急陡沟道物源起动模式及水土耦合破坏机制分析
|
摘要
急陡沟道泥石流物源主要来源是崩塌、滑坡堆积体,堆积体的起动是急陡沟道泥石流冲出量巨大的主要原因。堆积体的物质组成、赋存特征及渗透、径流状态是造成其起动模式不同的本质原因,而较大的纵坡降为其起动提供了良好的地形条件。根据汇水条件及渗透特性设计了2组模型箱试验,模拟坡体内不产生稳定渗透及有稳定渗透条件下的破坏模式。实验表明急陡沟道泥石流起动有"消防管效应"和"坡体流态化"2种基本的模式,前者出现在不饱和或高渗透系数坡体,后者出现在具有一定细颗粒物质的土体中。其中消防管效应仅沿径流路径形成深而窄的侵蚀沟道,且搬运距离与水动力的持续性有关,固体物质搬运作用弱;坡体流态化主要特征为初期的缓慢渗透破坏及后期瞬时流动剪切破坏,侵蚀形成较宽的沟道,且侵蚀量相对较大。
Generally,collapse and landslide are the main sources of granular deposits while the initiation of deposits is triggered by the tremendous runoff from steep longitudinal gully. Substance composition,topographic condition and catchment characteristics directly affect the models of deposits initiation,and larger longitudinal grade provides better topographic condition for the initiation. Several sets of experiments on model casing were designed to simulate the failure mode of slopes under the states of stable and unstable seepages according to catchment and penetration characteristics. It was revealed from the experiments that the initiation of granular deposits had two fundamental modes,that is,fire hose effect and static liquefaction. The former one generally happens at the unsaturated slope or the slope of high permeability while the latter case occurs at the soils containing fine particles. It was concluded that the fire hose effect could generate the deep and narrow eroded channel along with the runoff,the movement distance was related to the continuous hydrodynamic force,and the transporting capacity of solid substances was weak. In addition,slope fluidization was featured with slow seepage failure at the early stage,instantaneous shear failure at the late stage,and wider channel came out due to serious erosion.
Generally,collapse and landslide are the main sources of granular deposits while the initiation of deposits is triggered by the tremendous runoff from steep longitudinal gully. Substance composition,topographic condition and catchment characteristics directly affect the models of deposits initiation,and larger longitudinal grade provides better topographic condition for the initiation. Several sets of experiments on model casing were designed to simulate the failure mode of slopes under the states of stable and unstable seepages according to catchment and penetration characteristics. It was revealed from the experiments that the initiation of granular deposits had two fundamental modes,that is,fire hose effect and static liquefaction. The former one generally happens at the unsaturated slope or the slope of high permeability while the latter case occurs at the soils containing fine particles. It was concluded that the fire hose effect could generate the deep and narrow eroded channel along with the runoff,the movement distance was related to the continuous hydrodynamic force,and the transporting capacity of solid substances was weak. In addition,slope fluidization was featured with slow seepage failure at the early stage,instantaneous shear failure at the late stage,and wider channel came out due to serious erosion.
引文
[1] Yang Zhihua,Lan Hengxing,Liu Hongjiang,et al. Post-earthquake rainfall-triggered slope stability analysis in the Lushan area[J]. Journal of Mountain Science,2015,12(1):232-242.
[2] Zhang Yongshuang,Cheng Yuliang,Yin Yueping,et al. High-position debris flow:A long-term active geohazard after the Wenchuan earthquake[J]. Engineering Geology,2014,180:45-54.
[3] Tang Chuan,Zhu Jing,Li Weile,et al. Rainfall-triggered debris flows following the Wenchuan earthquake[J]. Bulletin of Engineering Geology&the Environment,2009,68(2):187-194.
[4] Zhou Hongjian. Hot-topics and prospects of global platform for disaster risk reduction:Based on 2017 global platform for disaster risk reduction in Cancun,Mexico[J]. Advances in Earth Science,2017,32(7):688-695.[周洪建.当前全球减轻灾害风险平台的前沿话题与展望——基于2017年全球减灾平台大会的综述与思考[J].地球科学进展,2017,32(7):688-695.]
[5] Huang Xun,Tang Chuan. Quantitative risk assessment of catastrophic debris flows through numerical simulation[J]. Advances in Earth Science,2016,31(10):1 047-1 055.[黄勋,唐川.基于数值模拟的泥石流灾害定量风险评价[J].地球科学进展,2016,31(10):1 047-1 055.]
[6] Li Wenxin,Wang Zhaoyin, Wang Xuzhao, et al. Secondary mountain disaster chain induced by the Wenchuan earthquake and the result of Chain—Cutting engineering in the Xiaogangjian Gully[J]. Journal of Mountain Science,2014,32(3):336-344.[李文鑫,王兆印,王旭昭,等.汶川地震引发的次生山地灾害链及人工断链效果——以小岗剑泥石流沟为例[J].山地学报,2014,32(3):336-344.]
