噻虫嗪在甘蔗和土壤中的残留行为及风险评估
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摘要
【目的】研究噻虫嗪在甘蔗和土壤中的残留及消解动态,并评价噻虫嗪残留对消费者的健康风险和土壤中非靶标生物蚯蚓的环境风险,为噻虫嗪在甘蔗上的安全使用提供科学依据。【方法】分别于2015和2016年在海南和广西开展10%噻虫嗪颗粒剂在甘蔗和土壤中的残留消解试验和最终残留试验,并根据蔗茎和土壤中噻虫嗪及其代谢物噻虫胺的残留量,评估其对人类急慢性膳食暴露风险和对非靶标生物蚯蚓的环境风险。【结果】噻虫嗪在甘蔗植株中的半衰期为8.4～18.2 d,在土壤中的半衰期为17.3～22.4 d;甘蔗蔗梢和蔗茎中噻虫嗪及其代谢物噻虫胺的最终残留量均低于定量限(LOQ)(0.05 mg/kg),但施用高剂量562.5 g a.i/ha后,收获期土壤中噻虫嗪残留量高于LOQ,达0.146～0.153 mg/kg;噻虫嗪和噻虫胺对我国一般人群的估计每日摄入量(EDI)仅为每日允许摄入量(ADI)的0.0039%～0.0049%,估计短期摄入量(ESTI)仅为急性参考剂量(ARfD)的0.17%～0.29%;噻虫嗪对蚯蚓的风险商(RQ)<0.01,噻虫胺对蚯蚓的RQ=0.016。【结论】在甘蔗苗期按照375.0～562.5 g a.i/ha沟施10%噻虫嗪颗粒剂1～2次,甘蔗中噻虫嗪和噻虫胺的最终残留量低于我国和国际食品法典委员会(CAC)的最大残留限量(MRL)标准,且该残留对人类健康的急慢性暴露风险在可接受范围之内;但建议该产品在甘蔗上登记使用时注意其代谢物噻虫胺对土壤非靶标生物蚯蚓的环境风险。
【Objective】Residue and degradation dynamic of thiamethoxam on sugarcane and soil were determined in this study,the health risk to consumers and environment risk to non-target organism earthworm in soil were also assessed according to the residues of thiamethoxam,the results would provide references for the rational use of thiamethoxam on sugarcane.【Method】The residue degradation dynamic and final residue experiments of 10% thiamethoxam granule in sugarcane and soil were conducted in Hainan and Guangxi during 2015 and 2016,the acute and chronic dietary exposure risk to human and environment risk to non-target organism earthworm were also assessed according to the residues of thiamethoxam and metabolite clothianidin in sugarcane stalk and soil respectively.【Result】Results of residue degradation dynamic experiments showed the half-lives of thiamethoxam were 8.4-18.2 d and 17.3-22.4 d in sugarcane plant and soil respectively. Final residue experiments showed the final residue of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin in sugarcane shoot and stalk were all below limit of quantitation(LOQ)(0.05 mg/kg),but at the high dosage of 562.5 g a.i/ha,the final residues of thiamethoxam in soil were higher than LOQ and up to 0.146-0.153 mg/kg at harvest time. The results of dietary exposure risk assessment showed the estimated daily intakes(EDI)of thiamethoxam and clothianidin were just 0.0039%-0.0049% of the acceptable daily intake(ADI)to the general people while the estimated short-term intakes(ESTI)were just 0.17%-0.29% of the acute reference dose(ARfD). The results of environment risk assessment showed the risk quotient(RQ)of thiamethoxam to earthworm was below 0.01 while it was 0.016 for clothianidin.【Conclusion】After furrow application of 10% thiamethoxam granule at 375.0-562.5 g a.i/ha for once-twice at sugarcane seedling stage,the final residue of thiamethoxam and clothianidin in sugarcane are under the maximum residue limit(MRL)of China and Codex Alimentarius Commission(CAC),and the acute and chronic dietary exposure risk of residues to human health are within the acceptable limit. However,it is recommended to note the environmental risk of the metabolite clothianidin to the non-target organism earthworm in soil when the product is registered for use on sugarcane.
