地表覆盖对旱作玉米农田土壤氮素矿化的影响
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摘要
采用树脂芯方法研究了黄土高原旱作农田秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖对0~20 cm土层土壤氮素净矿化的影响。结果表明:不覆盖(对照)、秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖3个处理在玉米生育前期(播前~六叶期)表现为土壤氮素净固持,净固持量分别为53.7、52.7、56.7 mg·kg~(-1),六叶期之后表现为氮素净矿化,净矿化量分别为26.3、31.8、13.7mg·kg~(-1);综合两个生育阶段从全生育期看,3个处理土壤氮素矿化均表现为净固持,矿质氮净固持量分别为27.4,20.9 mg·kg~(-1)和43.0 mg·kg~(-1)。从不同覆盖处理看,秸秆覆盖会显著增加土壤氮素净矿化量和氮净矿化速率,地膜覆盖虽然有利于增加土壤温度和水分含量,但并没有显著改变土壤氮净矿化量和氮净矿化速率,这一结果间接证明地膜覆盖并不会显著影响土壤有机质矿化。研究还发现,在本试验条件下当田间土壤温度在22℃~25℃、土壤含水量在20%左右时有利于土壤氮素矿化,该条件下净矿化速率较高,且干湿交替有利于矿化。
The effect of straw mulching and plastic mulch on soil net N mineralization in dryland croplands of Loess Plateau was studied by resin core technique method. The results showed the net immobilization of the soil mineral N with three treatments of bare ploughing,straw mulching and plastic mulching was 27.4,20.9,43.1 mg·kg~(-1) in the first two periods of maize( PT ~ V6 stages). And the net mineralization was 26.3,31.8 mg·kg~(-1) and 13.7 mg·kg~(-1) at the rest of maize stages. The three treatments of 0 ~ 20 cm soil layer showed a net soil retention combined the two stages and the net immobilization were 27.4,20.9,43.0 mg·kg~(-1) at all culture stages. In addition,straw mulching significantly increased the soil net N mineralization and net N mineralization rate and plastic film mulching increased soil surface temperature and water content,but it did not influence the net N mineralization and net N mineralization rate,implying that plastic mulching should not affect soil organic matter mineralization.The study also revealed that when the soil temperature was between 22℃ and 25℃ and the soil moisture content was about 20%,the soil nitrogen mineralization rate reached a maximum,indicating the promoting effect of dry-wet alternation on mineralization.
The effect of straw mulching and plastic mulch on soil net N mineralization in dryland croplands of Loess Plateau was studied by resin core technique method. The results showed the net immobilization of the soil mineral N with three treatments of bare ploughing,straw mulching and plastic mulching was 27.4,20.9,43.1 mg·kg~(-1) in the first two periods of maize( PT ~ V6 stages). And the net mineralization was 26.3,31.8 mg·kg~(-1) and 13.7 mg·kg~(-1) at the rest of maize stages. The three treatments of 0 ~ 20 cm soil layer showed a net soil retention combined the two stages and the net immobilization were 27.4,20.9,43.0 mg·kg~(-1) at all culture stages. In addition,straw mulching significantly increased the soil net N mineralization and net N mineralization rate and plastic film mulching increased soil surface temperature and water content,but it did not influence the net N mineralization and net N mineralization rate,implying that plastic mulching should not affect soil organic matter mineralization.The study also revealed that when the soil temperature was between 22℃ and 25℃ and the soil moisture content was about 20%,the soil nitrogen mineralization rate reached a maximum,indicating the promoting effect of dry-wet alternation on mineralization.
引文
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[22]巩杰,黄高宝,陈利顶,等.旱作麦田秸秆覆盖的生态综合效应研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2003,21(3):69-73.
[23]陈海潇,韩蔚娟,邹春野,等.黑土氮素矿化规律的研究[J].东北农业科学,2016,41(1):59-63.
[24]章燕平.环境因素对菜地土壤氮素转化及其生物学特性的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学,2010.
[25]Zhang H Y,Liu Q J,Yu X X,et al.Effects of plastic mulch duration on nitrogen mineralization and leaching in peanut(Arachis hypogaea)cultivated land in the Yimeng Mountainous Area[J].China.Agr.Ecosyst.Environ.,2012,158:164-171.
[26]Stanford G,Epstein E.Nitrogen mineralization-water rela-tions in soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1974,38(1):103-107.
[27]Hai L,Li X G,Liu X E,et al.Plastic Mulch Stimulates Nitrogen Mineralization in Urea-Amended Soils in a Semiarid Environment[J].Agron.J.,2015,107(3):921-930.
[28]董放,王媛,关维刚,等.旱地不同栽培模式和施氮对土壤水分、温度及氮素矿化的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2008,36(12):108-114.
