1961—2016年我国闪电日数时空分异格局及其变化趋势和波动特征
|
摘要
闪电事件时空变化研究对于防灾减灾和资源利用具有重要意义。采用2 481个站点的闪电日数数据诊断1961—2016年我国闪电事件的时空演变特征。结果表明:在时间上,1961—2016年我国年均单站闪电日数整体呈减少趋势,西北西部和西藏地区年均单站闪电日数呈分段变化特征。全国、东北、北方、西北东部和东南地区年均单站闪电日数大致呈2～4 a的周期变化。西北西部、西藏和西南地区分别呈2,4和6 a,3和8 a与2～6 a的显著周期变化。年均单站闪电日数突变集中发生在20世纪80年代末至90年代中后期,但均未通过0.05显著性水平检验。在空间上,1961—2016年我国年均闪电日数呈明显的"南多北少"的空间分布格局。1961—1980年,胡焕庸线以东地区闪电日数主要以正距平为主,1980年以后,正距平范围逐渐减少。在变化趋势的空间分布上,我国闪电日数年际变化趋势整体上以减少为主,尤其是长江以南的沿海地区减少明显;在波动特征的空间分布上,青藏高原、华北平原、沿长江两岸附近地区均为闪电日数年际波动较大的地区,而长江以南的沿海地区和新疆中部及北部地区年际波动相对较小。
The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of lightning events in China from 1961 to 2016 are calculated by using the yearly dataset of 2 481 stations′ lightning days. The results show that: On the dimension of time,the average annual lightning days in China and the seven geographical regions show a decreasing trend from 1961 to2016. At the same time, the annual average number of single station lightning days in northwest China and Tibet region shows the characteristics of piecewise variation. The annual average single station lightning days in the whole country,northeast china, north China, eastern Northwest China and southeast China have oscillation periods about 2 to 4 a.There are significant oscillation periods of 2, 4 and 6 a, 3 and 8 a, and 2 to 6 a in the western northwest China, Tibet and southwest China, respectively. The annual single station lightning day mutation occurs in the whole country and seven geographical regions from 1980 s to the middle and late 1990 s, but none of them passes the test of P<0.05 significant level. On the dimension of space, Chinese annual lightning days show a clear "south high-north low" spatial distribution pattern from 1961 to 2016. The lightning days in the east of the Huhuanyong line are dominated by the positive anomaly from 1961 to 1980, and the range of the positive anomaly decreases successively after 1980. For the trend of spatial distribution, the annual trend of lightning days in China is mainly on the decrease, especially in the coastal areas of south of the Yangtze River. For the spatial distribution of fluctuation characteristics, the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, the North China Plain and the vicinity of both sides of the Yangtze River are the regions whose annual fluctuation of lightning days is large. The annual fluctuations of the coastal areas of south of the Yangtze River and the central and northern parts of Xinjiang are relatively small.
The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of lightning events in China from 1961 to 2016 are calculated by using the yearly dataset of 2 481 stations′ lightning days. The results show that: On the dimension of time,the average annual lightning days in China and the seven geographical regions show a decreasing trend from 1961 to2016. At the same time, the annual average number of single station lightning days in northwest China and Tibet region shows the characteristics of piecewise variation. The annual average single station lightning days in the whole country,northeast china, north China, eastern Northwest China and southeast China have oscillation periods about 2 to 4 a.There are significant oscillation periods of 2, 4 and 6 a, 3 and 8 a, and 2 to 6 a in the western northwest China, Tibet and southwest China, respectively. The annual single station lightning day mutation occurs in the whole country and seven geographical regions from 1980 s to the middle and late 1990 s, but none of them passes the test of P<0.05 significant level. On the dimension of space, Chinese annual lightning days show a clear "south high-north low" spatial distribution pattern from 1961 to 2016. The lightning days in the east of the Huhuanyong line are dominated by the positive anomaly from 1961 to 1980, and the range of the positive anomaly decreases successively after 1980. For the trend of spatial distribution, the annual trend of lightning days in China is mainly on the decrease, especially in the coastal areas of south of the Yangtze River. For the spatial distribution of fluctuation characteristics, the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, the North China Plain and the vicinity of both sides of the Yangtze River are the regions whose annual fluctuation of lightning days is large. The annual fluctuations of the coastal areas of south of the Yangtze River and the central and northern parts of Xinjiang are relatively small.
