桂林毛村地下河流域岩溶关键带碳循环研究
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摘要
本文系统总结了桂林毛村地下河观测站在岩溶关键带垂向上碳循环的监测工作,为基地进入岩溶关键带监测网络奠定基础。对岩溶植被层-土壤层-岩石层-地下水无缝连续体的碳循环监测,包括不同地质背景下典型植被的光合速率、自然植被下凋落物的分解(植被层)、不同土地利用方式下土壤碳库的组成及转化、土壤微生物及有机酸对碳酸盐岩的溶蚀(土壤层)、洞穴CO2浓度及同位素的变化(气体-岩石作用层)、流域水体无机碳特征、外源水对岩溶碳汇过程的促进(地下水层)等方面。经过长期的科研积累,形成一套包括岩溶生物地球化学、岩溶水文过程、同位素示踪技术等在内的野外及室内研究方法,为流域尺度岩溶关键带碳循环的研究提供了技术支持和理论基础。但岩溶关键带碳循环过程中的生物作用及现代CO2在岩溶关键带中的周转时间研究较少,亟待加强。桂林毛村地下河流域岩溶关键带碳循环的研究具有地域优势和学术优势,适合成为我国岩溶关键带监测站。
This paper systematically summarizes the monitoring of the carbon cycle of karst critical zone in Maocun subterranean river basin of Guilin,which lays a foundation for the base toenter the karst critical zone monitoring network.The carbon cycle monitoring of vegetation-soilrock-groundwater continuum included the photosynthetic rate of typical vegetation under different geological backgrounds the decomposition of litter under natural vegetation conditions(vegetation layer),composition and transformation of soil carbon pool under the use of soil,carbonate rock dissolution by soil microbial and organicacid(soil layer),cave CO2 concentration and isotope change(gas-rock layer),basin inorganic carbon flux and the promotion of karst carbon sink process by allogenic water(groundwater)and so on.After a long period of scientific research,a set of field and indoor methods were formed,including karst biogeochemistry,hydrological processes,isotope tracer technology,etc.These methods provided a technical support and theoretical basis for the study of carbon cycle in the critical zone of karst basin.However,the biological effects of the carbon cycle and the turnover time of modern CO2 in the karst critical zone were less studied and needed to be strengthened.The research on the carbon cycle of karst critical zone in Maocun subterranean river basin of Guilin had geographical advantages and academic advantages.It was suitable to become the monitoring station of karst critical zone in China.
This paper systematically summarizes the monitoring of the carbon cycle of karst critical zone in Maocun subterranean river basin of Guilin,which lays a foundation for the base toenter the karst critical zone monitoring network.The carbon cycle monitoring of vegetation-soilrock-groundwater continuum included the photosynthetic rate of typical vegetation under different geological backgrounds the decomposition of litter under natural vegetation conditions(vegetation layer),composition and transformation of soil carbon pool under the use of soil,carbonate rock dissolution by soil microbial and organicacid(soil layer),cave CO2 concentration and isotope change(gas-rock layer),basin inorganic carbon flux and the promotion of karst carbon sink process by allogenic water(groundwater)and so on.After a long period of scientific research,a set of field and indoor methods were formed,including karst biogeochemistry,hydrological processes,isotope tracer technology,etc.These methods provided a technical support and theoretical basis for the study of carbon cycle in the critical zone of karst basin.However,the biological effects of the carbon cycle and the turnover time of modern CO2 in the karst critical zone were less studied and needed to be strengthened.The research on the carbon cycle of karst critical zone in Maocun subterranean river basin of Guilin had geographical advantages and academic advantages.It was suitable to become the monitoring station of karst critical zone in China.
引文
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[16]严毅萍,曹建华,尹辉,等.典型岩溶区不同土地利用方式对土壤有机碳储量及其矿化速率的影响[J].水土保持通报,2011,31(5):13-17.YAN Y P,CAO J H,YIN H,et al.Influences of land use on storage and decomposition rate of soil organic carbon in karst area[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,31(5):13-17.
[17]陈家瑞,曹建华,梁毅,等.石灰土发育过程中土壤腐殖质组成及其与土壤钙赋存形态关系[J].中国岩溶,2012,31(1):7-11.CHEN J R,CAO J R,LIANG Y,et al.Relationship of the humus components and the calcium form with the development of limestone soil[J].Carsologica Sinica,2012,31(1):7-11.
