下南极生物勘探的法律规制研究[J].中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版),2012,(04):9-14.
27 BRAY D.The geopolitics of Antarctic governance:sovereignty and strategic denial in Australia’s Antarctic policy[J].Australian Journal of International Affairs,2016,70(3):256-274.
28 JOYNER C C.Bioprospecting as a challenge to the Antarctic Treaty[C]//HEMMINGS A D,ROTHWELL D R,SCOTT K N.Antarctic Security in the Twenty-First Century:Legal and policy perspectives.Routledge,2012:197-214.
29 TRIGGS G.The Antarctic Treaty System:a model of legal creativity and cooperation[C]//BERKMAN P A.Science diplomacy:Antarctica,science,and the governance of international spaces.Washington,D.C.:Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press,2012:39-49.
30杨剑,郑英琴.“人类命运共同体”思想与新疆域的国际治理[J].国际问题研究,2017,(4):1.