【Objective】Residue and degradation dynamic of thiamethoxam on sugarcane and soil were determined in this study,the health risk to consumers and environment risk to non-target organism earthworm in soil were also assessed according to the residues of thiamethoxam,the results would provide references for the rational use of thiamethoxam on sugarcane.【Method】The residue degradation dynamic and final residue experiments of 10% thiamethoxam granule in sugarcane and soil were conducted in Hainan and Guangxi during 2015 and 2016,the acute and chronic dietary exposure risk to human and environment risk to non-target organism earthworm were also assessed according to the residues of thiamethoxam and metabolite clothianidin in sugarcane stalk and soil respectively.【Result】Results of residue degradation dynamic experiments showed the half-lives of thiamethoxam were 8.4-18.2 d and 17.3-22.4 d in sugarcane plant and soil respectively. Final residue experiments showed the final residue of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin in sugarcane shoot and stalk were all below limit of quantitation(LOQ)(0.05 mg/kg),but at the high dosage of 562.5 g a.i/ha,the final residues of thiamethoxam in soil were higher than LOQ and up to 0.146-0.153 mg/kg at harvest time. The results of dietary exposure risk assessment showed the estimated daily intakes(EDI)of thiamethoxam and clothianidin were just 0.0039%-0.0049% of the acceptable daily intake(ADI)to the general people while the estimated short-term intakes(ESTI)were just 0.17%-0.29% of the acute reference dose(ARfD). The results of environment risk assessment showed the risk quotient(RQ)of thiamethoxam to earthworm was below 0.01 while it was 0.016 for clothianidin.【Conclusion】After furrow application of 10% thiamethoxam granule at 375.0-562.5 g a.i/ha for once-twice at sugarcane seedling stage,the final residue of thiamethoxam and clothianidin in sugarcane are under the maximum residue limit(MRL)of China and Codex Alimentarius Commission(CAC),and the acute and chronic dietary exposure risk of residues to human health are within the acceptable limit. However,it is recommended to note the environmental risk of the metabolite clothianidin to the non-target organism earthworm in soil when the product is registered for use on sugarcane.
引文
黄伟,李建中,王会利,李淑芹,许景钢.2010.噻虫嗪在马铃薯中的残留分析[J].环境化学,29(5):970-973.[Huang W,Li J Z,Wang H L,Li S Q,Xu J G.2010.Analysis of thiamethoxam residues in potato[J].Environmental Chemistry,29(5):970-973.]
罗素兰,赵顺旺,长孙东亭.2003.海南海口地区甘蔗蚜虫种类的调查[J].海南师范学院学报(自然科学版),16(2):84-87.[Luo S L,Zhao S W,Zhangsun D T.2003.Identification of sugarcane aphid species in Haikou areas[J].Journal of Hainan Normal University(Natural Science),16(2):84-87.]
罗志明,李文凤,黄应昆,尹炯,申科,李俊,王晓燕,张荣跃,单红丽.2014.噻虫嗪及其复配制剂不同施药方法对3种甘蔗害虫的防控效果[J].植物保护,40(4):166-170.[Luo Z M,Li W F,Huang Y K,Yin J,Shen K,Li J,Wang X Y,Zhang R Y,Shan H L.2014.Control efficacies of thiamethoxam and its mixtures with different application methods on three kinds of sugarcane insect pests[J].Plant Protection,40(4):166-170.]
农业部农药检定所.2007.农药登记残留田间试验标准操作规程[M].北京:中国标准出版社.[Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals,MOA.2007.Standard Operating Procedures on Pesticide Registration Residue in Field Trials[M].Beijing:China Standards Press.]
邵建果,杨俊柱,王军.2013.噻虫嗪在小麦中的残留消解动态及风险评估[J].农药学学报,15(1):98-102.[Shao JG,Yang J Z,Wang J.2013.Residue decline study and risk assessment of thiamethoxam in wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science,15(1):98-102.]
韦茂春,周洁成,赖开平,叶一强,易芬远,马就庆,方峰.2015.噻虫嗪与杀虫单混配对黄螟的增效作用和田间防效[J].农学学报,5(8):40-43.[Wei M C,Zhou J C,Lai K P,Ye Y Q,Yi F Y,Ma J Q,Fang F.2015.Synergisms of the mixture of thiamethoxam and monosultap against Tetramoera schistaceana Snellen and its field control effects against sugarcane borer[J].Journal of Agriculture,5(8):40-43.]
