覆盖栽培模式对冬小麦花后旗叶光合特性及产量的影响
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摘要
为探究旱地小麦秸秆带状覆盖栽培增产的光合特性和干物质积累转运的特征,在甘肃省半干旱雨养农业区以"陇中2号"为材料,研究了秸秆带状覆盖栽培(BS)、地膜覆盖栽培(PF)和无覆盖露地栽培(CK)3种栽培模式下冬小麦花后旗叶光合特征、叶绿素荧光动力参数、干物质积累转运及产量的差异。结果表明:与CK相比,BS和PF显著提高了花后旗叶光合势、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量及叶绿素/类胡萝卜素比率,且BS在生育后期优于PF。BS整个生育期的净光合速率、气孔导度均高于CK,而PF仅生育前期发挥正效应,生育中、后期出现了负效应。BS生育前中期胞间CO_2浓度、生育中后期旗叶瞬时水分利用效率均高于PF和CK,前者分别高出2.8%～8.2%和6.7%～11.3%,后者分别高出30.3%～44.8%和27.5%～39.3%。PF在灌浆中期以前,BS在整个花后生育期显著提高了小麦花后旗叶F_v/F_m、F′_v/F′_m、ΦPSⅡ、qP、ETR,降低了NPQ。BS较PF和CK显著提高了花后干物质输入籽粒量和对籽粒粒重的贡献率,2个指标分别增加2.6%、1.0%和14.2%、8.6%。BS显著增加了单位面积穗数,提高了产量,较CK增产35.4%。说明秸秆带状覆盖能显著改善旱地冬小麦花后光合效率,促进干物质积累转运,从而达到增产的效果。
In order to accurately understand the characteristics of photosynthesis and accumulation and remobilization of shoot dry matter for yield improvement of dryland wheat grown under bundled-straw covering condition, a wheat cultivar of Longzhong 2 was used as material to determine differences in photosynthesis of flag leaf, chlorophyll fluorescence dynamic parameters, accumulation and remobilization of shoot dry matter during post-anthesis and grain yield among the different treatments including bundled straw covering cultivation(BS), plastic film mulching cultivation(PF) and cultivation without any covering(CK) in the semiarid rain-fed region of Gansu Province. The result showed that BS and PF significantly improved photosynthetic potential, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, and ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoid of flag leaf during post-anthesis, compared with CK. The effects of BS was more remarkable than those of PF, especially in the late growth period. The leaf photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were higher under BS than that under CK during the whole growth stage. In this case, PF just showed positive effects in earlier growth stage, but negative effects in mid-later growth stage. The intercellular CO_2 concentration in early and middle stage and the instantaneous water use efficiency in mid-later growth stage under BS were higher than those under both PF and CK. The former increased by 2.8%～8.2% and 6.7%～11.3%, respectively, while the latter increased by 30.3%～44.8% and 27.5%～39.3%, respectively. The F_v/F_m, F′_v/F′_m, Φ_(PSⅡ), qP and ETR of flag leaf increased but the NPQ decreased before the middle grain-filling stage under PF and during the whole growth period under the BS. Compared with both PF and CK, BS significantly raised the input amount of dry matter to kernels by 2.6% and 1.0% and the contribution rate to grain weight by 14.2% and 8.6% during post-anthesis, respectively. BS greatly increased spike number per unit area and thus enhanced yield by 35.4%. It was indicated that BS treatment could significantly improved photosynthetic efficiency and accumulation and transportation of dry matter, and consequently increased grain yield of dryland winter wheat.
