段玉裁《说文解字注》论证用语体现的归谬证伪方法
|
摘要
段玉裁一生校订古籍数十部,并创立了科学的校勘理论和校勘方法。从逻辑学中的归谬法视角,文章统计出段玉裁《说文解字注》用于证伪推理的联结词"假令、果、倘"共61见,从各个联结词中选三个段注实例进行分析,考察其归谬反驳的逻辑论证程序,彰显段玉裁治学思想中蕴涵的科学思想和科学方法。文章认为,归谬法是校勘指误的利器,但是归谬法不能直接进行校正,往往还需结合其他方法进行考证;归谬法的运用是段玉裁理校法的具体体现之一。
Duan Yucai proofread dozens of ancient books,and developed lots of scientific collation theories and methods. In the light of reductio ad absurdum in logic,this essay summarized 61 usages of connectives,including Jialing,Guo,Tang,from falsification reasoning in Duan's Notes to Origin of Chinese Characters. This essay analyzed three examples of each connective,investigated the logical argumentation procedure of reductio ad absurdum methods in that book,and emphasized the scientific thoughts and methods behind the examples. The essay concludes that the reductio ad absurdum proofs are effective in pointing out errors,but it cannot correct the errors directly; hence other methods are often required. It also points out that the use of reductio ad absurdum is the embodiment of Duan's proofreading methods.
Duan Yucai proofread dozens of ancient books,and developed lots of scientific collation theories and methods. In the light of reductio ad absurdum in logic,this essay summarized 61 usages of connectives,including Jialing,Guo,Tang,from falsification reasoning in Duan's Notes to Origin of Chinese Characters. This essay analyzed three examples of each connective,investigated the logical argumentation procedure of reductio ad absurdum methods in that book,and emphasized the scientific thoughts and methods behind the examples. The essay concludes that the reductio ad absurdum proofs are effective in pointing out errors,but it cannot correct the errors directly; hence other methods are often required. It also points out that the use of reductio ad absurdum is the embodiment of Duan's proofreading methods.
引文
[1]冯胜利.乾嘉“理必”与语言研究的科学属性[J].中文学术前沿:第九辑,2015(2):89-107.
[2]王用源,施向东,冯胜利.段玉裁《说文解字注》科学研究方法例证[J].南开语言学刊,2017(1):82-90.
[3]蒋冀骋.说文段注评议[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,1993:112.
[4]陈垣.校勘学释例[M].北京:中华书局,2016:135-139.
[5]漆永祥.段玉裁校勘学述论[J].古籍整理研究学刊,1993(6):28-32.
[6]董莲池.段玉裁评传[M].南京:南京大学出版社,2006:242.
[7]王华宝.论段玉裁校勘学之特色[J].东南大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2014(3):70-74.
[8]段玉裁.经韵楼集:附补编·两考[M].赵航,薛正兴,整理.南京:凤凰出版社,2010:313-314.
(1)需要说明的是,这些联结词只是假言命题中前件部分使用的联项,后件部分的联项较为灵活,因此本文以前件联结词为考察对象。进行归谬时,也可不需要联结词。本文仅讨论假言推理表达格式中的论证方法。另外,《段注》中“若”一般不用来归谬推理。《段注》中有很多“如”字,“如X,则Y”共20余见,但很少用于证伪,仅发现3例,分别见于“”字注、“梅”字注、“粒”字注,冯胜利(2015)已对“粒”下段注的归谬法进行了分析,可参阅。本文暂不讨论“如X,则Y”的使用情况。假与叚、倘与儻是异体字关系,分开统计,一并讨论。
(2)本文语料来源于许惟贤整理本《说文解字注》(凤凰出版社,2007),并注明其所在页码。因段注是随文夹注,为表述方便,《说文》原文不加引号,将段注内容置于括号中。为节省篇幅,略有删减。
(3)“类厕”是段玉裁运用归纳法揭示出来的《说文解字》篆文以类相从的编排规则。可参见一部末注语:“凡部之先后,以形之相近为次。凡每部中字之先后,以义之相引为次。”
(4)《说文·鸟部》:“鸾,赤神灵之精也。”段注:“赤,各本作‘亦’,误,今依《艺文类聚》《埤雅》《集韵》《类篇》《韵会》正。”段玉裁在“琼”和“鸾”下的注语有矛盾。
[2]王用源,施向东,冯胜利.段玉裁《说文解字注》科学研究方法例证[J].南开语言学刊,2017(1):82-90.
[3]蒋冀骋.说文段注评议[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,1993:112.
[4]陈垣.校勘学释例[M].北京:中华书局,2016:135-139.
[5]漆永祥.段玉裁校勘学述论[J].古籍整理研究学刊,1993(6):28-32.
[6]董莲池.段玉裁评传[M].南京:南京大学出版社,2006:242.
[7]王华宝.论段玉裁校勘学之特色[J].东南大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2014(3):70-74.
[8]段玉裁.经韵楼集:附补编·两考[M].赵航,薛正兴,整理.南京:凤凰出版社,2010:313-314.
(1)需要说明的是,这些联结词只是假言命题中前件部分使用的联项,后件部分的联项较为灵活,因此本文以前件联结词为考察对象。进行归谬时,也可不需要联结词。本文仅讨论假言推理表达格式中的论证方法。另外,《段注》中“若”一般不用来归谬推理。《段注》中有很多“如”字,“如X,则Y”共20余见,但很少用于证伪,仅发现3例,分别见于“”字注、“梅”字注、“粒”字注,冯胜利(2015)已对“粒”下段注的归谬法进行了分析,可参阅。本文暂不讨论“如X,则Y”的使用情况。假与叚、倘与儻是异体字关系,分开统计,一并讨论。
(2)本文语料来源于许惟贤整理本《说文解字注》(凤凰出版社,2007),并注明其所在页码。因段注是随文夹注,为表述方便,《说文》原文不加引号,将段注内容置于括号中。为节省篇幅,略有删减。
(3)“类厕”是段玉裁运用归纳法揭示出来的《说文解字》篆文以类相从的编排规则。可参见一部末注语:“凡部之先后,以形之相近为次。凡每部中字之先后,以义之相引为次。”
(4)《说文·鸟部》:“鸾,赤神灵之精也。”段注:“赤,各本作‘亦’,误,今依《艺文类聚》《埤雅》《集韵》《类篇》《韵会》正。”段玉裁在“琼”和“鸾”下的注语有矛盾。