吴小毛,袁圆,王芳,李荣玉,龙友华.2013.噻虫嗪在茶叶和土壤中的消解规律研究[J].湖北农业科学,52(17):4214-4217.[Wu X M,Yuan Y,Wang F,Li R Y,Long YH.2013.Study on dissipation dynamics of thiamethoxam in tea and soil[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,52(17):4214-4217.]
吴绪金,李萌,张军锋,汪红,王铁良,李通.2014.小麦和土壤中噻虫嗪残留及消解动态分析[J].麦类作物学报,34(7):1010-1017.[Wu X J,Li M,Zhang J F,Wang H,Wang T L,Li T.2014.Analysis on residues and dissipation dynamics of thiamethoxam in wheat and soil under field conditions[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,34(7):1010-1017.]
相金,杨俊柱,张胜义.2013.噻虫嗪在水稻中的消解动态及风险评估[J].安徽大学学报(自然科学版),37(4):88-92.[Xiang J,Yang J Z,Zhang S Y.2013.Dissipation dynamic and risk assessment of thiamethoxam in rice[J].Journal of Anhui University(Natural Science Edition),37(4):88-92.]
许焕明,黄霞,王艳红.2012.40%氯虫·噻虫嗪水分散粒剂防治甘蔗螟虫药效试验[J].广西植保,25(1):7-9.[Xu HM,Huang X,Wang Y H.2012.Control efficacies of 40%chlorantraniliprole and thiamethoxam WDG on sugarcane borers[J].Guangxi Plant Protection,25(1):7-9.]
中华人民共和国农业部.2014.化学农药环境安全评价试验准则:GB/T 31270.15-2014[S].北京:中国标准出版社.[Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China.2014.Test Guidelines on Environmental Safety Assessment for Chemical Pesticides:GB/T 31270.15-2014[S].Beijing:China Standards Press.]
Abd-Alrahman S H.2014.Residue and dissipation kinetics of thiamethoxam in a vegetable-field ecosystem using QuEChERS methodology combined with HPLC-DAD[J].Food Chemistry,159:1-4.
Bhattacherjee A K,Dikshit A.2016.Dissipation kinetics and risk assessment of thiamethoxam and dimethoate in mango[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,188(3):165.
de Perre C,Murphy T M,Lydy M J.2015.Fate and effects of clothianidin in fields using conservation practices[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,34(2):258-265.
FAO.2014.FAO Specifications and Evaluations for Thiamethoxam[EB/OL].http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/documents/Pests_Pesticides/Specs/Thiamethoxam2014.pdf.
Goulson D,Kleijn D.2013.An overview of the environmental risksposed by neonicotinoid insecticides[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,50(4):977-987.
Hela D G,Lambropoulou D A,Konstantinou I K,Albanis TA.2005.Environmental monitoring and ecological risk assessment for pesticide contamination and effects in Lake Pamvotis,northwestern Greece[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,24(6):1548-1556.
Hoffmann E J,Castle S J.2012.Imidacloprid in melon guttation fluid:A potential mode of exposure for pest and beneficial organisms[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,105(1):67-71.
JMPR.2010a.Pesticide residues in food-2010:Toxicological evaluations[R].Geneva:Switzerland.
JMPR.2010b.Pesticide residues in food-2010:Report[R].Rome:Italy.
Karmakar R,Kulshrestha G.2009.Persistence,metabolism and safety evaluation of thiamethoxam in tomato crop[J].Pest Management Science,65(8):931-937.
Malhat F M,Watanabe H,Loutfy N M,Ahmed M T.2014.Hazard assessment of the neonicotinoidinsecticide thiamethoxam residues in tomato:A prelude to risk assessment profile[J].Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry,96(2):318-327.
SANCO/12571/2013.2013.Guidance document on analytical quality control and validation procedures for pesticide residues analysis in food and feed[EB/OL].(2013-11-19).http://www.eurl-pesticides.eu/library/docs/allcrl/AqcGuidance_Sanco_2013_12571.pdf.
Schaafsma A,Limay-Rios V,Xue Y,Smith J,Baute T.2016.Field-scale examination of neonicotinoid insecticide persistence in soil as a result of seed treatment use in commercial maize(corn)fields in southwestern Ontario[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,35(2):295-302.
Song W T,Zhang Y Q,Li G J,Chen H Y,Wang H,Zhao Q,He D,Zhao C,Ding L.2014.A fast,simple and green method for the extraction of carbamate pesticides from rice by microwave assisted steam extraction coupled with solid phase extraction[J].Food Chemistry,143:192-198.
