意大利当代城市规划实践中的生态视角及其本土化应用探析
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摘要
从班纳姆对洛杉矶的"生态"解读入手,整理概括了意大利当代基于生态视角的规划实践。以博洛尼亚、安特卫普的结构规划为例,阐述它们如何通过生态视角识别、连接各具特色的城市片段以构建主题化的"城市之城",并提出相应规划策略来指引城市发展。以厦门鼓浪屿为例,探索这一新视角、方法在中国非均质的历史区域中的应用—通过定义"四个体系"和"四个区域"以庖丁解牛的方式建立起对鼓浪屿复杂的物理与社会现状以及未来发展目标的结构性与差异性认知,并在此基础上提出具有针对性的规划策略以平衡遗产保护、旅游发展、当地宜居性提升的多种需求。最后总结意大利基于生态视角的规划实践一方面为中国当前城市规划实践提供了新的认知角度和新的规划思路、方法与工具,另一方面其建立起的结构规划和战略规划框架能帮助丰富与完善中国现有的规划体系。
Starting from Banham's "ecological" interpretation of Los Angeles, this paper summarizes the Italian contemporary urban planning practices based on the ecological perspective. It takes the structural plans of Bologna and Antwerp as examples to illustrate how to establish theme-oriented "city of cities" through recognizing and connecting distinctive urban fragments under the ecological perspective, and put forward corresponding planning strategies to guide urban development. It takes Gulangyu Island as a case to explore the application of this new perspective and approach in inhomogeneous historic areas of China. Through defining the "four systems" and "four areas", it attempts to elaborately deepen the structural and differentiated understanding of the complex physical and social situations as well as future development objectives. Based on this, it proposes targeted planning strategies to balance the needs of heritage conservation, tourism development and improvement of local livability. The study summarizes that the ecology-based Italian planning practices are able to provide new cognitive perspectives,planning ideas, approaches and tools for present planning practices in China, and also support the improvement of China's planning systems with the frameworks of structural planning and strategic planning involved.
Starting from Banham's "ecological" interpretation of Los Angeles, this paper summarizes the Italian contemporary urban planning practices based on the ecological perspective. It takes the structural plans of Bologna and Antwerp as examples to illustrate how to establish theme-oriented "city of cities" through recognizing and connecting distinctive urban fragments under the ecological perspective, and put forward corresponding planning strategies to guide urban development. It takes Gulangyu Island as a case to explore the application of this new perspective and approach in inhomogeneous historic areas of China. Through defining the "four systems" and "four areas", it attempts to elaborately deepen the structural and differentiated understanding of the complex physical and social situations as well as future development objectives. Based on this, it proposes targeted planning strategies to balance the needs of heritage conservation, tourism development and improvement of local livability. The study summarizes that the ecology-based Italian planning practices are able to provide new cognitive perspectives,planning ideas, approaches and tools for present planning practices in China, and also support the improvement of China's planning systems with the frameworks of structural planning and strategic planning involved.
引文
[1] GANDY M. From Urban Ecology to Ecological Urbanism:An Ambiguous Trajectory[J]. Area, 2015, 47(2):150-154.
[2]ZIMMERA.UrbanPoliticalEcology:Theoretical Concepts, Challenges, and Suggested Future Directions[J].Erdkunde, 2010, 64:343-354.
[3] HEYNEN N, KAIKA M, SWYNGEDOUW E. In the Nature of Cities:Urban Political Ecology and the Politics of Urban Metabolism[M]. London:Routledge, 2006.
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[5]GUAT TARIF.TheThreeEcologies[M].London:Bloomsbury Publishing, 2005.
[6]于冰沁.寻踪:生态主义思想在西方近现代风景园林中的产生、发展与实践[D].北京:北京林业大学,2012:347.
[7]朱静宜.生态视角下的“城市之城”:来自“博洛尼亚七城”结构规划的思考[J].国际城市规划,2018,33(3):73-82.
