中国南海北部珠江口盆地早渐新世末破裂不整合特征及其地质意义
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摘要
珠江口盆地破裂不整合(T_7)是南海北部边缘海盆地内一系列重要不整合界面之一,界面上下的物源与沉积环境等都有显著变化,其形成与盆地的动力学演化、海平面变化及油气聚集具有密切的联系。本研究依托地震数据和井资料,对研究区早渐新世末期T_7(32～30 Ma)不整合的分布与结构特征,以及不整合分布进行了描述,对破裂不整合形成机制以及其体现的盆地演化过程进行了探讨。研究表明,研究区T_7界面是具有破裂不整合面的明显特征,大部分断裂在T_7终止活动,或经过T_7界面后断距大幅度减小;而不整合面下伏的恩平组整体呈楔状,地层厚度明显受控于断裂活动。T_7不整合在珠江口盆地范围内的分布划分为3个区带,分别是北部的角度不整合带、局部不整合带和上超带以及整合带,并与强剥蚀带,弱剥蚀带和无剥蚀带相对应。3个区带内的不整合具有不同的结构特点,角度不整合带主要以断块旋转、肩部削蚀为特征,局部不整合和上超带以珠海组上超和局部剥蚀为特征,且局部剥蚀面积与北部角度不整合带相比明显减少,整合带(南部隆起带以南)主要以整合和上超特征为主。这种展布模式说明不整合的分布样式与不同区带的构造作用和古地貌的差异有关。北部角度不整合带主要受控于断裂旋转和抬升作用,而在局部不整合和上超带内,剥蚀由底辟或局部隆起导致,整合带位于当时凹陷中心的水下环境。这样的模式反映破裂不整合面的形成与裂谷期盆地边缘的肩部隆起削蚀有关。
The widespread unconformity(T_7) in the Pearl River Mouth Basin(PRMB),the origin of which is closely related to dynamic basin evolution,eustatic variation and hydrocarbon accumulation,is one of the most important unconformities of the basins located at the northern margin of South China Sea.The provenances and sedimentary environments above and below the interface show significant differences.Based on seismic and logging data,we documented the distribution and structural features of the unconformity in the PRMB during the late Early Oligocene T_7(32～30 Ma),and discussed the mechanism of the unconformity and the basinal evolution features indicated herein.Results show that the T_7 boundary is a stage boundary unconformity with most faulting terminating at T_7 or the fault displacement diminishing markedly across the unconformity,while the underlying Enping Formation formed in the shape of a wedge with its stratum thickness obviously controlled by faulting.The T_7 unconformity can be divided into three zones:the angular unconformity zone,local unconformity and onlap zone,and conformity zone in the north,corresponding to the strong erosion zone,weak erosion zone,and non-erosion zone respectively.The angular unconformity zone is characterized by truncation at the shoulder part due to fault block rotation; the local unconformity and onlap zone shows onlap features and local denudation that is significantly gentle compared with angular unconformity zone; the conformity zone is located on the south of the southern uplift in PRMB and characterized by onlapping at the depression margin and conformity contact in the depression center.The distribution pattern of the stage boundary unconformity in this study area is controlled by tectonism and palaeogeomorphology in different zones of the basin.The angular unconformity zone in the north is mainly controlled by fault rotation and uplifting,but in local unconformity and onlap zone,the erosion is mainly caused by diapir or local uplifts.The conformity zone was located under paleowater level and at the depression center.The pattern indicates that the formation mechanism of the stage boundary unconformity is related to the erosion on shoulder uplift structure at the basin margin at the rifting stage.
The widespread unconformity(T_7) in the Pearl River Mouth Basin(PRMB),the origin of which is closely related to dynamic basin evolution,eustatic variation and hydrocarbon accumulation,is one of the most important unconformities of the basins located at the northern margin of South China Sea.The provenances and sedimentary environments above and below the interface show significant differences.Based on seismic and logging data,we documented the distribution and structural features of the unconformity in the PRMB during the late Early Oligocene T_7(32～30 Ma),and discussed the mechanism of the unconformity and the basinal evolution features indicated herein.Results show that the T_7 boundary is a stage boundary unconformity with most faulting terminating at T_7 or the fault displacement diminishing markedly across the unconformity,while the underlying Enping Formation formed in the shape of a wedge with its stratum thickness obviously controlled by faulting.The T_7 unconformity can be divided into three zones:the angular unconformity zone,local unconformity and onlap zone,and conformity zone in the north,corresponding to the strong erosion zone,weak erosion zone,and non-erosion zone respectively.The angular unconformity zone is characterized by truncation at the shoulder part due to fault block rotation; the local unconformity and onlap zone shows onlap features and local denudation that is significantly gentle compared with angular unconformity zone; the conformity zone is located on the south of the southern uplift in PRMB and characterized by onlapping at the depression margin and conformity contact in the depression center.The distribution pattern of the stage boundary unconformity in this study area is controlled by tectonism and palaeogeomorphology in different zones of the basin.The angular unconformity zone in the north is mainly controlled by fault rotation and uplifting,but in local unconformity and onlap zone,the erosion is mainly caused by diapir or local uplifts.The conformity zone was located under paleowater level and at the depression center.The pattern indicates that the formation mechanism of the stage boundary unconformity is related to the erosion on shoulder uplift structure at the basin margin at the rifting stage.
