棉花/芝麻间作模式对作物生长和产量的影响
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摘要
【目的】间作是提高土地和资源利用率的1种集约化种植方式。本研究旨在探讨棉花/芝麻间作的优劣势,并寻找棉花/芝麻间作最佳种植模式。【方法】以等行距单作棉花(Tc_1)、大小行单作棉花(Tc_2)和单作芝麻(Ts)为对照,设计棉花、芝麻的间作方式分别为1-1式(棉花行距80 cm,棉花行间种植1行芝麻),2-1式(棉花大小行种植,宽行中间种植1行芝麻),2-2式(棉花大小行种植,宽行中间种植2行芝麻)3种间作模式,比较研究了不同间作模式对棉花/芝麻产量及产量构成因子、叶面积动态和干物质积累的影响,并采用土地当量比(LER)分析了不同间作模式的土地利用效率及间作优劣势。【结果】与单作棉花或单作芝麻相比,所有间作模式皆降低棉花或芝麻的产量,但2-1式间作中棉花籽棉产量与单作棉花Tc_1、Tc_2相比仅略降低,差异不明显;1-1式间作模式下2年平均籽棉产量、株高、单株成铃数和铃重比Tc_1分别降低了17.3%、7.9%、19.7%和7.9%;2-2式间作的籽棉产量、株高、单株成铃数和铃重比Tc_2分别降低16.4%、5.81%、14.8%和6.2%。间作系统中棉花与芝麻的混合产量和综合经济效益皆高于棉花和芝麻单作。与单作相比,间作显著提高了群体的叶面积指数,增加了单位面积干物质积累总量。2015年、2016年的LER分别为1～1.24和0.91～1.16。【结论】棉花/芝麻间作的LER大于1,间作的混合产量和综合经济效益高于棉花和芝麻单作,两者具有间作优势。2-1式间作既不影响棉花产量又增收一茬芝麻,且易于栽培管理,是可行的栽培模式。
[Objective] Intercropping as an intensive planting method, could increase the utilization ratio of land and resources.The study aimed to explore the advantages and disadvantages of cotton/sesame intercropping, and then find out the best planting pattern of cotton/sesame intercropping. [Method] Equidistant row monocropping cotton(Tc_1), wide narrow row monocropping cotton(Tc_2) and monocropping sesame(Ts) were used as control. We designed three intercropping patterns as follows: 1-1 pattern(cotton row spacing was 80 cm, one row of sesame was planted in the two row spacing), 2-1 pattern(cotton grown in wide-narrow-row, one row of sesame was planted in the wide row spacing), and 2-2 pattern(cotton grown in wide-narrow-row,two rows of sesame were planted in the wide row spacing). The effects of different intercropping patterns on cotton/sesame yield, yield components, leaf area index dynamic change and dry matter accumulation were investigated. The land equivalent ratio was used as an index to assess the land use efficiency. [Result] The results showed that cotton/sesame yield were significantiy affected by different intercropping patterns. However, the seed cotton yield decreased only slightly in 2-1 intercropping pattern. Two years average showed that, the seed cotton yield, plant height, boll number of per plant and boll weight in 1-1 pattern were reduced by 17.3%, 7.9%, 19.7% and 7.9% compared with Tc_1, respectively. In the treatment of 2-2 model, which reduced by 16.4%, 5.81%, 14.8% and 6.2% in comparison with Tc_2. But in the intercropping systems, the mixed yield and comprehensive economic benefit of cotton and sesame were higher than those of cotton and sesame monoculture. The leaf area index of the group and the total amount of dry matter accumulation in unit area increased significantly under cotton/sesame intercropping systems. The land equivalent ratios in 2015 and 2016 were from 1 to 1.24 and 0.91 to 1.16,respectively. [Conclusion] Under different cotton/sesame intercropping systems, the mixed yield and total economic benefit were higher than that of monocropping cotton or sesame. The 2-1 cotton/sesame intercropping pattern occupied the most optimal production performance and easy to cultivate, which was the practicable intercropping patterns in sustainable development.
[Objective] Intercropping as an intensive planting method, could increase the utilization ratio of land and resources.The study aimed to explore the advantages and disadvantages of cotton/sesame intercropping, and then find out the best planting pattern of cotton/sesame intercropping. [Method] Equidistant row monocropping cotton(Tc_1), wide narrow row monocropping cotton(Tc_2) and monocropping sesame(Ts) were used as control. We designed three intercropping patterns as follows: 1-1 pattern(cotton row spacing was 80 cm, one row of sesame was planted in the two row spacing), 2-1 pattern(cotton grown in wide-narrow-row, one row of sesame was planted in the wide row spacing), and 2-2 pattern(cotton grown in wide-narrow-row,two rows of sesame were planted in the wide row spacing). The effects of different intercropping patterns on cotton/sesame yield, yield components, leaf area index dynamic change and dry matter accumulation were investigated. The land equivalent ratio was used as an index to assess the land use efficiency. [Result] The results showed that cotton/sesame yield were significantiy affected by different intercropping patterns. However, the seed cotton yield decreased only slightly in 2-1 intercropping pattern. Two years average showed that, the seed cotton yield, plant height, boll number of per plant and boll weight in 1-1 pattern were reduced by 17.3%, 7.9%, 19.7% and 7.9% compared with Tc_1, respectively. In the treatment of 2-2 model, which reduced by 16.4%, 5.81%, 14.8% and 6.2% in comparison with Tc_2. But in the intercropping systems, the mixed yield and comprehensive economic benefit of cotton and sesame were higher than those of cotton and sesame monoculture. The leaf area index of the group and the total amount of dry matter accumulation in unit area increased significantly under cotton/sesame intercropping systems. The land equivalent ratios in 2015 and 2016 were from 1 to 1.24 and 0.91 to 1.16,respectively. [Conclusion] Under different cotton/sesame intercropping systems, the mixed yield and total economic benefit were higher than that of monocropping cotton or sesame. The 2-1 cotton/sesame intercropping pattern occupied the most optimal production performance and easy to cultivate, which was the practicable intercropping patterns in sustainable development.