引文
[1] CHRISTIAN H J, BLAKESLEE R J, BOCCIPPIO D J, et al. Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the Optical Transient Detector[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 2003, 108(D1):4-15. DOI:10.1029/2002jd002347
[2] ZHANG Y J,MENG Q, MA M, et al. Development of lightning detection technique with application of lightning data[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 2006, 17(5):611-620. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2006.05.011
[3]扈海波,李京校,潘进军.北京地区雷电灾害风险评估方法与应用[J].气象, 2012, 38(8):1004-1011.DOI:10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2012.08.013HU H B, LI J X, PAN J J. Lightning risk assessment and zoning in Beijing based on the technology of spatial grids[J].Meteorological Monthly, 2012, 38(8):1004-1011. DOI:10.7519/j. issn. 1000-0526.2012.08.013
[4]彭仲伦,李兵,余磊,等.凉山州闪电活动特征分析[J].高原山地气象研究, 2016, 36(1):75-80. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-2184·2016.01.012PENG Z L, LI B, YU L, et al.Analysis of lightning activity in Liangshan[J].Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research, 2016, 36(1):75-80. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-2184·2016.01.012
[5] XIANG N W, GU S Q, CHEN W J, et al.Lightning distribution characteristics of Beijing-Shanghai highspeed railway corridor[J].High Voltage Engineering,2015, 41(1):49-55. DOI:10.13336/j. 1003-6520.hve.2015.01.007
[6] ISHIMOTO K, ASAKAWA A, SHINDO T.Study of lightning risk evaluation of distribution systems[J].Electrical Engineering in Japan, 2016, 198(3):34-45.DOI:10.1002/eej.22892
[7] TSURUSHIMA D, SAKAIDA K, HONMA N.Spatial distribution of cold-season lightning frequency in the coastal areas of the Sea of Japan[J].Progress in Earth&Planetary Science, 2017, 4(1):7-18. DOI:10.1186/s40645-017-0122-0
[8] GATIDIS C, LOLIS C J, LAGOUVARDOS K, et al.A Study on the Intra-Annual Variation and the Spatial Distribution of Lightning Activity over Greece[M]//Perspectives on Atmospheric Sciences.Switzerland:Springer International Publishing, 2017:621-627.DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-35095-0_88
[9]高燚,张义军,张文娟,等.我国雷击致人伤亡特征及易损度评估区划[J].应用气象学报, 2012, 23(3):294-303.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2012.03.005GAO Y, ZHANG Y J, ZHANG W J, et al.Characteristics of lightning casulties and vulnerability evaluation regionalization in China[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 2012, 23(3):294-303.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2012.03.005
[10]许永彬,格桑次仁,陈勇.拉萨市城区雷电特征与防护技术[J].安徽农业科学, 2017, 45(10):184-190.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2017.10.060XU Y B, GESANG C R, CHEN Y. Lightning characteristics and protection technology of urban area of Lhasa city[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2017, 45(10):184-190. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2017.10.060
[11]朱宣儒,康强.基于AHP法的防城港地区雷电灾害风险区划[J].农业灾害研究, 2016, 6(4):24-26.ZHU X R, KANG Q.Risk zoning of regional lightning disaster in Fangchenggang area based on AHP method[J].Agricultural Disaster Research, 2016, 6(4):24-26.
