黄土高原不同侵蚀类型区允许土壤流失量研究
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摘要
为了研究中游黄土高原不同侵蚀类型区允许土壤流失量,利用黄河中游黄土高原主要侵蚀类型区行政区划图,根据1955—2009年不同侵蚀类型区土壤侵蚀强度数据,分析了12个主要侵蚀类型区治理期(1970—2009年)和退耕后(2000—2009年)较治理前(1955—1969年)减沙效益。以土壤侵蚀强度、人口密度、治理期的减沙效益以及人均纯收入为指标,利用总结的公式,将估算的不同侵蚀类型区的总允许土壤流失量8.43亿t(T_2值)和7.19亿t(T_1值)合理分配到黄土高原主要侵蚀类型区,得到不同侵蚀类型区T_2和T_1分配值平均值为4 876.2 t/(km~2·年)和4 158.9 t/(km~2·年)。结合各侵蚀类型区退耕后(2000—2009年)侵蚀强度及较治理期(1970—2009年)减沙效益的增幅及类型区T_2和T_1分配值的比例,拟定了不同侵蚀类型区允许土壤流失量T_2和T_1暂定值,其平均值分别为1 200.0 t/(km~2·年)和900.0 t/(km~2·年)。研究成果为黄土高原及不同侵蚀类型区水土流失治理提供科学依据。
In order to study the soil loss tolerances of various soil erosion areas on the Loess Plateau,the sediment reduction benefits of the harnessing period(1970-2009)and after returning the grain plots to forestry(2000-2009)in comparison with those before the harness(1955-1969)from 12 major soil erosion areas are analyzed with the administrativezoningmaps of the major soil erosion areas on the Loess Plateau along the Mid-Yellow River according to the soilerosionintensity data of various erosion areas from 1955 to 2009.Taking the soil erosion intensity,the population density,the sediment reduction benefit of the harnessing period and the per capita net income as the indexes,the estimated total soil loss tolerances of 8.43×10~8t(T_2)and7.19×10~8t(T_1)of various soil erosion areas mentioned above are reasonably distributed into the major soil erosion areas of the Loess Plateau with the summarized formula,thus it is obtained that the mean values of the distribution values of T_2and T_1of various soil erosion areas are 4 876.2 t/(km~2·a)and 4 158.9 t/(km~2·a).Combined with the soil erosion intensity after returning the grain plots to forestry(2000-2009)and the increasing range of the sediment reduction benefit in combination with that of the harnessing period(1970-2009)and the proportion between the distribution values of T_2and T_1of the relevant areas,the tentative values of the soil erosion tolerances of T_2and T_1are drawn out for various soil erosion areas,of which the mean values are 1 200.0 t/(km~2·a)and 900.0 t/(km~2·a)respectively.The study result can provide a scientific basis for the soil loss harnesses of the Loess Plateau and various soil erosion areas concerned.
In order to study the soil loss tolerances of various soil erosion areas on the Loess Plateau,the sediment reduction benefits of the harnessing period(1970-2009)and after returning the grain plots to forestry(2000-2009)in comparison with those before the harness(1955-1969)from 12 major soil erosion areas are analyzed with the administrativezoningmaps of the major soil erosion areas on the Loess Plateau along the Mid-Yellow River according to the soilerosionintensity data of various erosion areas from 1955 to 2009.Taking the soil erosion intensity,the population density,the sediment reduction benefit of the harnessing period and the per capita net income as the indexes,the estimated total soil loss tolerances of 8.43×10~8t(T_2)and7.19×10~8t(T_1)of various soil erosion areas mentioned above are reasonably distributed into the major soil erosion areas of the Loess Plateau with the summarized formula,thus it is obtained that the mean values of the distribution values of T_2and T_1of various soil erosion areas are 4 876.2 t/(km~2·a)and 4 158.9 t/(km~2·a).Combined with the soil erosion intensity after returning the grain plots to forestry(2000-2009)and the increasing range of the sediment reduction benefit in combination with that of the harnessing period(1970-2009)and the proportion between the distribution values of T_2and T_1of the relevant areas,the tentative values of the soil erosion tolerances of T_2and T_1are drawn out for various soil erosion areas,of which the mean values are 1 200.0 t/(km~2·a)and 900.0 t/(km~2·a)respectively.The study result can provide a scientific basis for the soil loss harnesses of the Loess Plateau and various soil erosion areas concerned.
引文
[1]王万忠,焦菊英.黄土高原水土保持减沙效益预测[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2002.
[2]张胜利,李倬,赵文林,等.黄河中游多沙粗沙区水沙变化原因及其发展趋势[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,1998.
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[4]陈永宗.黄河泥沙来源及侵蚀产沙的时间变化[J].中国水土保持,1988(1):23-29.
[5]申元村,洪清华.黄土高原土壤侵蚀有效防治战略[J].中国水土保持科学,2003,1(2):22-27.
