模拟践踏和降水对高寒草甸阴山扁蓿豆根系特征的影响
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摘要
放牧家畜主要通过践踏、采食和排泄物三方面影响草地稳定性、恢复力和生产力。研究践踏与降水对高寒草甸植物根系特征的影响,有助于全面理解放牧对草地的影响,进而为草地放牧管理提供依据。以天祝高寒草甸分布的阴山扁蓿豆为研究材料进行了为期2年的野外试验,研究了模拟牦牛和藏羊践踏及模拟降水量对阴山扁蓿豆根系特征的影响。结果表明,同一放牧强度下,牦牛践踏对阴山扁蓿豆根系生长的不利影响大于藏羊践踏。随着模拟牦牛和藏羊践踏强度的增加、降水量的降低,阴山扁蓿豆根表面积、根体积和根系生物量在各土层(0~10cm,10~20cm,20~30cm)均呈下降趋势。少雨和牦牛重度践踏抑制了阴山扁蓿豆0~20cm土层的根系生长;平水和丰水处理下阴山扁蓿豆根体积和根系生物量在各处理间均无显著差异,家畜践踏对深层根系(20~30cm)的影响较小。总体来看,降水减少会极显著地影响各土层根表面积、根体积和根系生物量,水分对阴山扁蓿豆根系的影响大于家畜践踏。
Grassland stability,resilience and productivity were influenced by grazing livestock mainly through trampling,intaking and excrement.The study of the effects of trampling and precipitation on the reproductive characteristics of alpine meadow plant are helpful to fully understand the influence of grazing on grassland and provide the basis for grassland grazing management.In this study,Medicago ruthenica var.inschanica,which naturally distribute in Tianzhu alpine meadow,was used as the research material,a series of field experiments lasted for two years that were conducted at the Tianzhu alpine meadow in Gansu Province,and the effects of simulated yak and Tibetan sheep trampling and simulated precipitation on root characteristics of M.ruthenica var.inschanica were studied.The results showed that the adverse effect of yak trampling on the root growth was more serious than that of Tibetan sheep under the same grazing intensity.The root surface area,root volume and root biomass of M.ruthenicavar.inschanicadecreased in different soil layers(from 0 to 10 cm,10 to 20 cm,20 to 30 cm)with increasing yak and Tibetan sheep trampling intensity and declining rainfall.The root growth(0~20 cm)was inhibited by lower level rainfall and yaks heavy trampling.There was no significant difference in root volume and root biomass between treatments under average and high level of rainfall,and the effects of livestock trampling on the deep root of M.ruthenicavar.inschanica(20~30 cm)was small.Overall,rainfall reduction significantly affects the root surface area,root volume and root biomass of M.ruthenicavar.inschanicain different soil layers,and the effectof water on the root of M.ruthenicavar.inschanicais greater than the trampling.
Grassland stability,resilience and productivity were influenced by grazing livestock mainly through trampling,intaking and excrement.The study of the effects of trampling and precipitation on the reproductive characteristics of alpine meadow plant are helpful to fully understand the influence of grazing on grassland and provide the basis for grassland grazing management.In this study,Medicago ruthenica var.inschanica,which naturally distribute in Tianzhu alpine meadow,was used as the research material,a series of field experiments lasted for two years that were conducted at the Tianzhu alpine meadow in Gansu Province,and the effects of simulated yak and Tibetan sheep trampling and simulated precipitation on root characteristics of M.ruthenica var.inschanica were studied.The results showed that the adverse effect of yak trampling on the root growth was more serious than that of Tibetan sheep under the same grazing intensity.The root surface area,root volume and root biomass of M.ruthenicavar.inschanicadecreased in different soil layers(from 0 to 10 cm,10 to 20 cm,20 to 30 cm)with increasing yak and Tibetan sheep trampling intensity and declining rainfall.The root growth(0~20 cm)was inhibited by lower level rainfall and yaks heavy trampling.There was no significant difference in root volume and root biomass between treatments under average and high level of rainfall,and the effects of livestock trampling on the deep root of M.ruthenicavar.inschanica(20~30 cm)was small.Overall,rainfall reduction significantly affects the root surface area,root volume and root biomass of M.ruthenicavar.inschanicain different soil layers,and the effectof water on the root of M.ruthenicavar.inschanicais greater than the trampling.