[12] MILLER P, ELLIS A W, KEIGHTON S. Spatial distribution of lightning associated with low-shear thunderstorm environments in the central Appalachian region[J].Physical Geography, 2015, 36(2):127-141.DOI:10.1080/02723646.2015.1011257
[13] BRUNING E C, THOMAS R J. Lightning channel length and flash energy determined from moments of the flash area distribution[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 2015, 120(17):8925-8940.DOI:10.1002/2015jd023766
[14]祁凯,杨凤霞,厉从明,等.安徽地区闪电时空分布特征[J].南方农业, 2016, 10(9):1-2. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-890X.2016.09.002QI K, YANG F X, LI C M, et al. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of lightning in Anhui Province[J].South China Agriculture, 2016,10(9):1-2.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-890X.2016.09.002
[15]王锡中,冯民学,钟颖颖,等.2008—2009年江苏省闪电特征分析及应用研究[J].南京信息工程大学学报, 2010, 2(5):445-450. DOI:10.3969/j. issn. 1674-7070.2010.05.012WANG X Z, FENG M X, ZHONG Y Y, et al.The characteristic analysis and application study of lightning from 2008 to 2009 in Jiangsu[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 2010, 2(5):445-450. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7070.2010.05.012
[16]李坤玉,王秀荣.2005—2012年我国较重雷电灾害特征分析及服务探讨[J].防灾科技学院学报, 2014, 16(1):75-80.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8047.2014.01.013LI K Y, WANG X R. Characteristics of serious lightning accidents during 2005-2012 in China and discussion on meteorological service[J].Journal of Institute of Disaster Prevention, 2014, 16(1):75-80.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8047.2014.01.013
[17]仇健,陈惜茂,黎红源,等.珠海市雷电活动的时空分布特征[J].广东气象, 2016, 38(1):27-31. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-6190.2016.01.007QIU J, CHEN X M, LI H Y, et al.Characteristics of the spatial and temporal distribution of lightning activities in Zhuhai city[J].Guangdong Meteorology,2016, 38(1):27-31. DOI:10.3969/j. issn. 1007-6190.2016.01.007
[18]李振武.我国雷电活动分布特点与状况[J].河南科技,2009(9):55-56.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-5168.2009.17.036LI Z W. Distribution characteristics and status of lightning activities in China[J].Henan Science and Technology,2009(9):55-56.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-5168.2009.17.036
[19]郄秀书,刘冬霞,孙竹玲.闪电气象学研究进展[J].气象学报, 2014, 72(5):1054-1068. DOI:10.11676/qxxb2014.048QIE X S, LIU D X, SUN Z L. The advances of lightning meteorology in recent years[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2014, 72(5):1054-1068. DOI:10.11676/qxxb2014.048
[20]郄秀书,张广庶,孔祥贞,等.青藏高原东北部地区夏季雷电特征的观测研究[J].高原气象,2003,22(3):209-216.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2003.03.001QIE X S, ZHANG G S, KONG X Z, et al.Observation on the summer lightning discharge in the northeastern verge of Qinghai-Xizang plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology, 2003, 22(3):209-216. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2003.03.001
[21]郄秀书,周筠珺,袁铁.卫星观测到的全球闪电活动及其地域差异[J].地球物理学报, 2003, 46(6):743-750,885.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2003.06.004QIE X S, ZHOU Y J, YUAN T. Global lightning activities and their regional differences observed from the satellite[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2003,46(6):743-750,885.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2003.06.004
[22]周筠珺,孙凌,杨静,等.中国西南及其周边地区雷电活动的特征分析[J].高电压技术,2009,35(6):1309-1315.ZHOU Y J, SUN L, YANG J, et al.Characteristics of lightning activities over southwest and its circumjacent areas in China[J].High Voltage Engineering,2009,35(6):1309-1315.
[23]周筠珺,郄秀书,袁铁.东亚地区闪电产生NOX的时空分布特征[J].高原气象,2004,23(5):667-672.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2004.05.014ZHOU Y J, QIE X S, YUAN T.Spatial and temporal distributions of NOXproduced by lightning in East Asia region[J].Plateau Meteorology, 2004, 23(5):667-672.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2004.05.014
[24]林建,曲晓波.中国雷电事件的时空分布特征[J].气象, 2008, 34(11):22-30, 129-130. DOI:10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2008.11.004LIN J, QU X B. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of thunderstorm in China[J].Meteorological Monthly,2008,34(11):22-30,129-130.DOI:10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2008.11.004
[25]沈永海,苏德斌,甘璐.2004—2010年北京及周边地区夏季云闪时空分布特征[C]//中国气象学会第28届中国气象学会年会——S13雷电物理、监测预警和防护.厦门:中国气象学会,2011:6.SHEN Y H, SU D B, GAN L.Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of cloud flash in Beijing and its surrounding areas in 2004-2010[C]//The Twentyeighth Annual Meeting of the Chinese Meteorological Society:S13 Lightning Physics,Monitoring,Early Warning and Protection. Xiamen:China Meteorological Society,2011:6.
[26]邓德文,周筠珺,赵鹏国,等.中国典型区域雷电活动气候特征及其机制分析[J].气象科学,2013,33(1):109-118.DOI:10.3969/2012jms.0067DENG D W, ZHOU Y J, ZHAO P G, et al.Characteristics of lightning activities over typical areas of China and analysis of the causes[J].Journal of the Meteorological Sciences, 2013, 33(1):109-118. DOI:10.3969/2012jms.0067
[27]全国将进入夏季雷电活动高发期盘点五大特点[EB/OL].(2014-05-25)[2018-09-03]. http://www.weather.com.cn/anhui/tqyw/05/2125029.shtml.The whole country will enter the five main characteristics of the summer lightning activity[EB/OL].(2014-05-25)[2018-09-03]. http://www.weather.com.cn/anhui/tqyw/05/2125029.shtml.