引文
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[14] 赵保青,于福生,朱筱敏,等.珠江口盆地古近系幕式构造活动与沉积耦合关系——以长昌—鹤山凹陷为例[J].断块油气田,2016,23(3):273-278.Zhao Baoqing,Yu Fusheng,Zhu Xiaomin,et al.Coupling of Paleogene periodic rifting activity and sedimentary characteristics in Pearl River Mouth Basin:taking Changchang-Heshan Sag as an example[J].Fault-Block Oil & Gas Field,2016,23(3):273-278.
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[16] 王思琦,张忠涛,林畅松,等.白云凹陷东南部晚渐新世陆架边缘三角洲沉积特征及沉积地貌演化[J].东北石油大学学报,2017,41(1):33-42.Wang Siqi,Zhang Zhongtao,Lin Changsong,et al.Sedimentary features and sedimentary evolution of the shelf-margin delta in late Oligocene of southeast Baiyun sag[J].Journal of Northeast Petroleum University,2017,41(1):33-42.
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[18] Li Q,Wang P,Zhao Q,et al.A 33 Ma lithostratigraphic record of tectonic and paleoceanographic evolution of the South China Sea[J].Marine Geology,2006,230(3-4):217-235.
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[20] Zhao F,Alves T M,Wu S,et al.Prolonged post-rift magmatism on highly extended crust of divergent continental margins(Baiyun Sag,South China Sea)[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2016,445:79-91.
[21] Lin A T,Watts A B,Hesselbo S P.Cenozoic stratigraphy and subside-nce history of the SouthChina Sea margin in the Taiwan region[J].Basin Research,2003,15(4):453-478.
[22] 曾清波,张功成,赵志刚,等.珠江口盆地深水区珠海组陆架边缘三角洲特征及其意义[J].沉积学报,2015,33(3):595-606.Zeng Qingbo,Zhang Gongcheng,Zhao Zhigang,et al.The shelf-margin delta feature and its significance in Zhuhai Formation of deep-water area,Pearl River Mouth Basin[J].ActaSedimentologica Sinica,2015,33(3),595-606.
[23] Lin C,Yang H,Liu J,et al.Distribution and erosion of the Paleozoic tectonic unconformities in the Tarim Basin,Northwest China:Significance for the evolution of paleo-uplifts and tectonic geography during deformation[J].Journal of Asion Earth Sciences,2012,46:0-19.
[24] Drical N W,Hogg J R,Christie-Blick.N,et al.Extensional tectonics in the Jeanne d’Arc Basin,offshore Newfoundland:implications for the timing of break-up between Grand Banks and Iberia[J].Geologi-cal Society London Special Publications,1995,90(1):1-28.
[25] Kyrkjebo R,Gabrielsen R H,Faleide J I.Unconformities related to the Jurassic-Cretaceous synrift-post-rift transition of the northern North Sea[J].Journal of the Geological Society,2004,161(1):1-17.
[26] 邵磊,李献华,汪品先,等.南海渐新世以来构造演化的沉积记录——ODP 1148站深海沉积物中的证据[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(4):539-544.Shao Lei,Li Xianhua,Wang,Pinxian,et.al.Sedimentary record of the tectonic evolution of the south china sea since the oligocene-evidence from deep sea sediments of odp site 1148[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,2004,19(4):539-544.
[27] 张功成,刘震,米立军,等.珠江口盆地—琼东南盆地深水区古近系沉积演化[J].沉积学报,2009(4):632-641.Zhang Gongcheng,Liu Zhen,MiLinjun,et al.Sedimentary evolution of paleogene series in deep water area of zhujiangkou and qiongdongnan basin[J].Sedimentologica Sinica,2009,27(4),632-641.
[28] Taylor B,Hayes D E.Origin and history of the South China Sea Basin.In:Hayes,D.E.(Ed.),The Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands[J].Geophysical Monograph,1983,23:89-104.
[29] Ru K,Pigott J D.Episodic rifting and subsidence in the South China Sea[J].AAPG,1986,70,1136e1155.
[30] Dong D,Wu S,Zhang G,et al.Rifting process and formation mechanisms of syn-rift stage prolongation in the deepwater basin,northern South China Sea[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2008,53(23):3715-3725.
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