引文
[1]丁海君,韩国栋,王忠武,等.短花针茅荒漠草原不同载畜率对植物群落特征的影响[J].中国草地学报,2014,36(2):55-60
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[13]Kobayashi T,Hori Y,Nomoto N.Effects of trampling and vegetation removal on species diversity and micro-environment under different shade conditions[J].Journal of Vegetation Science,1997,8(6):873-880
[14]俞斌华,侯扶江,林慧龙.牧草种群生长对家畜践踏的短期响应[J].草业学报,2005,14(4):119-124
[15]Olff H,Vera F W M,Bokdam J,et al.Shifting mosaics in grazed woodlands driven by the alternation of plant facilitation and competition[J].Plant Biology,1999,1(2):127-137
[16]李金花,潘浩文,王刚.草地植物种群繁殖对策研究[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(2):352-355
[17]段春华.不同处理对12种高寒植物种子萌发特性的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2013
[18]苗福泓.青藏高原东北缘草地植物群落对放牧利用强度和降水变异的响应[D].兰州:兰州大学,2015
[19]齐高先,钱莉,汪作成.天祝县近60年气候变化分析[J].安徽农业科学,2014,42(16):5255-5257
[20]林慧龙.环县典型草原放牧家畜践踏的模拟研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2007
[21]杨海磊.天祝高寒草甸牦牛和藏羊蹄压与践踏强度的研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2016
[22]柴锦隆,徐长林,杨海磊.模拟践踏和降水对高寒草甸土壤物理特性和微生物数量的影响[J].草业学报,2017,26(2):30-42
[23]Imhoff S,Silva A P D,Tormena C A.Spatial heterogeneity of soil properties in areas under elephant-grass short-duration grazing system[J].Plant and Soil,2000,219(1):161-168
[24]Clay G D,Worrall F.The response of CO2,fluxes from a peat soil to variation in simulated sheep trampling[J].Geoderma,2013,s197-198(3):59-66
[25]Taddese G,Saleem M A,Abyie A,et al.Impact of grazing on plant species richness,plant biomass,plant attribute,and soil physical and hydrological properties of vertisol in East African highlands[J].Environmental Management,2002,29(2):279-89
[26]高英志,韩兴国,汪诗平.放牧对草原土壤的影响[J].生态学报,2004,24(4):790-797
[27]任继周.草原地下生物量的启示[J].草业科学,2006,23(6):91-91
[28]Rodgers L R,Day F P,Atkinson R.Root dynamics in restored and naturally regenerated Atlantic white cedar wetlands[J].Restoration Ecology,2004,12(3):401-411
[29]于轶.家畜放牧行为分解模拟实验与植物小型化过程的研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2007
[30]王东波.内蒙古典型草原退化群落植物根系分布浅层化的现象分析与机理探讨[D].呼和浩特内蒙古大学,2007
[31]柴锦隆,徐长林,张建文,等.高寒草甸土壤物理特性和微生物数量对模拟践踏的响应[J].草地学报,2016,24(6):1234-1240
[32]肖红.模拟牦牛、藏羊践踏和降水对阴山扁蓿豆繁殖和光合特性的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2017
[33]Cole D N,Bayfield N G.Recreational trampling of vegetation:standard experimental procedures[J].Biological Conservation,1993,63(3):209-215
[34]Cole D N,Spildie D R.Hiker,horse and llama trampling effects on native vegetation in Montana,USA[J].Journal of Environmental Management,1998,53(1):61-71
[35]徐满厚,刘敏,翟大彤,等.模拟增温对青藏高原高寒草甸根系生物量的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(21):6812-6822
[36]林慧龙,王苗苗,李学玲,等.在模拟降水和践踏处理复合作用下长芒草典型草原土壤可蚀性研究[J].草业学报,2010,19(3):76-87
[37]林慧龙,侯扶江,李飞.家畜践踏对环县草原地下生物量的影响[J].草地学报,2008,16(2):186-190
[2]梁建生,张建华,曹显祖.根系环境温度变化对根系吸水和叶片蒸腾的影响[J].植物学报,1998,40(12):1152-1158
[3]Peters D P C.Plant species dominance at a grassland–shrubland ecotone:an individual-based gap dynamics model of herbaceous and woody species[J].Ecological Modelling,2002,152(1):5-32
[4]王长庭,王启兰,景增春,等.不同放牧梯度下高寒小嵩草草甸植被根系和土壤理化特征的变化[J].草业学报,2008,17(5):9-15
[5]范国艳.放牧对贝加尔针茅草原群落地上生物量和根系分布特征的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2010
[6]Parsons A J,Penning P D.The effect of the duration of regrowth on photosynthesis,leaf death and the average rate of growth in a rotationally grazed sward[J].Grass and Forage Science,1988,44(1):15-27