[28] HUANG J J, TAN B, CHEN X M, et al.Spatiotemporal distribution of lightning disasters of power lines in Hubei province using data mining based on Apriori association rules[J].Journal of Applied Sciences, 2017, 35(1):31-41. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0255-8297.2017.01.004
[29]陈锐,刘洲荣.柳州市强对流暴雨的闪电和雷达回波特征及相关性研究[J].气象研究与应用, 2016, 37(2):38-41.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8411.2016.02.008CHEN R, LIU Z R. Characteristics of lightning and radar echoes of strong convective rainstorm and their relations in Liuzhou[J].Journal of Meteorological Research and Application, 2016, 37(2):38-41. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8411.2016.02.008
[30]刘维成,陶健红,邵爱梅.甘肃和广东2008—2011年闪电特征对比[J].干旱气象, 2012, 30(4):588-592.LIU W C, TAO J H, SHAO A M. Comparative analysis on characteristics of lightning over Gansu and Guangdong areas[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,2012, 30(4):588-592.
[31]朱传林,段振中,李国梁,等.大气环流背景下的武当山景区闪电时空分布[J].热带地理, 2013, 33(6):689-694.ZHU C L, DUAN Z Z, LI G L, et al. Spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of cloud-to-groud lightning in the Wudangshan mountains scenic region in the background of atmospheric circulation[J].Tropical Geography, 2013, 33(6):689-694.
[32]杨春明,马林,曹辉.2010—2012年安徽省闪电特征分析与应用研究[J].中国农学通报, 2016, 32(29):155-160. DOI:10.11924/j. issn. 1000-6850.casb16040172YANG C M, MA L, CAO H. Lightning:Characteristics analysis and application in Anhui during 2010-2012[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2016, 32(29):155-160. DOI:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040172
[33]黄振,李万彪.2007—2008年大连地区闪电时空分布特征分析[J].安徽农业科学, 2010, 38(7):3728-3730.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2010.07.101HUANG Z, LI W B.Analysis on the spatio-temporal distribution features of lightning in Dalian area from2007 to 2008[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2010, 38(7):3728-3730. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2010.07.101
[34]中国气象局.地面气象观测规范[M].北京:气象出版社, 2005.China Meterological Administration.Surface Meteorological Observation Specification[M]. Beijing:China Meteorological Press, 2005.
[35]孔锋,方建,吕丽莉,等.中国短历时和长历时暴雨对总暴雨贡献的空间差异性研究(1961—2015)[J].干旱区地理, 2017, 40(2):293-303. DOI:CNKI:SUN:GHDL.0.2017-02-007KONG F, FANG J, LYU L L, et al.Spatial pattern difference between contribution of short and long duration heavy rainfall to total heavy rainfall in China from 1961 to 2015[J].Arid Land Geography, 2017,40(2):293-303. DOI:CNKI:SUN:GHDL. 0.2017-02-007
[36]孔锋,吕丽莉,方建.1991—2010年中国小时暴雨时空变化格局及其与城镇化因子的空间相关分析[J].气候与环境研究, 2017, 22(3):355-364.DOI:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2017.16139KONG F, LYU L L, FANG J.Spatiotemporal pattern of hourly heavy rainfall in China and its spatial correlation with urbanization factors during 1991-2010[J].Climatic and Environmental Research, 2017, 22(3):355-364.DOI:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2017.16139
[37] IPCC SREX.Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2012.
[38] IPCC AR5.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report(AR5)[R]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013.