[7] Yang Dongxu,Chen Xiaoqing,You Yong,et al. The debris flow development trend of in Xiaogangjian gully in Mianzhu County,Wenchuan earthquake zone[J]. Journal of Mountain Science,2012,30(6):701-708.[杨东旭,陈晓清,游勇,等.汶川地震区绵竹小岗剑沟泥石流发展趋势[J].山地学报,2012,30(6):701-708.]
[8] Yang Dongxu,Wang Weiguo,Chen Xiaoqing,et al. Steel pipe piles used for countermeasures in narrow-steep debris flow gullies:A case study of Xiaogangjian debris flow control[J]. Journal of Mountain Science,2014,32(1):74-80.[杨东旭,王伟国,陈晓清,等.用于狭陡沟谷泥石流防治的坝基钢管桩初探——以小岗剑沟泥石流治理工程为例[J].山地学报,2014,32(1):74-80.]
[9] Han Mei,Hu Tao,Wang Yan,et al. Dynamics character and river-blocking analysis of narrow-steep channels debris flow in Wenchuan earthquake region—Illustrated with case of Mozi gully along Duwen freeway[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology,2016,24(4):559-568.[韩玫,胡涛,王严,等.汶川震区窄陡沟道型泥石流动力学特性及堵江分析——以都汶高速沿线磨子沟为例[J].工程地质学报,2016,24(4):559-568.]
[10] Cannon S H,Kirkham R M,Parise M. Wildfire-related debrisflow initiation processes,Storm King Mountain,Colorado[J].Geomorphology,2001,39(3/4):171-188.
[11] Godt J W,Coe J A. Alpine debris flows triggered by a 28 July1999 thunderstorm in the central Front Range,Colorado[J]. Geomorphology,2007,84(1):80-97.
[12] Tang Chuan,Zhang Shucheng. Study progress and expectation for initiation mechanism and prediction of hydraulic-driven debris flows[J]. Advances in Earth Science,2008,23(8):787-793.[唐川,章书成.水力类泥石流起动机理与预报研究进展与方向[J].地球科学进展,2008,23(8):787-793.]
[13] Yu Bin,Li Li,Wu Yufu,et al. A formation model for debris flows in the Chenyulan River Watershed,Taiwan[J]. Natural Hazards,2013,68(2):745-762.
[14] Au S W C. Rainfall and slope failure in Hong Kong[J]. Engineering Geology,1993,36(1/2):141-147.
[15] Chen H X,Zhang L M,Chang D S,et al. Mechanisms and runout characteristics of the rainfall-triggered debris flow in Xiaojiagou in Sichuan Province,China[J]. Natural Hazards,2012,62(3):1 037-1 057.
[16] Chen H X,Zhang L M,et al. Simulation of interactions among multiple debris flows[J]. Landslides,2017,14(2):595-615.
[17] Crosta G B,Frattini P. Rainfall-induced landslides and debris flows[J]. Hydrological Processes,2008,22(4):473-477.
[18] Iverson R M,Reid M E,La Husen R G. Debris-flow mobilization from landslides[J]. Annual Review of Earth&Planetary Sciences,1997,25(1):85-138.
[19] Chen Xiaoqing. Experiment of Initiation Mechanism of Landslide Translation to Debris Flow[D]. Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,2006.[陈晓清.滑坡转化泥石流起动机理试验研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2006.]
[20] Chen Xizhe. Research on the strength of the coarse grained soil and the interlocking force[J]. Engineering Mechanics,1994,11(4):56-63.[陈希哲.粗粒土的强度与咬合力的试验研究[J].工程力学,1994,11(4):56-63.]
[21] Li Zhenlin. The Wenchuan Earthquake Landslide Accumulation Substance Pile Repose Angle of Simulation on Relations[D].Chengdu:Southwest University,2013.[李振林.汶川震区滑坡堆积体物质组成与堆积体休止角关系模拟研究[D].成都:西南大学,2013.]
[22] Yang Shun,Ou Guoqiang,Wang Jun,et al. Experimental analysis of scouring of debris flow initiation process under steady seepage condition[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(12):3 489-3 495.[杨顺,欧国强,王钧,等.恒定渗流作用下泥石流起动过程冲刷试验分析[J].岩土力学,2014,35(12):3 489-3 495.]
[23] Shu Anping,Yang Kai,Li Fanghua,et al. Characteristics of grain size processes for and grain order distribution in the deposition non-homogeneous debris flow[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2012,43(11):1 322-1 327.[舒安平,杨凯,李芳华,等.非均质泥石流堆积过程粒度与粒序分布特征[J].水利学报,2012,43(11):1 322-1 327.]