In order to accurately understand the characteristics of photosynthesis and accumulation and remobilization of shoot dry matter for yield improvement of dryland wheat grown under bundled-straw covering condition, a wheat cultivar of Longzhong 2 was used as material to determine differences in photosynthesis of flag leaf, chlorophyll fluorescence dynamic parameters, accumulation and remobilization of shoot dry matter during post-anthesis and grain yield among the different treatments including bundled straw covering cultivation(BS), plastic film mulching cultivation(PF) and cultivation without any covering(CK) in the semiarid rain-fed region of Gansu Province. The result showed that BS and PF significantly improved photosynthetic potential, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, and ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoid of flag leaf during post-anthesis, compared with CK. The effects of BS was more remarkable than those of PF, especially in the late growth period. The leaf photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were higher under BS than that under CK during the whole growth stage. In this case, PF just showed positive effects in earlier growth stage, but negative effects in mid-later growth stage. The intercellular CO_2 concentration in early and middle stage and the instantaneous water use efficiency in mid-later growth stage under BS were higher than those under both PF and CK. The former increased by 2.8%～8.2% and 6.7%～11.3%, respectively, while the latter increased by 30.3%～44.8% and 27.5%～39.3%, respectively. The F_v/F_m, F′_v/F′_m, Φ_(PSⅡ), qP and ETR of flag leaf increased but the NPQ decreased before the middle grain-filling stage under PF and during the whole growth period under the BS. Compared with both PF and CK, BS significantly raised the input amount of dry matter to kernels by 2.6% and 1.0% and the contribution rate to grain weight by 14.2% and 8.6% during post-anthesis, respectively. BS greatly increased spike number per unit area and thus enhanced yield by 35.4%. It was indicated that BS treatment could significantly improved photosynthetic efficiency and accumulation and transportation of dry matter, and consequently increased grain yield of dryland winter wheat.
引文
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[5] 马富举,李丹丹,蔡剑,等.干旱胁迫对小麦幼苗根系生长和叶片光合作用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(3):724-730.
[6] Schansker G,Tóth S Z,Strasser R J.Methylviologen and dibromothymoquinone treatments of pea leaves reveal the role of photosystemⅠ in the Chla fluorescence rise OJIP [J].Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,2005,1706(3):250-261.
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[8] 杨荣,田长彦,买文选.新疆膜下滴灌棉花早衰的根系生长发育特征[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(5):1384-1392.
[9] 宋朝玉,宫明波,高倩,等.长期玉米秸秆还田模式下氮肥用量对玉米生长发育及土壤养分的影响[J].山东农业科学,2017,49(10):55-59.
[10] 于稀水,廖允成,袁泉,等.秸秆覆盖条件下冬小麦棵间蒸发规律研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2007,25(3):58-61.
[11] Wicks G,Crutchfield D A,Burnside O C.Influence of wheat(Triticum aestivum)straw mulch and metolachlor on corn(Zea mays)growth and yield[J].Weed Science,1994,42(1):141-147.
[12] 柴守玺.一种旱地秸秆带状覆盖作物种植新技术[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2014,49(5):42.
[13] 程宏波,柴守玺,陈玉章,等.西北旱地春小麦不同覆盖措施的温度和产量效应[J].生态学报,2015,35(19):6316-6325.
[14] 崔爱花,杜传莉,黄国勤,等.秸秆覆盖量对红壤旱地棉花生长及土壤温度的影响[J].生态学报,2018,38(2):733-740.
[15] 宋亚丽,杨长刚,李博文,等.秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量及土壤水分的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2016,36(6):765-772.
[16] 范颖丹,柴守玺,程宏波,等.覆盖方式对旱地冬小麦土壤水分的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(11):3137-3144.
[17] 黎克难.农作物的边际优势与利用[J].农业技术经济,1989,(2):58-60.
[18] 王芳,程宏波,李瑞,等.秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦土壤温度及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2017,37(6):777-785.
[19] 龚月桦,高俊凤,杜伟莉.K型杂交小麦901及其亲本源叶灌浆期的生理特性[J].作物学报,2003,(1):138-144.
[20] 张宪政.作物生理研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1992.
[21] 陈建勋,王晓峰.植物生理学实验指导[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社,2006:81-84.
[22] 郭志华,张旭东,黄玲玲,等.落叶阔叶树种蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)对林缘不同光环境光能和水分的利用[J].生态学报,2006,26(4):1047-1056.
