圈养环境下黑帽悬猴行为时间分配和活动节律
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摘要
2017年4月在南京红山森林动物园,采用瞬时扫描取样法观察5只黑帽悬猴(Cebus apella)的行为,分析不同性别、年龄组的日行为时间分配和活动节律。结果表明,圈养黑帽悬猴的主要行为活动为休息(52. 06±1. 03)%、移动(23. 22±0. 58)%、取食(14. 65±0. 69)%、理毛(4. 98±0. 35)%等。雄猴和雌猴的休息、玩耍、乞食和刻板行为所占时间比例差异显著。相比于成年黑帽悬猴,幼猴玩耍的时间更长(χ~2=13. 643,P <0. 05),乞食行为所占时间更多(χ~2=4. 057,P <0. 05)。雄猴取食时间先于雌猴和幼猴,在上午和下午投食后均优先取食。周末游客人数比平日显著增加,雌猴和幼猴乞食行为也显著增多,其波动节律具有一致性。针对圈养黑帽悬猴行为管理提出了一些丰容措施和游客管理建议。
We quantified the behaviors of 5 captive black-capped capuchins( Cebus apella) using instantaneous scan sampling method at Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo in April 2017. The diurnal time budgets and activity rhythms of males,females and juveniles were analyzed. The main activities were resting( 52. 06% ± 1. 03%),moving( 23. 22% ± 0. 58%),feeding( 14. 65% ± 0. 69%) and grooming( 4. 98% ± 0. 35%). The proportions of time spent resting,playing,begging and stereotyped behavior differed by sex. The juveniles spent more time playing( χ~2= 13. 643,P < 0. 05)and begging than did adults( χ~2= 4. 057,P < 0. 05). Male capuchins had priority over females and juveniles when feeding,and ate first after provisioning in the morning and afternoon. The number of visitors significantly increased on weekends and the begging behaviors of female and juveniles also significantly increased,and their begging rhythm was consistent with visitor fluctuation.Based on the behavior management of captive black-capped capuchins we offer recommendations for enrichment methods and visitor management.
We quantified the behaviors of 5 captive black-capped capuchins( Cebus apella) using instantaneous scan sampling method at Nanjing Hongshan Forest Zoo in April 2017. The diurnal time budgets and activity rhythms of males,females and juveniles were analyzed. The main activities were resting( 52. 06% ± 1. 03%),moving( 23. 22% ± 0. 58%),feeding( 14. 65% ± 0. 69%) and grooming( 4. 98% ± 0. 35%). The proportions of time spent resting,playing,begging and stereotyped behavior differed by sex. The juveniles spent more time playing( χ~2= 13. 643,P < 0. 05)and begging than did adults( χ~2= 4. 057,P < 0. 05). Male capuchins had priority over females and juveniles when feeding,and ate first after provisioning in the morning and afternoon. The number of visitors significantly increased on weekends and the begging behaviors of female and juveniles also significantly increased,and their begging rhythm was consistent with visitor fluctuation.Based on the behavior management of captive black-capped capuchins we offer recommendations for enrichment methods and visitor management.
引文
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[16]张鹏.川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)的社群结构和理毛行为的研究[D].西安:西北大学,2003.
[17]IZAWA K.Social behavior of the wild black-capped capuchin(Cebus apella)[J].Primates,1980,21(4):443-467.
[18]袁晓霞,黎大勇,任宝平,等.滇金丝猴0-3岁个体的社会玩耍行为[J].兽类学报,2014,34(2):115-121.
[19]黎大勇,江峡,黄乘明,等.笼养黑叶猴未成年个体的玩耍行为[J].四川动物,2013,32(6):824-829.
[20]杨晓军.婴幼川金丝猴运动行为发育的观察[J].甘肃农业大学学报,1997,32(4):341-344.
[21]MARSH C W.Time budget of Tana River red colobus[J].Folia Primatologica,1981,35(1),30-50.