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[19]曹建华,周莉,杨慧,等.桂林毛村岩溶区与碎屑岩区林下土壤碳迁移对比及岩溶碳汇效应研究[J].第四纪研究,2011,31(3):431-437.CAO J H,ZHOU L,YANG H,et al.Comparison of carbon transfer between forest soils in karst and clasolite areas and karst carbon sink effect in Maocun village of Guilin[J].Quaternary Science,2011,31(3):431-437.
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[23]黄黎英,曹建华,何寻阳,等.几种低分子量有机酸对石灰岩溶蚀作用的室内模拟试验[J].地球与环境,2006,34(3):44-50.HUANG L Y,CAO J H,HE X Y,et al.Simulation experiment on limestone dissolution by some low-molecular-weight organic acid[J].Earth and Environment,2006,34(3):44-50.
[24]吴夏,潘谋成,曹建华,等.开放洞穴环境变化特征及其影响因素——以桂林凉风洞为例[J].中国岩溶,2018,http://kns.cnki. net/kcms/detail/45. 1157. P.20180723.1202.006.html.WU X,PAN M C,CAO J H,et al.The characteristics of open cave environment and its influencing factors:In Liangfeng cave,Guilin[J].Carsologica Sinica,2018,http://kns. cnki. net/kcms/detail/45. 1157. P.20180723.1202.006.html.
[25]班凤梅,蔡炳贵.北京石花洞空气环境主要因子季节性变化特征研究[J].中国岩溶,2011,30(2):132-137.BAN F M,CAI B G.Research on seasonal variations of the air's main environmental factors in the Shihua Cave,Beijing[J].Carsologica Sinica,2011,30(2):132-137.
[26]张萍,杨琰,孙喆,等.河南鸡冠洞CO2季节和昼夜变化特征及影响因子比较[J].环境科学,2017,38(1):60-69.ZHANG P,YANG Y,SUN Z,et al.Comparisons between seasonal and diurnal patterns of cave air CO2and control factors in Jiguan Cave,Henan Province,China[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(1):60-69.
[27]黄芬,唐伟,汪进良,等.外源水对岩溶碳汇的影响——以桂林毛村地下河为例[J].中国岩溶,2011,30(4):417-421.HUANG F,TANG W,WANG J L,et al.The influence of allogenic water on karst carbon sink:A case study in the Maocun subterranean river in Guilin,China[J].Carsologica Sinica,2011,30(4):417-421.
[28]李亮.潮田河流域(岩溶)地质碳汇过程及通量估算研究[D].北京:中国地质科学院,2013.LI L.Research on karst/geological carbon sinks process and flux in chaotian watershed,Guilin,China[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Geological Science,2013.
[29] CAO J H,WU X,HUANG F,et al.Global significance of the carbon cycle in the karst dynamic system:Evidence from geological and ecological processes[J].China Geology,2018(1):17-27.
[30] HUANG F,ZHANG C L,XIE Y C,et al.Inorganic carbon flux and its source in the karst catchment of Maocun,Guilin,China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74(2):1079-1089.
[31] MABERLY S C,MADSEN T V.Use of bicarbonate ions as a source of carbon in photosynthesis by Callitriche hermaphroditica[J].Aquatic Botany,2002,73(1):1-7.
[32] SANDJENSEN K.Photosynthetic carbon sources of stream macrophytes[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,1983,34(139):198-210.
[33] CAO J H,HU B,GROVES C,et al.Karst dynamic system and the carbon cycle[J].Zeitschrift Für Geomorphologie Supplementary Issues,2016,60(2):35-55.
[34] ADAMCZYKK,PREMONT-SCHWARZ M,PINES D,et al.Real-time observation of carbonic acid formation in aqueous solution[J].Science,2009,326(5960):1690-1694.
[2] BANWART S A,BERNASCONI S M,BLOEM J,et al.Soil processes and functions in critical zone observatories:Hypotheses and experimental design[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2011,10(3):974-987.
[3] BANWART S,MENON M,BERNASCONI S M,et al.Soil processes and functions across an international network of critical zone observatories:Introduction to experimental methods and initial results[J].Comptes Rendus Géoscience,2012,344(11/12):758-772.
[4] HRUSKA J,KRAM P,JAKUB H,et al.Increased dissolved organic carbon(DOC)in Central European streams is driven by reductions in ionic strength rather than climate change or decreasing acidity[J].Environ Sci Technol,2009,43(12):4320-4326.