Stanley D A,Garratt M P D,Wickens J B,Wickens V J,Potts S G,Raine N E.2015a.Neonicotinoid pesticide exposure impairs crop pollination services provided by bumblebees[J].Nature,528(7583):548-550.
Stanley D A,Smith E K,Raine E N.2015b.Bumblebee learning and memory is impaired by chronic exposure to a neonicotinoid pesticides[J].Scientific Reports,5:16508.
Wang X G,Xiang Z B,Yan X Y,Sun H Q,Li Y Q,Pan C P.2013.Dissipation rate and residual fate of thiamethoxam in tobacco leaves and soil exposed to field treatments[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,91(2):246-250.
Wang Y,Cang T,Zhao X P,Yu R X,Chen L P,Wu C X,Wang Q.2012.Comparative acute toxicity of twentyfour insecticides to earthworm,Eisenia fetida[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,79:122-128.
World Health Organization.2018.Template for the evaluation of acute exposure(IESTI)and chronic exposure(IEDI)[EB/OL].(2018-05-10).http://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/chemical-risks/gems-food/en/.
罗素兰,赵顺旺,长孙东亭.2003.海南海口地区甘蔗蚜虫种类的调查[J].海南师范学院学报(自然科学版),16(2):84-87.[Luo S L,Zhao S W,Zhangsun D T.2003.Identification of sugarcane aphid species in Haikou areas[J].Journal of Hainan Normal University(Natural Science),16(2):84-87.]
罗志明,李文凤,黄应昆,尹炯,申科,李俊,王晓燕,张荣跃,单红丽.2014.噻虫嗪及其复配制剂不同施药方法对3种甘蔗害虫的防控效果[J].植物保护,40(4):166-170.[Luo Z M,Li W F,Huang Y K,Yin J,Shen K,Li J,Wang X Y,Zhang R Y,Shan H L.2014.Control efficacies of thiamethoxam and its mixtures with different application methods on three kinds of sugarcane insect pests[J].Plant Protection,40(4):166-170.]
农业部农药检定所.2007.农药登记残留田间试验标准操作规程[M].北京:中国标准出版社.[Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals,MOA.2007.Standard Operating Procedures on Pesticide Registration Residue in Field Trials[M].Beijing:China Standards Press.]
邵建果,杨俊柱,王军.2013.噻虫嗪在小麦中的残留消解动态及风险评估[J].农药学学报,15(1):98-102.[Shao JG,Yang J Z,Wang J.2013.Residue decline study and risk assessment of thiamethoxam in wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science,15(1):98-102.]
韦茂春,周洁成,赖开平,叶一强,易芬远,马就庆,方峰.2015.噻虫嗪与杀虫单混配对黄螟的增效作用和田间防效[J].农学学报,5(8):40-43.[Wei M C,Zhou J C,Lai K P,Ye Y Q,Yi F Y,Ma J Q,Fang F.2015.Synergisms of the mixture of thiamethoxam and monosultap against Tetramoera schistaceana Snellen and its field control effects against sugarcane borer[J].Journal of Agriculture,5(8):40-43.]
吴小毛,袁圆,王芳,李荣玉,龙友华.2013.噻虫嗪在茶叶和土壤中的消解规律研究[J].湖北农业科学,52(17):4214-4217.[Wu X M,Yuan Y,Wang F,Li R Y,Long YH.2013.Study on dissipation dynamics of thiamethoxam in tea and soil[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,52(17):4214-4217.]
吴绪金,李萌,张军锋,汪红,王铁良,李通.2014.小麦和土壤中噻虫嗪残留及消解动态分析[J].麦类作物学报,34(7):1010-1017.[Wu X J,Li M,Zhang J F,Wang H,Wang T L,Li T.2014.Analysis on residues and dissipation dynamics of thiamethoxam in wheat and soil under field conditions[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,34(7):1010-1017.]
相金,杨俊柱,张胜义.2013.噻虫嗪在水稻中的消解动态及风险评估[J].安徽大学学报(自然科学版),37(4):88-92.[Xiang J,Yang J Z,Zhang S Y.2013.Dissipation dynamic and risk assessment of thiamethoxam in rice[J].Journal of Anhui University(Natural Science Edition),37(4):88-92.]