[22]STRIER K B.Activity budget of woolly spider monkeys,or muriquis(Brachyteles aracnoids)[J].American Journal of Primatology,1987,13(4):385-395.
[2]ADDESSI E,VISALBERGHI E.Social facilitation of eating novel food in tufted capuchin monkeys(Cebus apella):input provided by group members and responses affected in the observer[J].Animal Cognition,2001,4(3/4),297-303.
[3]ALFARO J W L.Male mating strategies and reproductive constraints in a group of wild tufted capuchin monkeys(Cebus apella nigritus)[J].American Journal of Primatology,2005,67(3):313-328.
[4]CAROSI M,LINN G S,VISALBERGHI E.The sexual behavior and breeding system of tufted capuchin monkeys(Cebus apella)[J].Advances in the Study of Behavior,2005,35(3/4):105-149.
[5]WESTERGAARD G C,FRAGASZY D M.Effects of manipulatable objects on the activity of captive capuchin monkeys(Cebus apella)[J].Zoo Biology,1985,4(4):317-327.
[6]POMERANTZ O,TERKEL J,SUOMI S J,et al.Stereotypic head twirls,but not pacing,are related to a‘pessimistic’-like judgment bias among captive tufted capuchins(Cebus apella)[J].Animal Cognition,2012,15(4):689-698.
[7]BOINSKI S,SWING S P,GROSS T S,et al.Environmental enrichment of brown capuchins(Cebus apella):behavioral and plasma and fecal cortisol measures of effectiveness[J].American Journal of Primatology,1999,48(1):49-68.
[8]SHERWEN S L,HARVEY T J,MAGRATH M J L,et al.Effects of visual contact with zoo visitors on black-capped capuchin welfare[J].Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2015,167:65-73.
[9]王璜,丁宁,邵良平,等.地面丰容对黑帽悬猴行为的影响[J].福建畜牧兽医,2018,40(2):8-11;13.
[10]ALTMANN J,MURUTHI P.Differences in daily life between semiprovisioned and wild-feeding baboons[J].American Journal of Primatology,1988,15(3):213-221.
[11]POST D G.Activity patterns of yellow baboons(Papio cynocephlus)in the Amboseli National Park,Kenya[J].Animal Behaviour,1981,29(2):357-374.
[12]JANSON C.Aggresive competition and individual food consumption in wild brown capuchin monkeys(Cebus apella)[J].Behavioral E-cology and Sociobiology,1985,18(2):125-138.
[13]周岐海,黄乘明,李友邦.笼养黑叶猴的相互理毛行为[J].兽类学报,2006,26(3):221-225.
[14]LI Y H,LI D Y,REN B P,et al.Differences in the activity budgets of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys(Rhinopithecus bieti)by age-sex class at Xiangguqing in Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve,China[J].Folia Primatologica,2014,85(6):335-342.
[15]HEMINWAY C A.Time budgets and foraging in a Malagasy primate:do sex differences reflect reproductive condition and female dominance?[J].Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology,1999,45(3/4):311-322.
[16]张鹏.川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)的社群结构和理毛行为的研究[D].西安:西北大学,2003.
[17]IZAWA K.Social behavior of the wild black-capped capuchin(Cebus apella)[J].Primates,1980,21(4):443-467.
[18]袁晓霞,黎大勇,任宝平,等.滇金丝猴0-3岁个体的社会玩耍行为[J].兽类学报,2014,34(2):115-121.
[19]黎大勇,江峡,黄乘明,等.笼养黑叶猴未成年个体的玩耍行为[J].四川动物,2013,32(6):824-829.
[20]杨晓军.婴幼川金丝猴运动行为发育的观察[J].甘肃农业大学学报,1997,32(4):341-344.
[21]MARSH C W.Time budget of Tana River red colobus[J].Folia Primatologica,1981,35(1),30-50.
[22]STRIER K B.Activity budget of woolly spider monkeys,or muriquis(Brachyteles aracnoids)[J].American Journal of Primatology,1987,13(4):385-395.