[7]Kaiblinger C,Greisberger S,Teubner K,et al.Photosynthetic efficiency as a function of thermal stratification and phytoplankton size structure in an oligotrophic alpine lake[J].Hydrobiologia,2007,578(1):29-36
[8]侯扶江,任继周.甘肃马鹿冬季放牧践踏作用及其对土壤理化性质影响的评价[J].生态学报,2003,23(3):486-495
[9]Coppolillo P B.Central-place analysis and modeling of landscape-scale resource use in an East African agropastoral system[J].Landscape Ecology,2001,16(3):205-219
[10]林慧龙.放牧家畜模拟践踏器研究[J].草地学报,2009,17(5):636-642
[11]林慧龙,任继周.环县典型草原放牧家畜践踏的模拟研究[J].草地学报,2008,16(1):97-99
[12]侯扶江,常生华,于应文,等.放牧家畜的践踏作用研究评述[J].生态学报,2004,24(4):784-789
[13]Kobayashi T,Hori Y,Nomoto N.Effects of trampling and vegetation removal on species diversity and micro-environment under different shade conditions[J].Journal of Vegetation Science,1997,8(6):873-880
[14]俞斌华,侯扶江,林慧龙.牧草种群生长对家畜践踏的短期响应[J].草业学报,2005,14(4):119-124
[15]Olff H,Vera F W M,Bokdam J,et al.Shifting mosaics in grazed woodlands driven by the alternation of plant facilitation and competition[J].Plant Biology,1999,1(2):127-137
[16]李金花,潘浩文,王刚.草地植物种群繁殖对策研究[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(2):352-355
[17]段春华.不同处理对12种高寒植物种子萌发特性的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2013
[18]苗福泓.青藏高原东北缘草地植物群落对放牧利用强度和降水变异的响应[D].兰州:兰州大学,2015
[19]齐高先,钱莉,汪作成.天祝县近60年气候变化分析[J].安徽农业科学,2014,42(16):5255-5257
[20]林慧龙.环县典型草原放牧家畜践踏的模拟研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2007
[21]杨海磊.天祝高寒草甸牦牛和藏羊蹄压与践踏强度的研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2016
[22]柴锦隆,徐长林,杨海磊.模拟践踏和降水对高寒草甸土壤物理特性和微生物数量的影响[J].草业学报,2017,26(2):30-42
[23]Imhoff S,Silva A P D,Tormena C A.Spatial heterogeneity of soil properties in areas under elephant-grass short-duration grazing system[J].Plant and Soil,2000,219(1):161-168
[24]Clay G D,Worrall F.The response of CO2,fluxes from a peat soil to variation in simulated sheep trampling[J].Geoderma,2013,s197-198(3):59-66
[25]Taddese G,Saleem M A,Abyie A,et al.Impact of grazing on plant species richness,plant biomass,plant attribute,and soil physical and hydrological properties of vertisol in East African highlands[J].Environmental Management,2002,29(2):279-89
[26]高英志,韩兴国,汪诗平.放牧对草原土壤的影响[J].生态学报,2004,24(4):790-797
[27]任继周.草原地下生物量的启示[J].草业科学,2006,23(6):91-91
[28]Rodgers L R,Day F P,Atkinson R.Root dynamics in restored and naturally regenerated Atlantic white cedar wetlands[J].Restoration Ecology,2004,12(3):401-411
[29]于轶.家畜放牧行为分解模拟实验与植物小型化过程的研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2007
[30]王东波.内蒙古典型草原退化群落植物根系分布浅层化的现象分析与机理探讨[D].呼和浩特内蒙古大学,2007
[31]柴锦隆,徐长林,张建文,等.高寒草甸土壤物理特性和微生物数量对模拟践踏的响应[J].草地学报,2016,24(6):1234-1240
[32]肖红.模拟牦牛、藏羊践踏和降水对阴山扁蓿豆繁殖和光合特性的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2017
[33]Cole D N,Bayfield N G.Recreational trampling of vegetation:standard experimental procedures[J].Biological Conservation,1993,63(3):209-215
[34]Cole D N,Spildie D R.Hiker,horse and llama trampling effects on native vegetation in Montana,USA[J].Journal of Environmental Management,1998,53(1):61-71
[35]徐满厚,刘敏,翟大彤,等.模拟增温对青藏高原高寒草甸根系生物量的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(21):6812-6822
[36]林慧龙,王苗苗,李学玲,等.在模拟降水和践踏处理复合作用下长芒草典型草原土壤可蚀性研究[J].草业学报,2010,19(3):76-87
[37]林慧龙,侯扶江,李飞.家畜践踏对环县草原地下生物量的影响[J].草地学报,2008,16(2):186-190