[6]水利部,中国科学院,中国工程院.中国水土流失防治与生态安全:西北黄土高原区卷[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
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[9]陈奇伯,王克勤,齐实,等.半干旱黄土丘陵区坡耕地允许土壤流失量研究[J].水土保持通报,2003,23(4):1-4.
[10]孙立达,孙保平,齐实,等.黄家二岔小流域水土流失规律及其防护体系[M]∥中国科学院资源环境科学局.黄土高原小流域综合治理与发展.北京:科学技术文献出版社,1992:237-290.
[11]刘秉正,吴发启,陈继明.渭北高塬水土流失降低土壤肥力与生产力的研究[M]∥中国科学院资源环境科学局.黄土高原小流域综合治理与发展.北京:科学技术文献出版社,1992:317-325.
[12]唐克丽,周佩华.黄土高原土壤侵蚀研究若干问题的讨论[J].中国科学院西北水土保持研究所集刊,1988(1):1-4.
[13]周智美,姜秋香,王子龙,等.水土资源系统风险评估研究进展[J].水利水电技术,2016,47(12):12-18.
[14]关君蔚.水土保持原理[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1996.
[15]樊振国.保持长期土壤生产力的容许土壤流失量[J].水土保持科技情报,1998(2):39-41.
[16]SCHERTZ D L.The basis for soil loss tolerance[J].Journal of soil and water conservation,1983,38(1):10-14.
[17]张世杰.基于下游河流健康的黄土高原容许土壤流失量[D].陕西:西北农林科技大学,2010.
[18]蔡志恒.黄河流域土壤侵蚀类型区间图[M]∥水利部黄河水利委员会.黄河流域地图集.北京:中国地图出版社,1989:248-249.
[19]王万忠,焦菊英,马丽梅,等.黄土高原不同侵蚀类型区侵蚀产沙强度变化及其治理目标[J].水土保持通报,2012,32(5):1-7.
[20]张世杰,焦菊英.基于下游河流健康的黄土高原容许土壤流失量[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(1):9-15.
[2]张胜利,李倬,赵文林,等.黄河中游多沙粗沙区水沙变化原因及其发展趋势[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,1998.
[3]王万忠,焦菊英,魏艳红,等.近半个世纪以来黄土高原侵蚀产沙的时空分异特征[J].泥沙研究,2015(2):9-16.
[4]陈永宗.黄河泥沙来源及侵蚀产沙的时间变化[J].中国水土保持,1988(1):23-29.
[5]申元村,洪清华.黄土高原土壤侵蚀有效防治战略[J].中国水土保持科学,2003,1(2):22-27.
[6]水利部,中国科学院,中国工程院.中国水土流失防治与生态安全:西北黄土高原区卷[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
[7]中华人民共和国水利部.土壤侵蚀分类分级标准:SL190—2008[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1997.
[8]陆中臣,袁宝印,励强.黄土高原流域环境治理前景[M]∥杨勤业,袁宝印.黄土高原地区的环境及其演变.北京:科学出版社,1991:201-219.
[9]陈奇伯,王克勤,齐实,等.半干旱黄土丘陵区坡耕地允许土壤流失量研究[J].水土保持通报,2003,23(4):1-4.
[10]孙立达,孙保平,齐实,等.黄家二岔小流域水土流失规律及其防护体系[M]∥中国科学院资源环境科学局.黄土高原小流域综合治理与发展.北京:科学技术文献出版社,1992:237-290.
[11]刘秉正,吴发启,陈继明.渭北高塬水土流失降低土壤肥力与生产力的研究[M]∥中国科学院资源环境科学局.黄土高原小流域综合治理与发展.北京:科学技术文献出版社,1992:317-325.
[12]唐克丽,周佩华.黄土高原土壤侵蚀研究若干问题的讨论[J].中国科学院西北水土保持研究所集刊,1988(1):1-4.
[13]周智美,姜秋香,王子龙,等.水土资源系统风险评估研究进展[J].水利水电技术,2016,47(12):12-18.
[14]关君蔚.水土保持原理[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1996.
[15]樊振国.保持长期土壤生产力的容许土壤流失量[J].水土保持科技情报,1998(2):39-41.
[16]SCHERTZ D L.The basis for soil loss tolerance[J].Journal of soil and water conservation,1983,38(1):10-14.
[17]张世杰.基于下游河流健康的黄土高原容许土壤流失量[D].陕西:西北农林科技大学,2010.
[18]蔡志恒.黄河流域土壤侵蚀类型区间图[M]∥水利部黄河水利委员会.黄河流域地图集.北京:中国地图出版社,1989:248-249.
[19]王万忠,焦菊英,马丽梅,等.黄土高原不同侵蚀类型区侵蚀产沙强度变化及其治理目标[J].水土保持通报,2012,32(5):1-7.
[20]张世杰,焦菊英.基于下游河流健康的黄土高原容许土壤流失量[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(1):9-15.