[23] And G H K,Weis E.Chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis:the Basics[J].Annual Review of Plant Physiology,1991,42(42):313-349.
[24] 姜东,谢祝捷,曹卫星,等.花后干旱和渍水对冬小麦光合特性和物质运转的影响[J].作物学报,2004,30(2):175-182.
[25] 冯晓钰,周广胜.夏玉米叶片水分变化与光合作用和土壤水分的关系[J].生态学报,2018,38(1):177-185.
[26] 杨长刚,柴守玺,常磊,等.不同覆膜方式对旱作冬小麦耗水特性及籽粒产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(4):661-671.
[27] 葛丽丽,高红兵,张启昌,等.东北红豆杉雌株枝、叶生长过程中内源激素变化的实验研究[J].北华大学学报(自然科学版),2006,7(2):172-177.
[28] 骆永丽,杨东清,尹燕枰,等.外源6-BA和不同用量氮肥配合对小麦花后叶片功能与荧光特性的调控效应[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(6):1060-1083.
[29] 兰雪梅,黄彩霞,李博文,等.不同覆盖材料对西北旱地冬小麦地温及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2016,36(8):1084-1092.
[30] Hassan I A.Effects of water stress and high temperature on gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in Triticum aestivum L.[J].Photosynthetica,2006,44(2):312-315.
[31] 黄纯倩,朱晓义,张亮,等.干旱和高温对油菜叶片光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2017,39(3):342-350.
[32] 马尚宇,于振文,石玉,等.不同灌溉畦长对小麦光合特性、干物质积累及水分利用效率的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(4):997-1005.
[33] 李向东,季书勤,张德奇,等.豫南雨养区周年不同耕作模式对小麦花后干物质动态和产量的影响[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(9):1942-1948.
[34] 汪顺义,刘庆,史衍玺,等.氮钾配施对甘薯光合产物积累及分配的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(14):2706-2716.
[35] 任娇,于寒,吴春胜,等.不同秸秆还田方式下玉米叶片光合、荧光特性及水分利用率的比较[J].分子植物育种,2017,15(12):5241-5247.
[36] Ould-Ahmed M,Decau M L,Morvan-Bertrand A,et al.Fructan,sucrose and related enzyme activities are preserved in timothy (Phleum pratense L.) during wilting [J].Grass & Forage Science,2017,72(1):64-79.
[2] Shi W J,Tao F L,Liu J Y.Changes in quantity and quality of cropland and the implications for grain production in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China [J].Food Security,2013,5(1):69-82.
[3] 邱权,潘昕,李吉跃,等.青藏高原20种灌木抗旱形态和生理特征[J].植物生态学报,2014,38(6):562-575.
[4] 汪军成,孟亚雄,徐先良,等.大麦苗期抗旱性鉴定及评价[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(4):135-143.
[5] 马富举,李丹丹,蔡剑,等.干旱胁迫对小麦幼苗根系生长和叶片光合作用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(3):724-730.
[6] Schansker G,Tóth S Z,Strasser R J.Methylviologen and dibromothymoquinone treatments of pea leaves reveal the role of photosystemⅠ in the Chla fluorescence rise OJIP [J].Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,2005,1706(3):250-261.
[7] Ercoli L,Lulli L,Mariotti M,et al.Post-anthesis dry matter and nitrogen dynamics in durum wheat as affected by nitrogen supply and soil water availability [J].European Journal of Agronoy,2008,28(2):138-147.
[8] 杨荣,田长彦,买文选.新疆膜下滴灌棉花早衰的根系生长发育特征[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(5):1384-1392.
[9] 宋朝玉,宫明波,高倩,等.长期玉米秸秆还田模式下氮肥用量对玉米生长发育及土壤养分的影响[J].山东农业科学,2017,49(10):55-59.
[10] 于稀水,廖允成,袁泉,等.秸秆覆盖条件下冬小麦棵间蒸发规律研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2007,25(3):58-61.