[5]杨宗喜,唐金荣,周平,等.大数据时代下美国地质调查局的科学新观[J].地质通报,2013,32(9):1337-1343.YANG Z X,TANG J R,ZHOU P,et al.Earth science research in U.S.geological survey under the big data revolution[J].Geologcal Bulletin of China,2013,32(9):1337-1343.
[6] AMUNDSON R,RICHTER D D,HUMPHREYS G S,et al.Coupling between biota and earth materials in the critical zone[J].Elements,2007,3:327-332.
[7] DIMITRIOU E,MOUSSOULIS E,STAMATI F,et al.Modelling hydrological characteristics of Mediterranean Temporary Ponds and potential impacts from climate change[J].Hydrobiologia,2009,634(1):195-208.
[8]赵其国,滕应.国际土壤科学研究的新进展[J].土壤,2013,45(1):1-7.ZHAO Q G,TENG Y.New advances in international soil science[J].Soils,2013,45(1):1-7.
[9]安培浚,张志强,王立伟.地球关键带的研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2016,31(12):1228-1234.AN P J,ZHANG Z Q,WANG L W.Review of earth critical zone research[J].Advances in Earth Science,2016,31(12):1228-1234.
[10]袁道先.岩溶作用对环境变化的敏感性及其记录[J].科学通报,1995,40(13):1210-1213.YUAN D X.Sensitivity of karstification to environmental changes and its records[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1995,40(13):1210-1213.
[11]徐祥明,曹建华,李小方,等.岩溶环境下牧草光合速率日动态和水分利用效率研究[J].江苏农业科学,2007(3):161-165.XU X M,CAO J H,LI X F,et al.Study on daily dynamics and water use efficiency of forage photosynthesis rate in karst environment[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2007(3):161-165.
[12]余龙江,刘彦,李为,等.不同地质背景下黄荆的光合蒸腾及水分利用效率比较[J].生态环境,2008,17(3):1100-1106.YU L J,LIU Y,LI W,et al.Photosynthesis,transpiration and water use efficiency of Vitex negundo under different geological background[J].Ecology and Environmnet,2008,17(3):1100-1106.
[13]涂春艳.岩溶区檵木和马尾松凋落叶分解研究[D].桂林:广西师范大学,2016.TU C Y.Study on leaf litters decomposition of Loropetalum Chinense and Pinus massoniana in karst area[D].Guilin:Guangxi Normal University,2016.
[14]杨慧,白冰,谢银财,等.桂林毛村岩溶区自然植被土壤团聚体中腐殖质组成初步研究[J].中国岩溶,2016,35(1):19-26.YANG H,BAI B,XIE Y C,et al.A preliminary study on soil humus in soil aggregates of natural vegetation in karst area,Maocun,Guilin[J].Carsologica Sinica,2016,35(1):19-26.
[15]严毅萍,曹建华,杨慧,等.岩溶区不同土地利用方式对土壤有机碳碳库及周转时间的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(2):144-149.YAN Y P,CAO J H,YANG H,et al.The impact of different soil types on soil organic carbon pool and turnover in karst area[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(2):144-149.
[16]严毅萍,曹建华,尹辉,等.典型岩溶区不同土地利用方式对土壤有机碳储量及其矿化速率的影响[J].水土保持通报,2011,31(5):13-17.YAN Y P,CAO J H,YIN H,et al.Influences of land use on storage and decomposition rate of soil organic carbon in karst area[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,31(5):13-17.
[17]陈家瑞,曹建华,梁毅,等.石灰土发育过程中土壤腐殖质组成及其与土壤钙赋存形态关系[J].中国岩溶,2012,31(1):7-11.CHEN J R,CAO J R,LIANG Y,et al.Relationship of the humus components and the calcium form with the development of limestone soil[J].Carsologica Sinica,2012,31(1):7-11.
[18]严毅萍,曹建华,梁毅,等.桂林毛村岩溶区三种亚类石灰土有机碳矿化研究[J].地球与环境,2012,40(2):219-226.YAN Y P,CAO J H,LIANG Y,et al.Organic carbon storage and decomposition rate of three subcategories of calcareous soil in karst area[J].Earth and Environment,2012,40(2):219-226.