[2]王艳杰,邹国元,付桦,等.土壤氮素矿化研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2005,21(10):203-208.
[3]Luxhi J,Bruun S,Stenberg B,Breland TA,et al.Prediction of gross and net nitrogen mineralization-immobilization-turnover from respiration[J].Soil Sci Soc Am J,2006,70(4):1121-1128.
[4]Vitousek P M,Porder S,Houlton B Z,et al.Terrestrial phosphorus limitation:Mechanisms,implications,and nitrogen-phosphorus interactions[J].Ecological Application,2010,20(1):5-15.
[5]田茂洁.土壤氮素矿化影响因子研究进展[J].西华师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,25(3):298-303.
[6]Huang L,Wang C Y,Tan W F,et al.Distribution of organic matter in aggregates of eroded Ultisols Central China[J].Soil Till Res,2010,108(1):59-67.
[7]Quezada M R,Munguia J P,Linares C.Plastic mulching and availability of soil nutrients in cumuber crop[J].TER-RA(Mexico),1995,13:136-147.
[8]Mueller N D,Gerber J S,Johnston M,et.al.Closing yield gaps through nutrient and water Management[J].Nature,2012,490(7437):254-7.
[9]Zhang S L,L9vdahl L,Grip H T,et.al.Effects of mulching and catch cropping on soil temperature,soil moisture and wheat yield on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Soil Tillage Res,2009,102(1):78-86.
[10]Modaihsh S A,Horton R,Kirkham D.Soil water evaporation suppression by sand mulches[J].Soil Sci,1985,139(4):357-361.
[11]Liu C A,Jin S L,Zhou L M,et.al.Effects of plastic film mulch and tillage on maize productivity and soil parameters[J].Eur.J.Agron,2009,31(4):241-249.
[12]李兴,程满金,勾芒芒,等.黄土高原半干旱区覆膜玉米土壤温度的变异特征[J].生态环境报,2010,19(1):218-222.
[13]Sina Berger,Youngsun Kim,Janine Kettering,et al.Plastic mulching in agriculture-Friend or foe of N2O emissions?[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2013,167(1):43-51.
[14]邹亚丽,牛得草,杨益,等.氮素添加对黄土高原典型草原土壤氮矿化的影响[J].草地学报,2014,22(3):461-468.
[15]Wu T Y,Ma B L,Liang B C.Quantification of seasonal soil nitrogen mineralization for corn production in eastern Canada[J].Nutr.Cy-cl.Agroecosyst,2008,81(3):279-290.
[16]卢红玲,李世清,金发会,等.黄土高原石灰性土壤长期间隙淋洗淹水培养下的氮素矿化过程及其模拟[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(10):3140-3148.
[17]Clough T J,Jarvis S C,Hatch D J.Relationships between soil thermal units,nitrogen mineralization and dry matter production in pastures[J].Soil Use and Management,1998,14(2):65-69.
[18]赵长盛,胡承孝,孙学成,等.温度和水分对华中地区菜地土壤氮素矿化的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(7):861-866.
[19]Sierra J.Relation between mineral N content and N mineralization rate in disturbed and undisturbed soil samples incubated under field and laboratory condition[J].Aust.J.Soil Res,1992,30(4):477-92.
[20]李贵才,韩兴国,黄建辉,等.森林生态系统土壤氮矿化影响因素研究进展[J].生态学报,2001,21(7):1187-1195.
[21]杨小红,董云社,齐玉春,等.内蒙古羊草草原土壤净氮矿化研究[J].地理科学进展,2005,24(2):30-37.
[22]巩杰,黄高宝,陈利顶,等.旱作麦田秸秆覆盖的生态综合效应研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2003,21(3):69-73.
[23]陈海潇,韩蔚娟,邹春野,等.黑土氮素矿化规律的研究[J].东北农业科学,2016,41(1):59-63.
[24]章燕平.环境因素对菜地土壤氮素转化及其生物学特性的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学,2010.
[25]Zhang H Y,Liu Q J,Yu X X,et al.Effects of plastic mulch duration on nitrogen mineralization and leaching in peanut(Arachis hypogaea)cultivated land in the Yimeng Mountainous Area[J].China.Agr.Ecosyst.Environ.,2012,158:164-171.
[26]Stanford G,Epstein E.Nitrogen mineralization-water rela-tions in soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1974,38(1):103-107.
[27]Hai L,Li X G,Liu X E,et al.Plastic Mulch Stimulates Nitrogen Mineralization in Urea-Amended Soils in a Semiarid Environment[J].Agron.J.,2015,107(3):921-930.
[28]董放,王媛,关维刚,等.旱地不同栽培模式和施氮对土壤水分、温度及氮素矿化的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2008,36(12):108-114.