[39]孔锋,史培军,方建,等.全球变化背景下极端降水时空格局变化及其影响因素研究进展和展望[J].灾害学, 2017, 32(2):165-174.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2017.02.029KONG F, SHI P J, FANG J, et al. Advances and progress of prospects of spatiotemporal pattern variation of extreme precipitation and its affecting factors under the background of global change[J].Journal of Catastrophology, 2017, 32(2):165-174.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2017.02.029
[40]孔锋,方建,吕丽莉,等.中国长短历时暴雨时空变化格局及其对总暴雨贡献的研究(1951—2010)[J].中国人口·资源与环境, 2016(s2):316-320.DOI:CNKI:SUN:ZGRZ.0.2016-S2-075KONG F, FANG J, LYU L L,et al.Long and short duration heavy rainfall spatio-temporal patterns and its contribution to total rainfall in China(1951-2010)[J].China Population, Resources and Environment,2016(s2):316-320. DOI:CNKI:SUN:ZGRZ. 0.2016-S2-075
[41]史培军,孔锋.1951—2010年中国年代际累积暴雨时空格局变化的相关因素研究[J].地理科学, 2016, 36(10):1457-1465.SHI P J, KONG F.Research on related factors to decadal accumulated heavy rainfall spatio-temporal patterns change in China during 1951-2010[J].Scientia Geographical Sinica, 2016, 36(10):1457-1465.
[42]朱学超,张羽,徐峰.海洋及城市化对我国雷暴活动特征影响研究进展[J].广东海洋大学学报,2015,35(1):109-114.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-9159.2015.01.017ZHU X C, ZHANG Y, XU F.A review of effects of oceans and urbanization on characteristics of thunderstorms in China[J].Journal of Guangdong Ocean University,2015,35(1):109-114.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-9159.2015.01.017
[43]史军,梁萍,万齐林,等.城市气候效应研究进展[J].热带气象学报, 2011, 27(6):942-951. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-4965.2011.06.019SHI J, LIANG P, WAN Q L, et al.A review of the progress of research on urban climate[J].Journal of Tropical Meteorology, 2011, 27(6):942-951. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-4965.2011.06.019
[44]蒙伟光,闫敬华,扈海波.城市化对珠江三角洲强雷暴天气的可能影响[J].大气科学,2007,31(2):364-376.DOI:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2007.02.17MENG W G, YAN J H, HU H B.Possible impact of urbanization on severe thunderstorms over Pearl River Delta[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Science,2007, 31(2):364-376. DOI:10.3878/j. issn. 1006-9895.2007.02.17
[45]史培军,孔锋,方佳毅.中国年代际暴雨时空变化格局[J].地理科学, 2014, 34(11):1281-1290.SHI P J, KONG F, FANG J Y. Spatio-temporal of China decadal storm rainfall[J].Scientia Geographical Sinica, 2014, 34(11):1281-1290.
[2] ZHANG Y J,MENG Q, MA M, et al. Development of lightning detection technique with application of lightning data[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 2006, 17(5):611-620. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2006.05.011
[3]扈海波,李京校,潘进军.北京地区雷电灾害风险评估方法与应用[J].气象, 2012, 38(8):1004-1011.DOI:10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2012.08.013HU H B, LI J X, PAN J J. Lightning risk assessment and zoning in Beijing based on the technology of spatial grids[J].Meteorological Monthly, 2012, 38(8):1004-1011. DOI:10.7519/j. issn. 1000-0526.2012.08.013
[4]彭仲伦,李兵,余磊,等.凉山州闪电活动特征分析[J].高原山地气象研究, 2016, 36(1):75-80. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-2184·2016.01.012PENG Z L, LI B, YU L, et al.Analysis of lightning activity in Liangshan[J].Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research, 2016, 36(1):75-80. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-2184·2016.01.012
[5] XIANG N W, GU S Q, CHEN W J, et al.Lightning distribution characteristics of Beijing-Shanghai highspeed railway corridor[J].High Voltage Engineering,2015, 41(1):49-55. DOI:10.13336/j. 1003-6520.hve.2015.01.007
[6] ISHIMOTO K, ASAKAWA A, SHINDO T.Study of lightning risk evaluation of distribution systems[J].Electrical Engineering in Japan, 2016, 198(3):34-45.DOI:10.1002/eej.22892
[7] TSURUSHIMA D, SAKAIDA K, HONMA N.Spatial distribution of cold-season lightning frequency in the coastal areas of the Sea of Japan[J].Progress in Earth&Planetary Science, 2017, 4(1):7-18. DOI:10.1186/s40645-017-0122-0
[8] GATIDIS C, LOLIS C J, LAGOUVARDOS K, et al.A Study on the Intra-Annual Variation and the Spatial Distribution of Lightning Activity over Greece[M]//Perspectives on Atmospheric Sciences.Switzerland:Springer International Publishing, 2017:621-627.DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-35095-0_88
[9]高燚,张义军,张文娟,等.我国雷击致人伤亡特征及易损度评估区划[J].应用气象学报, 2012, 23(3):294-303.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2012.03.005GAO Y, ZHANG Y J, ZHANG W J, et al.Characteristics of lightning casulties and vulnerability evaluation regionalization in China[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 2012, 23(3):294-303.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2012.03.005
[10]许永彬,格桑次仁,陈勇.拉萨市城区雷电特征与防护技术[J].安徽农业科学, 2017, 45(10):184-190.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2017.10.060XU Y B, GESANG C R, CHEN Y. Lightning characteristics and protection technology of urban area of Lhasa city[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2017, 45(10):184-190. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2017.10.060
[11]朱宣儒,康强.基于AHP法的防城港地区雷电灾害风险区划[J].农业灾害研究, 2016, 6(4):24-26.ZHU X R, KANG Q.Risk zoning of regional lightning disaster in Fangchenggang area based on AHP method[J].Agricultural Disaster Research, 2016, 6(4):24-26.
