海底隧道主动控制式防排水系统及其设计方法
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摘要
针对海底隧道排水量控制与结构水荷载之间的矛盾,提出主动控制式防排水设计新理念,即通过主动调节围岩加固圈和初期支护结构的强度和抗渗性能,实现排水量与二衬结构受力的双控制。首先针对围岩条件进行抗渗性分级,为排水量控制标准的确定以及围岩加固和支护方案的制定提供依据;建立包括围岩加固圈和初期支护在内的整体渗流力学模型,可对不同层次的渗水量进行准确预测,并分析各堵水结构的抗渗性能以及堵水系统联合堵水的效果;建立由复合围岩和复合支护结构组成的水荷载计算模型,分析围岩加固圈和初期支护结构水荷载及其主要影响因素,并给出结构安全性的评价方法;在此基础上,以结构渗水量和水荷载为控制目标,建立海底隧道防排水系统的多目标协同优化设计方法,明确提出围岩加固圈和初期支护作为堵水主体也是水荷载的主要承担者,二次衬砌则作为安全储备。最后介绍研究成果在厦门翔安海底隧道F1风化槽地段防排水设计中的应用,实施了堵水系统的协同设计,工程已投入运营8 a,各种性能状况良好,达到了预期效果。
Aiming at the contradiction between the drainage control and the structure water load of subsea tunnels,a new design concept of active control waterproof and drainage was proposed,namely adopting active adjustment measures of the strength and the impermeability of the reinforcing area and the primary support structure to realize the dual control of the drainage quantity and the secondary lining force. The anti-seepage classification of the surrounding rock conditions was carried out to provide a basis for the determinations of the drainage control standard and the support scheme of the surrounding rock. An overall seepage mechanical model including the reinforcement area and the primary support was set up,which can be used to accurately predict seepage quantity at different levels,and then to analyze the impermeability of each water plugging structure and the combined effect of water plugging system. A calculation model of the water load composed of composite surrounding rock and composite supporting structure was established,through which the water load and the main influence factors of the reinforcement area and the primary support structure were analyzed and the structure safety assessment method was given. On this basis,taking the structure seepage quantity and the water load as the control objectives,a multi-objective collaborative optimal design method for the waterproof and drainage system of subsea tunnels was established. It was clearly proposed that the reinforcement area and the primary support are the subject of water plugging and the main undertaker of the water load,while that the secondary lining plays a role of safety reserve. The collaborative design of the water plugging system was successfully performed in F1 weathered trough of Xiamen Xiang′an subsea tunnel. The project has well run for eight years and the expected effect was achieved.
Aiming at the contradiction between the drainage control and the structure water load of subsea tunnels,a new design concept of active control waterproof and drainage was proposed,namely adopting active adjustment measures of the strength and the impermeability of the reinforcing area and the primary support structure to realize the dual control of the drainage quantity and the secondary lining force. The anti-seepage classification of the surrounding rock conditions was carried out to provide a basis for the determinations of the drainage control standard and the support scheme of the surrounding rock. An overall seepage mechanical model including the reinforcement area and the primary support was set up,which can be used to accurately predict seepage quantity at different levels,and then to analyze the impermeability of each water plugging structure and the combined effect of water plugging system. A calculation model of the water load composed of composite surrounding rock and composite supporting structure was established,through which the water load and the main influence factors of the reinforcement area and the primary support structure were analyzed and the structure safety assessment method was given. On this basis,taking the structure seepage quantity and the water load as the control objectives,a multi-objective collaborative optimal design method for the waterproof and drainage system of subsea tunnels was established. It was clearly proposed that the reinforcement area and the primary support are the subject of water plugging and the main undertaker of the water load,while that the secondary lining plays a role of safety reserve. The collaborative design of the water plugging system was successfully performed in F1 weathered trough of Xiamen Xiang′an subsea tunnel. The project has well run for eight years and the expected effect was achieved.
引文
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[9]中华人民共和国行业标准编写组.JTGD70-2004公路隧道设计规范[S].北京:人民交通出版社,2004.(The Professional Standards Compilation Group of People's Republic of China.JTGD70-2004Code for design of road tunnel[S].Beijing:China Communications Press,2004.(in Chinese))
[10]SIMHA K R Y,MOHAPATRA S S.Stress concentration around irregular holes using complex variable method[J].Sadhana,1998,23(4):393-412.