[8]BANHAMR.LosAngeles:TheArchitectureofFour Ecologies[M]. Berkeley:University of California Press, 2001.
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[10]BONFANTINIGB.Dentrol’Urbanistica.Ricercae Progetto,TecnicheeStoria[M].Milano:FrancoAngeli,2017:213-219.
[11] BONFANTINI G B. Urbanism Today:Converging Issues for a Re-compositional Approach[J]. Planum. The Journal of Urbanism, 2018, 36(1):1-12.
[12]SECCHIB.PrimaLezionediUrbanistica[M].RomaBari:Laterza, 2000.
[13]雅各布斯.美国大城市的死与生[M].金衡山,译.北京:译林出版社,2006.
[14] SECCHI B, VIGANO’P. Un Programma per l’Urbanistica e Descrizioni[J]. Urbanistica, 1998, 111:64-88.
[15]ProvinciadiMilano,PolitecnicodiMilano-DiAP.CittàdiCittà.UnProgettoStrategicoperlaRegioneUrbana Milanese[J]. Territorio, 2006, 37:87-95.
[16] BALDUCCI A, FEDELI V, PASQUI G. Strategic Planning for Contemporary Urban Regions. City of Cities:A Project for Milan[M]. Surrey:Ashgate Publishing, 2011.
[17]MARCELLONIM.PensarelaCittàContemporanea:ilNuovoPianoRegolatorediRoma[M].Roma-Bari:Gius.Laterza&Figli Spa, 2003.
[18] Comune di Bologna. Bologna:Leggere il Nuovo Piano Urbanistico:PSC+RUE+POC[M]. Ferrara:Edisai, 2009.
[19]CIGALOTTOP.AmbienteePaesaggio:UnaNuova Struttura di Piano per Una Diversa Cultura delProgetto[J].Urbanistica, 2015, 156:78–79.
[20]VIGANO’P,SECCHIB.Antwerp,TerritoryofaNew Modernity[M]. Amsterdam:Sun Publishers, 2009.
[21]ARICIF.OmanLive:AnEcologicalReadingfora“Differently Sustainable” Urban Project in the Gulf[J]. EWT/Eco Web Town, 2015(12).
[22]GABELLINIP.Bologna2011-2016:TraBilancioe Prospetive[J]. Urbanistica, 2016, 158:56-63.
[23] BONFANTINI G B. Il Progetto del Piano Come Ricerca:Cronaca di un Seminario[J]. Territorio, 2011, 57:81-90.
[24]博凡蒂尼,谢舒逸.不仅仅为了游客:论历史城市景观在当代宜居城市中扮演的“基础设施”角色[J].国际城市规划,2016,31(2):61-65.
[25] XIE S Y, ZHANG X L, LI Y, et al. Echoes of Italian Lessons on the Typo-morphological Approach:A Planning Proposal for Gulangyu Island, China[J]. Habitat International, 2017, 69:1-17.
(1)由于安特卫普结构规划是由两名意大利当代著名规划师赛西(Bernardo Secchi)和韦伽诺(Paola Viganò)制定,在本文中将其归为意大利当代规划实践。(2)“城市之城”(city of cities)泛指基于生态视角从当代城市或区域中定义、解构出的各“子区域”“子城市”和“战略带”等。(3)该研究还特别参考了意大利类型学与形态学主导的规划技术,具体内容可参见参考文献[25]。
[2]ZIMMERA.UrbanPoliticalEcology:Theoretical Concepts, Challenges, and Suggested Future Directions[J].Erdkunde, 2010, 64:343-354.
[3] HEYNEN N, KAIKA M, SWYNGEDOUW E. In the Nature of Cities:Urban Political Ecology and the Politics of Urban Metabolism[M]. London:Routledge, 2006.
[4] MOSTAFAVI M, DOHERTY G. Ecological Urbanism[M].Zurich:Lars Müller Publishers, 2016.
[5]GUAT TARIF.TheThreeEcologies[M].London:Bloomsbury Publishing, 2005.