[12] MILLER P, ELLIS A W, KEIGHTON S. Spatial distribution of lightning associated with low-shear thunderstorm environments in the central Appalachian region[J].Physical Geography, 2015, 36(2):127-141.DOI:10.1080/02723646.2015.1011257
[13] BRUNING E C, THOMAS R J. Lightning channel length and flash energy determined from moments of the flash area distribution[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 2015, 120(17):8925-8940.DOI:10.1002/2015jd023766
[14]祁凯,杨凤霞,厉从明,等.安徽地区闪电时空分布特征[J].南方农业, 2016, 10(9):1-2. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-890X.2016.09.002QI K, YANG F X, LI C M, et al. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of lightning in Anhui Province[J].South China Agriculture, 2016,10(9):1-2.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-890X.2016.09.002
[15]王锡中,冯民学,钟颖颖,等.2008—2009年江苏省闪电特征分析及应用研究[J].南京信息工程大学学报, 2010, 2(5):445-450. DOI:10.3969/j. issn. 1674-7070.2010.05.012WANG X Z, FENG M X, ZHONG Y Y, et al.The characteristic analysis and application study of lightning from 2008 to 2009 in Jiangsu[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 2010, 2(5):445-450. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7070.2010.05.012
[16]李坤玉,王秀荣.2005—2012年我国较重雷电灾害特征分析及服务探讨[J].防灾科技学院学报, 2014, 16(1):75-80.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8047.2014.01.013LI K Y, WANG X R. Characteristics of serious lightning accidents during 2005-2012 in China and discussion on meteorological service[J].Journal of Institute of Disaster Prevention, 2014, 16(1):75-80.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8047.2014.01.013
[17]仇健,陈惜茂,黎红源,等.珠海市雷电活动的时空分布特征[J].广东气象, 2016, 38(1):27-31. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-6190.2016.01.007QIU J, CHEN X M, LI H Y, et al.Characteristics of the spatial and temporal distribution of lightning activities in Zhuhai city[J].Guangdong Meteorology,2016, 38(1):27-31. DOI:10.3969/j. issn. 1007-6190.2016.01.007
[18]李振武.我国雷电活动分布特点与状况[J].河南科技,2009(9):55-56.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-5168.2009.17.036LI Z W. Distribution characteristics and status of lightning activities in China[J].Henan Science and Technology,2009(9):55-56.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-5168.2009.17.036
[19]郄秀书,刘冬霞,孙竹玲.闪电气象学研究进展[J].气象学报, 2014, 72(5):1054-1068. DOI:10.11676/qxxb2014.048QIE X S, LIU D X, SUN Z L. The advances of lightning meteorology in recent years[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2014, 72(5):1054-1068. DOI:10.11676/qxxb2014.048
[20]郄秀书,张广庶,孔祥贞,等.青藏高原东北部地区夏季雷电特征的观测研究[J].高原气象,2003,22(3):209-216.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2003.03.001QIE X S, ZHANG G S, KONG X Z, et al.Observation on the summer lightning discharge in the northeastern verge of Qinghai-Xizang plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology, 2003, 22(3):209-216. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2003.03.001
[21]郄秀书,周筠珺,袁铁.卫星观测到的全球闪电活动及其地域差异[J].地球物理学报, 2003, 46(6):743-750,885.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2003.06.004QIE X S, ZHOU Y J, YUAN T. Global lightning activities and their regional differences observed from the satellite[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2003,46(6):743-750,885.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2003.06.004
[22]周筠珺,孙凌,杨静,等.中国西南及其周边地区雷电活动的特征分析[J].高电压技术,2009,35(6):1309-1315.ZHOU Y J, SUN L, YANG J, et al.Characteristics of lightning activities over southwest and its circumjacent areas in China[J].High Voltage Engineering,2009,35(6):1309-1315.