[24] Wang Yufeng,Cheng Qiangong,Zhu Qi. Inverse grading analysis of deposit from rock avalanches triggered by Wenchuan earthquake[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(6):1 089-1 106.[王玉峰,程谦恭,朱圻.汶川地震触发高速远程滑坡—碎屑流堆积反粒序特征及机制分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(6):1 089-1 106.]
[25] Yang Hongjuan,Wei Fangqiang,Hu Kaiheng,et al. Experimental study on vertical sorting of particles in debris flow with impact signals[J]. Journal of Catastrophology,2011,26(4):29-34.[杨红娟,韦方强,胡凯衡,等.利用冲击力信号判断泥石流颗粒垂向分选的试验研究[J].灾害学,2011,26(4):29-34.]
[26] Coe J A,Glancy P A,Whitney J W. Volumetric analysis and hydrologic characterization of a modern debris flow near Yucca Mountain,Nevada[J]. Geomorphology,1997,20(1/2):11-28.
[27] Griffiths P G,Webb R H,Melis T S. Initiation and Frequency of Debris Flows in Grand Canyon,Arizona[R]. U. S. Geological Survey,1996.
[28] Melis T S,Webb R H,Griffiths P G,et al. Magnitude and Frequency Data for Historic Debris Flows in Grand Canyon National Park and Vicinity,Arizona[R]. U.S. Geological Survey,1995.
[29] White S E. Alpine mass movement forms(Noncatastrophic):Classification,description,and significance[J]. Arctic&Alpine Research,1981,13(2):127-137.
[2] Zhang Yongshuang,Cheng Yuliang,Yin Yueping,et al. High-position debris flow:A long-term active geohazard after the Wenchuan earthquake[J]. Engineering Geology,2014,180:45-54.
[3] Tang Chuan,Zhu Jing,Li Weile,et al. Rainfall-triggered debris flows following the Wenchuan earthquake[J]. Bulletin of Engineering Geology&the Environment,2009,68(2):187-194.
[4] Zhou Hongjian. Hot-topics and prospects of global platform for disaster risk reduction:Based on 2017 global platform for disaster risk reduction in Cancun,Mexico[J]. Advances in Earth Science,2017,32(7):688-695.[周洪建.当前全球减轻灾害风险平台的前沿话题与展望——基于2017年全球减灾平台大会的综述与思考[J].地球科学进展,2017,32(7):688-695.]
[5] Huang Xun,Tang Chuan. Quantitative risk assessment of catastrophic debris flows through numerical simulation[J]. Advances in Earth Science,2016,31(10):1 047-1 055.[黄勋,唐川.基于数值模拟的泥石流灾害定量风险评价[J].地球科学进展,2016,31(10):1 047-1 055.]
[6] Li Wenxin,Wang Zhaoyin, Wang Xuzhao, et al. Secondary mountain disaster chain induced by the Wenchuan earthquake and the result of Chain—Cutting engineering in the Xiaogangjian Gully[J]. Journal of Mountain Science,2014,32(3):336-344.[李文鑫,王兆印,王旭昭,等.汶川地震引发的次生山地灾害链及人工断链效果——以小岗剑泥石流沟为例[J].山地学报,2014,32(3):336-344.]
[7] Yang Dongxu,Chen Xiaoqing,You Yong,et al. The debris flow development trend of in Xiaogangjian gully in Mianzhu County,Wenchuan earthquake zone[J]. Journal of Mountain Science,2012,30(6):701-708.[杨东旭,陈晓清,游勇,等.汶川地震区绵竹小岗剑沟泥石流发展趋势[J].山地学报,2012,30(6):701-708.]
[8] Yang Dongxu,Wang Weiguo,Chen Xiaoqing,et al. Steel pipe piles used for countermeasures in narrow-steep debris flow gullies:A case study of Xiaogangjian debris flow control[J]. Journal of Mountain Science,2014,32(1):74-80.[杨东旭,王伟国,陈晓清,等.用于狭陡沟谷泥石流防治的坝基钢管桩初探——以小岗剑沟泥石流治理工程为例[J].山地学报,2014,32(1):74-80.]
[9] Han Mei,Hu Tao,Wang Yan,et al. Dynamics character and river-blocking analysis of narrow-steep channels debris flow in Wenchuan earthquake region—Illustrated with case of Mozi gully along Duwen freeway[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology,2016,24(4):559-568.[韩玫,胡涛,王严,等.汶川震区窄陡沟道型泥石流动力学特性及堵江分析——以都汶高速沿线磨子沟为例[J].工程地质学报,2016,24(4):559-568.]