[19]曹建华,周莉,杨慧,等.桂林毛村岩溶区与碎屑岩区林下土壤碳迁移对比及岩溶碳汇效应研究[J].第四纪研究,2011,31(3):431-437.CAO J H,ZHOU L,YANG H,et al.Comparison of carbon transfer between forest soils in karst and clasolite areas and karst carbon sink effect in Maocun village of Guilin[J].Quaternary Science,2011,31(3):431-437.
[20] SMITH K S,JAKUBZICK C,WHITTAM T S,et al.Carbonic anhydrase is an ancient enzyme widespread in prokaryotes[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1999,96(26):15184-15189.
[21] TRIPP B C,SMITH K,FERRY J G.Carbonic anhydrase:New insights for an ancient enzyme[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,2001,276(52):48615-48618.
[22]黄芬,张春来,杨慧,等.中国岩溶碳汇过程与效应研究成果及展望[J].中国地质调查,2014,1(3):57-66.HUANG F,ZHANG C L,YANG H,et al.Achievements and prospects in the study of karst carbon sink processes and effects in China[J].Geological Survey of China,2014,1(3):57-66.
[23]黄黎英,曹建华,何寻阳,等.几种低分子量有机酸对石灰岩溶蚀作用的室内模拟试验[J].地球与环境,2006,34(3):44-50.HUANG L Y,CAO J H,HE X Y,et al.Simulation experiment on limestone dissolution by some low-molecular-weight organic acid[J].Earth and Environment,2006,34(3):44-50.
[24]吴夏,潘谋成,曹建华,等.开放洞穴环境变化特征及其影响因素——以桂林凉风洞为例[J].中国岩溶,2018,http://kns.cnki. net/kcms/detail/45. 1157. P.20180723.1202.006.html.WU X,PAN M C,CAO J H,et al.The characteristics of open cave environment and its influencing factors:In Liangfeng cave,Guilin[J].Carsologica Sinica,2018,http://kns. cnki. net/kcms/detail/45. 1157. P.20180723.1202.006.html.
[25]班凤梅,蔡炳贵.北京石花洞空气环境主要因子季节性变化特征研究[J].中国岩溶,2011,30(2):132-137.BAN F M,CAI B G.Research on seasonal variations of the air's main environmental factors in the Shihua Cave,Beijing[J].Carsologica Sinica,2011,30(2):132-137.
[26]张萍,杨琰,孙喆,等.河南鸡冠洞CO2季节和昼夜变化特征及影响因子比较[J].环境科学,2017,38(1):60-69.ZHANG P,YANG Y,SUN Z,et al.Comparisons between seasonal and diurnal patterns of cave air CO2and control factors in Jiguan Cave,Henan Province,China[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(1):60-69.
[27]黄芬,唐伟,汪进良,等.外源水对岩溶碳汇的影响——以桂林毛村地下河为例[J].中国岩溶,2011,30(4):417-421.HUANG F,TANG W,WANG J L,et al.The influence of allogenic water on karst carbon sink:A case study in the Maocun subterranean river in Guilin,China[J].Carsologica Sinica,2011,30(4):417-421.
[28]李亮.潮田河流域(岩溶)地质碳汇过程及通量估算研究[D].北京:中国地质科学院,2013.LI L.Research on karst/geological carbon sinks process and flux in chaotian watershed,Guilin,China[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Geological Science,2013.
[29] CAO J H,WU X,HUANG F,et al.Global significance of the carbon cycle in the karst dynamic system:Evidence from geological and ecological processes[J].China Geology,2018(1):17-27.
[30] HUANG F,ZHANG C L,XIE Y C,et al.Inorganic carbon flux and its source in the karst catchment of Maocun,Guilin,China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74(2):1079-1089.
[31] MABERLY S C,MADSEN T V.Use of bicarbonate ions as a source of carbon in photosynthesis by Callitriche hermaphroditica[J].Aquatic Botany,2002,73(1):1-7.
[32] SANDJENSEN K.Photosynthetic carbon sources of stream macrophytes[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,1983,34(139):198-210.
[33] CAO J H,HU B,GROVES C,et al.Karst dynamic system and the carbon cycle[J].Zeitschrift Für Geomorphologie Supplementary Issues,2016,60(2):35-55.
[34] ADAMCZYKK,PREMONT-SCHWARZ M,PINES D,et al.Real-time observation of carbonic acid formation in aqueous solution[J].Science,2009,326(5960):1690-1694.