[23]周筠珺,郄秀书,袁铁.东亚地区闪电产生NOX的时空分布特征[J].高原气象,2004,23(5):667-672.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2004.05.014ZHOU Y J, QIE X S, YUAN T.Spatial and temporal distributions of NOXproduced by lightning in East Asia region[J].Plateau Meteorology, 2004, 23(5):667-672.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2004.05.014
[24]林建,曲晓波.中国雷电事件的时空分布特征[J].气象, 2008, 34(11):22-30, 129-130. DOI:10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2008.11.004LIN J, QU X B. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of thunderstorm in China[J].Meteorological Monthly,2008,34(11):22-30,129-130.DOI:10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2008.11.004
[25]沈永海,苏德斌,甘璐.2004—2010年北京及周边地区夏季云闪时空分布特征[C]//中国气象学会第28届中国气象学会年会——S13雷电物理、监测预警和防护.厦门:中国气象学会,2011:6.SHEN Y H, SU D B, GAN L.Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of cloud flash in Beijing and its surrounding areas in 2004-2010[C]//The Twentyeighth Annual Meeting of the Chinese Meteorological Society:S13 Lightning Physics,Monitoring,Early Warning and Protection. Xiamen:China Meteorological Society,2011:6.
[26]邓德文,周筠珺,赵鹏国,等.中国典型区域雷电活动气候特征及其机制分析[J].气象科学,2013,33(1):109-118.DOI:10.3969/2012jms.0067DENG D W, ZHOU Y J, ZHAO P G, et al.Characteristics of lightning activities over typical areas of China and analysis of the causes[J].Journal of the Meteorological Sciences, 2013, 33(1):109-118. DOI:10.3969/2012jms.0067
[27]全国将进入夏季雷电活动高发期盘点五大特点[EB/OL].(2014-05-25)[2018-09-03]. http://www.weather.com.cn/anhui/tqyw/05/2125029.shtml.The whole country will enter the five main characteristics of the summer lightning activity[EB/OL].(2014-05-25)[2018-09-03]. http://www.weather.com.cn/anhui/tqyw/05/2125029.shtml.
[28] HUANG J J, TAN B, CHEN X M, et al.Spatiotemporal distribution of lightning disasters of power lines in Hubei province using data mining based on Apriori association rules[J].Journal of Applied Sciences, 2017, 35(1):31-41. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0255-8297.2017.01.004
[29]陈锐,刘洲荣.柳州市强对流暴雨的闪电和雷达回波特征及相关性研究[J].气象研究与应用, 2016, 37(2):38-41.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8411.2016.02.008CHEN R, LIU Z R. Characteristics of lightning and radar echoes of strong convective rainstorm and their relations in Liuzhou[J].Journal of Meteorological Research and Application, 2016, 37(2):38-41. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8411.2016.02.008
[30]刘维成,陶健红,邵爱梅.甘肃和广东2008—2011年闪电特征对比[J].干旱气象, 2012, 30(4):588-592.LIU W C, TAO J H, SHAO A M. Comparative analysis on characteristics of lightning over Gansu and Guangdong areas[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,2012, 30(4):588-592.
[31]朱传林,段振中,李国梁,等.大气环流背景下的武当山景区闪电时空分布[J].热带地理, 2013, 33(6):689-694.ZHU C L, DUAN Z Z, LI G L, et al. Spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of cloud-to-groud lightning in the Wudangshan mountains scenic region in the background of atmospheric circulation[J].Tropical Geography, 2013, 33(6):689-694.
[32]杨春明,马林,曹辉.2010—2012年安徽省闪电特征分析与应用研究[J].中国农学通报, 2016, 32(29):155-160. DOI:10.11924/j. issn. 1000-6850.casb16040172YANG C M, MA L, CAO H. Lightning:Characteristics analysis and application in Anhui during 2010-2012[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2016, 32(29):155-160. DOI:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb16040172
[33]黄振,李万彪.2007—2008年大连地区闪电时空分布特征分析[J].安徽农业科学, 2010, 38(7):3728-3730.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2010.07.101HUANG Z, LI W B.Analysis on the spatio-temporal distribution features of lightning in Dalian area from2007 to 2008[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2010, 38(7):3728-3730. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2010.07.101
[34]中国气象局.地面气象观测规范[M].北京:气象出版社, 2005.China Meterological Administration.Surface Meteorological Observation Specification[M]. Beijing:China Meteorological Press, 2005.