[10] Cannon S H,Kirkham R M,Parise M. Wildfire-related debrisflow initiation processes,Storm King Mountain,Colorado[J].Geomorphology,2001,39(3/4):171-188.
[11] Godt J W,Coe J A. Alpine debris flows triggered by a 28 July1999 thunderstorm in the central Front Range,Colorado[J]. Geomorphology,2007,84(1):80-97.
[12] Tang Chuan,Zhang Shucheng. Study progress and expectation for initiation mechanism and prediction of hydraulic-driven debris flows[J]. Advances in Earth Science,2008,23(8):787-793.[唐川,章书成.水力类泥石流起动机理与预报研究进展与方向[J].地球科学进展,2008,23(8):787-793.]
[13] Yu Bin,Li Li,Wu Yufu,et al. A formation model for debris flows in the Chenyulan River Watershed,Taiwan[J]. Natural Hazards,2013,68(2):745-762.
[14] Au S W C. Rainfall and slope failure in Hong Kong[J]. Engineering Geology,1993,36(1/2):141-147.
[15] Chen H X,Zhang L M,Chang D S,et al. Mechanisms and runout characteristics of the rainfall-triggered debris flow in Xiaojiagou in Sichuan Province,China[J]. Natural Hazards,2012,62(3):1 037-1 057.
[16] Chen H X,Zhang L M,et al. Simulation of interactions among multiple debris flows[J]. Landslides,2017,14(2):595-615.
[17] Crosta G B,Frattini P. Rainfall-induced landslides and debris flows[J]. Hydrological Processes,2008,22(4):473-477.
[18] Iverson R M,Reid M E,La Husen R G. Debris-flow mobilization from landslides[J]. Annual Review of Earth&Planetary Sciences,1997,25(1):85-138.
[19] Chen Xiaoqing. Experiment of Initiation Mechanism of Landslide Translation to Debris Flow[D]. Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,2006.[陈晓清.滑坡转化泥石流起动机理试验研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2006.]
[20] Chen Xizhe. Research on the strength of the coarse grained soil and the interlocking force[J]. Engineering Mechanics,1994,11(4):56-63.[陈希哲.粗粒土的强度与咬合力的试验研究[J].工程力学,1994,11(4):56-63.]
[21] Li Zhenlin. The Wenchuan Earthquake Landslide Accumulation Substance Pile Repose Angle of Simulation on Relations[D].Chengdu:Southwest University,2013.[李振林.汶川震区滑坡堆积体物质组成与堆积体休止角关系模拟研究[D].成都:西南大学,2013.]
[22] Yang Shun,Ou Guoqiang,Wang Jun,et al. Experimental analysis of scouring of debris flow initiation process under steady seepage condition[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(12):3 489-3 495.[杨顺,欧国强,王钧,等.恒定渗流作用下泥石流起动过程冲刷试验分析[J].岩土力学,2014,35(12):3 489-3 495.]
[23] Shu Anping,Yang Kai,Li Fanghua,et al. Characteristics of grain size processes for and grain order distribution in the deposition non-homogeneous debris flow[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2012,43(11):1 322-1 327.[舒安平,杨凯,李芳华,等.非均质泥石流堆积过程粒度与粒序分布特征[J].水利学报,2012,43(11):1 322-1 327.]
[24] Wang Yufeng,Cheng Qiangong,Zhu Qi. Inverse grading analysis of deposit from rock avalanches triggered by Wenchuan earthquake[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(6):1 089-1 106.[王玉峰,程谦恭,朱圻.汶川地震触发高速远程滑坡—碎屑流堆积反粒序特征及机制分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(6):1 089-1 106.]
[25] Yang Hongjuan,Wei Fangqiang,Hu Kaiheng,et al. Experimental study on vertical sorting of particles in debris flow with impact signals[J]. Journal of Catastrophology,2011,26(4):29-34.[杨红娟,韦方强,胡凯衡,等.利用冲击力信号判断泥石流颗粒垂向分选的试验研究[J].灾害学,2011,26(4):29-34.]
[26] Coe J A,Glancy P A,Whitney J W. Volumetric analysis and hydrologic characterization of a modern debris flow near Yucca Mountain,Nevada[J]. Geomorphology,1997,20(1/2):11-28.
[27] Griffiths P G,Webb R H,Melis T S. Initiation and Frequency of Debris Flows in Grand Canyon,Arizona[R]. U. S. Geological Survey,1996.
[28] Melis T S,Webb R H,Griffiths P G,et al. Magnitude and Frequency Data for Historic Debris Flows in Grand Canyon National Park and Vicinity,Arizona[R]. U.S. Geological Survey,1995.
[29] White S E. Alpine mass movement forms(Noncatastrophic):Classification,description,and significance[J]. Arctic&Alpine Research,1981,13(2):127-137.