[11]李鹏飞,张顶立,赵勇,等.海底隧道复合衬砌水压力分布规律及合理注浆加固圈参数研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(2):280-288.(LI Pengfei,ZHANG Dingli,ZHAO Yong,et al.Study of distribution law of water pressure acting on composite lining and reasonable parameters of grouting circle for subsea tunnel[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(2):280-288.(in Chinese))
[12]张成平,张顶立,王梦恕,等.厦门海底隧道防排水系统研究与工程应用[J].中国公路学报,2008,21(3):69-75.(ZHANGChengping,ZHANG Dingli,WANG Mengshu,et al.Study and engineering application of waterproofing and drainage system in Xiamen subsea tunnel[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2008,21(3):69-75.(in Chinese))
[13]张顶立.海底隧道不良地质体及结构界面的变形控制技术[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(11):2 161-2 169.(ZHANG Dingli.Deformation control techniques of unfavorable geologic bodies and discontinuous surfaces in subsea tunnel[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(11):2 161-2 169.(in Chinese))
[14]王建宇.对隧道衬砌水压力荷载的讨论[J].现代隧道技术,2006,43(增):67-73.(WANG Jianyu.Discussion on hydraulic pressure upon lining[J].Modern Tunnelling Technology,2006,43(Supp.):67-73.(in Chinese))
[15]孙振宇,张顶立,房倩,等.基于超前加固的深埋隧道围岩力学特性研究[J].工程力学,2018,35(2):92-104.(SUN Zhenyu,ZHANG Dingli,FANG Qian,et al.Research on the mechanical property of the surrounding rock of deep-buried tunnel based on the advanced reinforcement[J].Engineering Mechanics,2018,35(2):92-104.(in Chinese))
[16]HOEK E,CARANZA-TORRES C T,CORCUM B.Hoek-Brown failure criterion[C]//Proceedings of the North American Rock Mechanics Society.Toronto:Mining Innovation and Technology,2002:267-273.
[17]张顶立,孙锋,李鹏飞.海底隧道复合注浆机制研究及工程应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(3):445-452.(ZHANG Dingli,SUN Feng,LI Pengfei.Mechanism of composite grouting in subsea tunnel and its application[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(3):445-452.(in Chinese))
[18]郑颖人,沈珠江,龚晓南.岩土塑性力学原理[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002:52-58.(ZHENG Yingren,SHEN Zhujiang,GONG Xiaonan.The principles of geotechnical plastic mechanics[M].Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,2002:52-58.(in Chinese))
[19]孙毅,张顶立,于富才,等.高速铁路隧道二次衬砌的变形与极限承载能力[J].中国铁道科学,2016,37(1):60-70.(SUN Yi,ZHANG Dingli,YU Fucai,et al.Deformation characteristic and ultimate bearing capacity of secondary lining for high speed railway tunnel[J].China Railway Science,2016,37(1):60-70.(in Chinese))
[20]袁博,周书明.青岛胶州湾海底隧道可维护性排水系统研究[J].地下空间与工程学报,2011,7(2):335-339.(YUAN Bo,ZHOUShuming.Study on maintainability drain system of Jiaozhouwan sub-sea tunnel in Qingdao[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2011,7(2):335-339.(in Chinese))
[21]张顶立.隧道及地下工程的基本问题及其研究进展[J].力学学报,2017,49(1):3-21.(ZHANG Dingli.Essential issues and their research progress in tunnel and underground engineering[J].Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2017,49(1):3-21.(in Chinese))
[22]关宝树.隧道工程设计要点集[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2003:191-192.(GUAN Baoshu.Emphasis concourse of tunnel engineering design[M].Beijing:China Communications Press,2003:191-192.(in Chinese))
[23]张顶立,房倩,陈铁林.大型海底隧道钻爆法修建关键技术[J].北京交通大学学报,2014,38(1):1-7.(ZHANG Dingli,FANG Qian,CHEN Tielin.Key technology of large cross-section subsea tunnel construction using drill and blast method[J].Journal of Beijing Jiaotong University,2014,38(1):1-7.(in Chinese))
[24]张顶立.大型海底隧道钻爆法修建技术[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2018.(ZHANG Dingli.Construction technology of large cross section subsea tunnel using drill and blast method[M].Beijing:China Communications Press,2018.(in Chinese))
[2]NILSEN B.Characteristics of water ingress in Norwegian subsea tunnels[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2014,47(3):933-945.
[3]李鸿博,贾峰,李靖,等.大连地铁5号线跨海隧道设计关键技术[J].岩土力学,2017,38(增1):395-401.(LI Hongbo,JIA Feng,LI Jing,et al.Key technologies for design of subsea tunnel of Dalian metro line 5[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(Supp.1):395-401.(in Chinese))
[4]张梅,张民庆,朱鹏飞,等.高压富水充填溶腔释能降压技术[J].中国工程科学,2009,(12):13-19.(ZHANG Mei,ZHANG Minqing,ZHU Pengfei,et al.The energesis and depressurization technology of filling solution cavity of high pressure and rich water[J].Engineering Science,2009,(12):13-19.(in Chinese))
[5]徐红星.浅谈隧道释能降压法对环境的影响[J].铁道勘察,2013,39(2):27-30.(XU Hongxing.Brief talk of the impact of tunnel construction energy-releasing voltage drop method on environment[J].Railway Investigation and Surveying,2013,39(2):27-30.(in Chinese))
[6]PALMSTROM A.Characterizing rock masses by the RMi for use in practical rock engineering.Part 1:The development of rock mass index(RMi)[J].Tunneling and Underground Space Technology,1996,11(2):175-188.