许焕明,黄霞,王艳红.2012.40%氯虫·噻虫嗪水分散粒剂防治甘蔗螟虫药效试验[J].广西植保,25(1):7-9.[Xu HM,Huang X,Wang Y H.2012.Control efficacies of 40%chlorantraniliprole and thiamethoxam WDG on sugarcane borers[J].Guangxi Plant Protection,25(1):7-9.]
中华人民共和国农业部.2014.化学农药环境安全评价试验准则:GB/T 31270.15-2014[S].北京:中国标准出版社.[Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China.2014.Test Guidelines on Environmental Safety Assessment for Chemical Pesticides:GB/T 31270.15-2014[S].Beijing:China Standards Press.]
Abd-Alrahman S H.2014.Residue and dissipation kinetics of thiamethoxam in a vegetable-field ecosystem using QuEChERS methodology combined with HPLC-DAD[J].Food Chemistry,159:1-4.
Bhattacherjee A K,Dikshit A.2016.Dissipation kinetics and risk assessment of thiamethoxam and dimethoate in mango[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,188(3):165.
de Perre C,Murphy T M,Lydy M J.2015.Fate and effects of clothianidin in fields using conservation practices[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,34(2):258-265.
FAO.2014.FAO Specifications and Evaluations for Thiamethoxam[EB/OL].http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/documents/Pests_Pesticides/Specs/Thiamethoxam2014.pdf.
Goulson D,Kleijn D.2013.An overview of the environmental risksposed by neonicotinoid insecticides[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,50(4):977-987.
Hela D G,Lambropoulou D A,Konstantinou I K,Albanis TA.2005.Environmental monitoring and ecological risk assessment for pesticide contamination and effects in Lake Pamvotis,northwestern Greece[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,24(6):1548-1556.
Hoffmann E J,Castle S J.2012.Imidacloprid in melon guttation fluid:A potential mode of exposure for pest and beneficial organisms[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,105(1):67-71.
JMPR.2010a.Pesticide residues in food-2010:Toxicological evaluations[R].Geneva:Switzerland.
JMPR.2010b.Pesticide residues in food-2010:Report[R].Rome:Italy.
Karmakar R,Kulshrestha G.2009.Persistence,metabolism and safety evaluation of thiamethoxam in tomato crop[J].Pest Management Science,65(8):931-937.
Malhat F M,Watanabe H,Loutfy N M,Ahmed M T.2014.Hazard assessment of the neonicotinoidinsecticide thiamethoxam residues in tomato:A prelude to risk assessment profile[J].Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry,96(2):318-327.
SANCO/12571/2013.2013.Guidance document on analytical quality control and validation procedures for pesticide residues analysis in food and feed[EB/OL].(2013-11-19).http://www.eurl-pesticides.eu/library/docs/allcrl/AqcGuidance_Sanco_2013_12571.pdf.
Schaafsma A,Limay-Rios V,Xue Y,Smith J,Baute T.2016.Field-scale examination of neonicotinoid insecticide persistence in soil as a result of seed treatment use in commercial maize(corn)fields in southwestern Ontario[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,35(2):295-302.
Song W T,Zhang Y Q,Li G J,Chen H Y,Wang H,Zhao Q,He D,Zhao C,Ding L.2014.A fast,simple and green method for the extraction of carbamate pesticides from rice by microwave assisted steam extraction coupled with solid phase extraction[J].Food Chemistry,143:192-198.
Stanley D A,Garratt M P D,Wickens J B,Wickens V J,Potts S G,Raine N E.2015a.Neonicotinoid pesticide exposure impairs crop pollination services provided by bumblebees[J].Nature,528(7583):548-550.
Stanley D A,Smith E K,Raine E N.2015b.Bumblebee learning and memory is impaired by chronic exposure to a neonicotinoid pesticides[J].Scientific Reports,5:16508.
Wang X G,Xiang Z B,Yan X Y,Sun H Q,Li Y Q,Pan C P.2013.Dissipation rate and residual fate of thiamethoxam in tobacco leaves and soil exposed to field treatments[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,91(2):246-250.
Wang Y,Cang T,Zhao X P,Yu R X,Chen L P,Wu C X,Wang Q.2012.Comparative acute toxicity of twentyfour insecticides to earthworm,Eisenia fetida[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,79:122-128.
World Health Organization.2018.Template for the evaluation of acute exposure(IESTI)and chronic exposure(IEDI)[EB/OL].(2018-05-10).http://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/chemical-risks/gems-food/en/.