[35]孔锋,方建,吕丽莉,等.中国短历时和长历时暴雨对总暴雨贡献的空间差异性研究(1961—2015)[J].干旱区地理, 2017, 40(2):293-303. DOI:CNKI:SUN:GHDL.0.2017-02-007KONG F, FANG J, LYU L L, et al.Spatial pattern difference between contribution of short and long duration heavy rainfall to total heavy rainfall in China from 1961 to 2015[J].Arid Land Geography, 2017,40(2):293-303. DOI:CNKI:SUN:GHDL. 0.2017-02-007
[36]孔锋,吕丽莉,方建.1991—2010年中国小时暴雨时空变化格局及其与城镇化因子的空间相关分析[J].气候与环境研究, 2017, 22(3):355-364.DOI:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2017.16139KONG F, LYU L L, FANG J.Spatiotemporal pattern of hourly heavy rainfall in China and its spatial correlation with urbanization factors during 1991-2010[J].Climatic and Environmental Research, 2017, 22(3):355-364.DOI:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2017.16139
[37] IPCC SREX.Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2012.
[38] IPCC AR5.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report(AR5)[R]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013.
[39]孔锋,史培军,方建,等.全球变化背景下极端降水时空格局变化及其影响因素研究进展和展望[J].灾害学, 2017, 32(2):165-174.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2017.02.029KONG F, SHI P J, FANG J, et al. Advances and progress of prospects of spatiotemporal pattern variation of extreme precipitation and its affecting factors under the background of global change[J].Journal of Catastrophology, 2017, 32(2):165-174.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2017.02.029
[40]孔锋,方建,吕丽莉,等.中国长短历时暴雨时空变化格局及其对总暴雨贡献的研究(1951—2010)[J].中国人口·资源与环境, 2016(s2):316-320.DOI:CNKI:SUN:ZGRZ.0.2016-S2-075KONG F, FANG J, LYU L L,et al.Long and short duration heavy rainfall spatio-temporal patterns and its contribution to total rainfall in China(1951-2010)[J].China Population, Resources and Environment,2016(s2):316-320. DOI:CNKI:SUN:ZGRZ. 0.2016-S2-075
[41]史培军,孔锋.1951—2010年中国年代际累积暴雨时空格局变化的相关因素研究[J].地理科学, 2016, 36(10):1457-1465.SHI P J, KONG F.Research on related factors to decadal accumulated heavy rainfall spatio-temporal patterns change in China during 1951-2010[J].Scientia Geographical Sinica, 2016, 36(10):1457-1465.
[42]朱学超,张羽,徐峰.海洋及城市化对我国雷暴活动特征影响研究进展[J].广东海洋大学学报,2015,35(1):109-114.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-9159.2015.01.017ZHU X C, ZHANG Y, XU F.A review of effects of oceans and urbanization on characteristics of thunderstorms in China[J].Journal of Guangdong Ocean University,2015,35(1):109-114.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-9159.2015.01.017
[43]史军,梁萍,万齐林,等.城市气候效应研究进展[J].热带气象学报, 2011, 27(6):942-951. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-4965.2011.06.019SHI J, LIANG P, WAN Q L, et al.A review of the progress of research on urban climate[J].Journal of Tropical Meteorology, 2011, 27(6):942-951. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-4965.2011.06.019
[44]蒙伟光,闫敬华,扈海波.城市化对珠江三角洲强雷暴天气的可能影响[J].大气科学,2007,31(2):364-376.DOI:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2007.02.17MENG W G, YAN J H, HU H B.Possible impact of urbanization on severe thunderstorms over Pearl River Delta[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Science,2007, 31(2):364-376. DOI:10.3878/j. issn. 1006-9895.2007.02.17
[45]史培军,孔锋,方佳毅.中国年代际暴雨时空变化格局[J].地理科学, 2014, 34(11):1281-1290.SHI P J, KONG F, FANG J Y. Spatio-temporal of China decadal storm rainfall[J].Scientia Geographical Sinica, 2014, 34(11):1281-1290.