[7]许树柏.实用决策方法--层次分析法原理[M].天津:天津大学出版社,1988:8-12.(XU Shubai.Use of decision method-analytic hierarchy process[M].Tianjin:Tianjin University Press,1988:8-12.(in Chinese))
[8]陈水利,李敬功,王向公.模糊集理论及其应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2005:156-223.(CHEN Shuili,LI Jinggong,WANGXianggong.The fuzzy set theory and application[M].Beijing:Science Press,2005:156-223.(in Chinese))
[9]中华人民共和国行业标准编写组.JTGD70-2004公路隧道设计规范[S].北京:人民交通出版社,2004.(The Professional Standards Compilation Group of People's Republic of China.JTGD70-2004Code for design of road tunnel[S].Beijing:China Communications Press,2004.(in Chinese))
[10]SIMHA K R Y,MOHAPATRA S S.Stress concentration around irregular holes using complex variable method[J].Sadhana,1998,23(4):393-412.
[11]李鹏飞,张顶立,赵勇,等.海底隧道复合衬砌水压力分布规律及合理注浆加固圈参数研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(2):280-288.(LI Pengfei,ZHANG Dingli,ZHAO Yong,et al.Study of distribution law of water pressure acting on composite lining and reasonable parameters of grouting circle for subsea tunnel[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(2):280-288.(in Chinese))
[12]张成平,张顶立,王梦恕,等.厦门海底隧道防排水系统研究与工程应用[J].中国公路学报,2008,21(3):69-75.(ZHANGChengping,ZHANG Dingli,WANG Mengshu,et al.Study and engineering application of waterproofing and drainage system in Xiamen subsea tunnel[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2008,21(3):69-75.(in Chinese))
[13]张顶立.海底隧道不良地质体及结构界面的变形控制技术[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(11):2 161-2 169.(ZHANG Dingli.Deformation control techniques of unfavorable geologic bodies and discontinuous surfaces in subsea tunnel[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(11):2 161-2 169.(in Chinese))
[14]王建宇.对隧道衬砌水压力荷载的讨论[J].现代隧道技术,2006,43(增):67-73.(WANG Jianyu.Discussion on hydraulic pressure upon lining[J].Modern Tunnelling Technology,2006,43(Supp.):67-73.(in Chinese))
[15]孙振宇,张顶立,房倩,等.基于超前加固的深埋隧道围岩力学特性研究[J].工程力学,2018,35(2):92-104.(SUN Zhenyu,ZHANG Dingli,FANG Qian,et al.Research on the mechanical property of the surrounding rock of deep-buried tunnel based on the advanced reinforcement[J].Engineering Mechanics,2018,35(2):92-104.(in Chinese))
[16]HOEK E,CARANZA-TORRES C T,CORCUM B.Hoek-Brown failure criterion[C]//Proceedings of the North American Rock Mechanics Society.Toronto:Mining Innovation and Technology,2002:267-273.
[17]张顶立,孙锋,李鹏飞.海底隧道复合注浆机制研究及工程应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(3):445-452.(ZHANG Dingli,SUN Feng,LI Pengfei.Mechanism of composite grouting in subsea tunnel and its application[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(3):445-452.(in Chinese))
[18]郑颖人,沈珠江,龚晓南.岩土塑性力学原理[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002:52-58.(ZHENG Yingren,SHEN Zhujiang,GONG Xiaonan.The principles of geotechnical plastic mechanics[M].Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,2002:52-58.(in Chinese))
[19]孙毅,张顶立,于富才,等.高速铁路隧道二次衬砌的变形与极限承载能力[J].中国铁道科学,2016,37(1):60-70.(SUN Yi,ZHANG Dingli,YU Fucai,et al.Deformation characteristic and ultimate bearing capacity of secondary lining for high speed railway tunnel[J].China Railway Science,2016,37(1):60-70.(in Chinese))
[20]袁博,周书明.青岛胶州湾海底隧道可维护性排水系统研究[J].地下空间与工程学报,2011,7(2):335-339.(YUAN Bo,ZHOUShuming.Study on maintainability drain system of Jiaozhouwan sub-sea tunnel in Qingdao[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2011,7(2):335-339.(in Chinese))
[21]张顶立.隧道及地下工程的基本问题及其研究进展[J].力学学报,2017,49(1):3-21.(ZHANG Dingli.Essential issues and their research progress in tunnel and underground engineering[J].Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2017,49(1):3-21.(in Chinese))
[22]关宝树.隧道工程设计要点集[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2003:191-192.(GUAN Baoshu.Emphasis concourse of tunnel engineering design[M].Beijing:China Communications Press,2003:191-192.(in Chinese))
[23]张顶立,房倩,陈铁林.大型海底隧道钻爆法修建关键技术[J].北京交通大学学报,2014,38(1):1-7.(ZHANG Dingli,FANG Qian,CHEN Tielin.Key technology of large cross-section subsea tunnel construction using drill and blast method[J].Journal of Beijing Jiaotong University,2014,38(1):1-7.(in Chinese))
[24]张顶立.大型海底隧道钻爆法修建技术[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2018.(ZHANG Dingli.Construction technology of large cross section subsea tunnel using drill and blast method[M].Beijing:China Communications Press,2018.(in Chinese))