[6]于冰沁.寻踪:生态主义思想在西方近现代风景园林中的产生、发展与实践[D].北京:北京林业大学,2012:347.
[7]朱静宜.生态视角下的“城市之城”:来自“博洛尼亚七城”结构规划的思考[J].国际城市规划,2018,33(3):73-82.
[8]BANHAMR.LosAngeles:TheArchitectureofFour Ecologies[M]. Berkeley:University of California Press, 2001.
[9]VILDERA.Introduction.LosAngelesCityofthe ImmediateFuture[M]//BANHAMR.LosAngeles:The ArchitectureofFourEcologies.Berkeley:Universityof California Press, 2001:xvii-xxxiii.
[10]BONFANTINIGB.Dentrol’Urbanistica.Ricercae Progetto,TecnicheeStoria[M].Milano:FrancoAngeli,2017:213-219.
[11] BONFANTINI G B. Urbanism Today:Converging Issues for a Re-compositional Approach[J]. Planum. The Journal of Urbanism, 2018, 36(1):1-12.
[12]SECCHIB.PrimaLezionediUrbanistica[M].RomaBari:Laterza, 2000.
[13]雅各布斯.美国大城市的死与生[M].金衡山,译.北京:译林出版社,2006.
[14] SECCHI B, VIGANO’P. Un Programma per l’Urbanistica e Descrizioni[J]. Urbanistica, 1998, 111:64-88.
[15]ProvinciadiMilano,PolitecnicodiMilano-DiAP.CittàdiCittà.UnProgettoStrategicoperlaRegioneUrbana Milanese[J]. Territorio, 2006, 37:87-95.
[16] BALDUCCI A, FEDELI V, PASQUI G. Strategic Planning for Contemporary Urban Regions. City of Cities:A Project for Milan[M]. Surrey:Ashgate Publishing, 2011.
[17]MARCELLONIM.PensarelaCittàContemporanea:ilNuovoPianoRegolatorediRoma[M].Roma-Bari:Gius.Laterza&Figli Spa, 2003.
[18] Comune di Bologna. Bologna:Leggere il Nuovo Piano Urbanistico:PSC+RUE+POC[M]. Ferrara:Edisai, 2009.
[19]CIGALOTTOP.AmbienteePaesaggio:UnaNuova Struttura di Piano per Una Diversa Cultura delProgetto[J].Urbanistica, 2015, 156:78–79.
[20]VIGANO’P,SECCHIB.Antwerp,TerritoryofaNew Modernity[M]. Amsterdam:Sun Publishers, 2009.
[21]ARICIF.OmanLive:AnEcologicalReadingfora“Differently Sustainable” Urban Project in the Gulf[J]. EWT/Eco Web Town, 2015(12).
[22]GABELLINIP.Bologna2011-2016:TraBilancioe Prospetive[J]. Urbanistica, 2016, 158:56-63.
[23] BONFANTINI G B. Il Progetto del Piano Come Ricerca:Cronaca di un Seminario[J]. Territorio, 2011, 57:81-90.
[24]博凡蒂尼,谢舒逸.不仅仅为了游客:论历史城市景观在当代宜居城市中扮演的“基础设施”角色[J].国际城市规划,2016,31(2):61-65.
[25] XIE S Y, ZHANG X L, LI Y, et al. Echoes of Italian Lessons on the Typo-morphological Approach:A Planning Proposal for Gulangyu Island, China[J]. Habitat International, 2017, 69:1-17.
(1)由于安特卫普结构规划是由两名意大利当代著名规划师赛西(Bernardo Secchi)和韦伽诺(Paola Viganò)制定,在本文中将其归为意大利当代规划实践。(2)“城市之城”(city of cities)泛指基于生态视角从当代城市或区域中定义、解构出的各“子区域”“子城市”和“战略带”等。(3)该研究还特别参考了意大利类型学与形态学主导的规划技术,具体内容可参见参考文献[25]。