引文
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[2]王延琴,杨伟华,许红霞,等.我国棉花生产成本与收益调查及分析[J].农学学报,2010,37(12):20-22.Wang Yanqin,Yang Weihua,Xu Hongxia,et al.Investigation and analysis of cotton production cost and income in China[J].Journal of Agriculture,2010,37(12):20-22.
[3]Jurik T W,Van K.Microenvironment of a corn-soybean-oat strip intercrop system[J].Field Crops Research,2004,90(2/3):335-349.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.04.002
[4]Zhang Lizhen,Werf W V D,Zhang Siping,et al.Growth,yield and quality of wheat and cotton in relay strip intercropping systems[J].Field Crops Research,2007,103(3):178-188.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2007.06.002
[5]Zhang Fusuo,Li Long.Using competitive and facilitative interactions in intercropping systems enhances crop productivity and nutrient use efficiency[J].Plant and Soil,2003,248(1/2):305-312.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022352229863
[6]Ogindo H O,Walker S.Comparison of measured changes in seasonal soil water content by rainfed maize-bean intercrop and component cropping systems in a semi-arid region of southern Africa[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Parts A/b/c,2005,30(11/12/13/14/15/16):799-808.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2005.08.023
[7]Mao Lili,Zhang Lizhen,Li Weiqi,et al.Yield advantage and water saving in maize/pea intercrop[J].Field Crops Research,2012,138(3):11-20.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.09.019
[8]Harris D,Natarajan M,Willey R W.Physiological basis for yield advantage in a sorghum/groundnut intercrop exposed to drought.1.Dry matter production,yield,and light interception[J].Field Crops Research,1987,17(3/4):259-272.https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(87)90039-6
[9]杨峰,娄莹,廖敦平,等.玉米-大豆带状套作行距配置对作物生物量、根系形态及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2015,41(4):642-650.Yang Feng,Lou Ying,Liao Dunping,et al.Effects of row spacing on crop biomass,root morphology and yield in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41(4):642-650.
[10]焦念元,杨萌珂,宁堂原,等.玉米花生间作和磷肥对间作花生光合特性及产量的影响[J].植物生态学报,2013,37(11):1010-1017.Jiao Nianyuan,Yang Mengke,Ning Tangyuan,et al.Effects of maize-peanut intercropping and phosphate fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of intercropped peanut plants[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2013,37(11):1010-1017.
[11]焦念元,宁堂原,赵春,等.施氮量和玉米-花生间作模式对氮磷吸收与利用的影响[J].作物学报,2008,34(4):706-712.Jiao Nianyuan,Ning Tangyuan,Zhao Chun,et al.Effect of nitrogen application and planting pattern on N and P absorption and use in maize-peanut intercropping system[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2008,34(4):706-712.
[12]Li Long,Zhang Fusuo,Li Xiaolin,et al.Interspecific facilitation of nutrient uptake by intercropped maize and fababean[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2003,65(1):61-71.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021885032241
[13]李玉英,孙建好,李春杰,等.施氮对蚕豆/玉米间作系统蚕豆农艺性状及结瘤特性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(10):3467-3474.https://doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.10.0011Li Yuying,Sun Jianhao,Li Chunjie,et al.Effects of interspecific interactions and nitrogen fertilization rates on the agronomic and nodulation characteristics of intercropped faba bean[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2009,42(10):3467-3474.
[14]Machan M K,Stuelpnagel R.Biomass yield and nitrogen fixation of legumes monocropped and intercropped with rye and rotation effects on a subsequent maize crop[J].Plant and Soil,2000,218(1/2):215-232.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014932004926
[15]赵平,郑毅,汤利,等.小麦蚕豆间作施氮对小麦氮素吸收、累积的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(4):742-747.Zhao Ping,Zheng Yi,Tang Li,et al.Effect of N supply and wheat/faba bean intercropping on N uptake and accumulation of wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2010,18(4):742-747.
[16]Singh R J,Ahlawat I P S.Effects of transgenic cotton-based cropping systems and their fertility levels on succeed-ing wheat crop[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2014,45(18):2385-2396.https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2014.912291
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