[11] Wicks G,Crutchfield D A,Burnside O C.Influence of wheat(Triticum aestivum)straw mulch and metolachlor on corn(Zea mays)growth and yield[J].Weed Science,1994,42(1):141-147.
[12] 柴守玺.一种旱地秸秆带状覆盖作物种植新技术[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2014,49(5):42.
[13] 程宏波,柴守玺,陈玉章,等.西北旱地春小麦不同覆盖措施的温度和产量效应[J].生态学报,2015,35(19):6316-6325.
[14] 崔爱花,杜传莉,黄国勤,等.秸秆覆盖量对红壤旱地棉花生长及土壤温度的影响[J].生态学报,2018,38(2):733-740.
[15] 宋亚丽,杨长刚,李博文,等.秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量及土壤水分的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2016,36(6):765-772.
[16] 范颖丹,柴守玺,程宏波,等.覆盖方式对旱地冬小麦土壤水分的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(11):3137-3144.
[17] 黎克难.农作物的边际优势与利用[J].农业技术经济,1989,(2):58-60.
[18] 王芳,程宏波,李瑞,等.秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦土壤温度及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2017,37(6):777-785.
[19] 龚月桦,高俊凤,杜伟莉.K型杂交小麦901及其亲本源叶灌浆期的生理特性[J].作物学报,2003,(1):138-144.
[20] 张宪政.作物生理研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1992.
[21] 陈建勋,王晓峰.植物生理学实验指导[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社,2006:81-84.
[22] 郭志华,张旭东,黄玲玲,等.落叶阔叶树种蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)对林缘不同光环境光能和水分的利用[J].生态学报,2006,26(4):1047-1056.
[23] And G H K,Weis E.Chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis:the Basics[J].Annual Review of Plant Physiology,1991,42(42):313-349.
[24] 姜东,谢祝捷,曹卫星,等.花后干旱和渍水对冬小麦光合特性和物质运转的影响[J].作物学报,2004,30(2):175-182.
[25] 冯晓钰,周广胜.夏玉米叶片水分变化与光合作用和土壤水分的关系[J].生态学报,2018,38(1):177-185.
[26] 杨长刚,柴守玺,常磊,等.不同覆膜方式对旱作冬小麦耗水特性及籽粒产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(4):661-671.
[27] 葛丽丽,高红兵,张启昌,等.东北红豆杉雌株枝、叶生长过程中内源激素变化的实验研究[J].北华大学学报(自然科学版),2006,7(2):172-177.
[28] 骆永丽,杨东清,尹燕枰,等.外源6-BA和不同用量氮肥配合对小麦花后叶片功能与荧光特性的调控效应[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(6):1060-1083.
[29] 兰雪梅,黄彩霞,李博文,等.不同覆盖材料对西北旱地冬小麦地温及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2016,36(8):1084-1092.
[30] Hassan I A.Effects of water stress and high temperature on gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in Triticum aestivum L.[J].Photosynthetica,2006,44(2):312-315.
[31] 黄纯倩,朱晓义,张亮,等.干旱和高温对油菜叶片光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2017,39(3):342-350.
[32] 马尚宇,于振文,石玉,等.不同灌溉畦长对小麦光合特性、干物质积累及水分利用效率的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(4):997-1005.
[33] 李向东,季书勤,张德奇,等.豫南雨养区周年不同耕作模式对小麦花后干物质动态和产量的影响[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(9):1942-1948.
[34] 汪顺义,刘庆,史衍玺,等.氮钾配施对甘薯光合产物积累及分配的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(14):2706-2716.
[35] 任娇,于寒,吴春胜,等.不同秸秆还田方式下玉米叶片光合、荧光特性及水分利用率的比较[J].分子植物育种,2017,15(12):5241-5247.
[36] Ould-Ahmed M,Decau M L,Morvan-Bertrand A,et al.Fructan,sucrose and related enzyme activities are preserved in timothy (Phleum pratense L.) during wilting [J].Grass & Forage Science,2017,72(1):64-79.