城市道路交叉口颗粒物浓度及行人暴露研究
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摘要
为研究城市道路交叉口内部颗粒物浓度的分布规律以及评估行人暴露水平,探究了6种粒径颗粒物(0.3～0.49、0.5～0.99、1～1.99、2～4.99、5～9.99、>10μm)在交叉口的分布规律,分析研究气象要素(温度、相对湿度、风速和气压)对颗粒物浓度变化的影响,并基于交叉口微环境内的颗粒物浓度对不同人群的颗粒物暴露水平进行了评估。实验结果表明:粒径>5μm的颗粒物冬季高于夏季,<5μm的颗粒物夏季高于冬季,6种颗粒物数量浓度早高峰均高于晚高峰以及工作日均高于非工作日;相邻粒径范围颗粒物间显示出强相关,同时温度和气压对粒径在0.5～0.99μm间的颗粒物影响较大,相对湿度对粒径>5μm的颗粒物影响较大;PM_1、PM_2和PM_(10)这3种颗粒物均在老年人的体内沉积率最高,这表明环境颗粒物对老年弱势群体的危害更大;夏季PM_1、PM_2和PM_(10)的沉积率分别比冬季高出116%、112%和20%,因此相较于粗颗粒物,细颗粒物对人体健康危害更为严重。
In order to study the distribution of particulate matter concentration in urban road intersections and the assessment of pedestrian exposure level, the distribution of six kinds of particles(0.3～0.49 μm, 0.5～0.99 μm, 1～1.99 μm, 2～4.99 μm, 5～9.99 μm, >10 μm) at the intersection and the impact of meteorological factors(temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and pressure) were analyzed. Based on the particulate matter concentration in microenvironment of intersection,the exposure levels in different populations was assessed. The experimental results show that the particle concentration, with size is larger than 5 μm, is higher in winter than in summer,and less than 5 μm are opposite. For all the particulate matter, the concentration is higher in the morning peak than in the evening peak, and higher in the weekday than in the weekend. There was a strong correlation between particles in the adjacent range. For the particle size ranging from 0.5 to 0.99 μm, temperature and pressure have great impact on particulate matter. And for the size with larger than 5 μm, relative humidity is the great impact factor. In contrast, RDD of PM_1, PM_2 and PM_(10) in the aged was the highest, which shows the impact of particulate matter is more harmful to the elderly vulnerable groups. RDD of PM_1, PM_2 and PM_(10) in summer were 116%, 112% and 20% higher than those in winter, respectively. In consequence compared with coarse particulate matter, fine particulate matter is more harmful to human health.
In order to study the distribution of particulate matter concentration in urban road intersections and the assessment of pedestrian exposure level, the distribution of six kinds of particles(0.3～0.49 μm, 0.5～0.99 μm, 1～1.99 μm, 2～4.99 μm, 5～9.99 μm, >10 μm) at the intersection and the impact of meteorological factors(temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and pressure) were analyzed. Based on the particulate matter concentration in microenvironment of intersection,the exposure levels in different populations was assessed. The experimental results show that the particle concentration, with size is larger than 5 μm, is higher in winter than in summer,and less than 5 μm are opposite. For all the particulate matter, the concentration is higher in the morning peak than in the evening peak, and higher in the weekday than in the weekend. There was a strong correlation between particles in the adjacent range. For the particle size ranging from 0.5 to 0.99 μm, temperature and pressure have great impact on particulate matter. And for the size with larger than 5 μm, relative humidity is the great impact factor. In contrast, RDD of PM_1, PM_2 and PM_(10) in the aged was the highest, which shows the impact of particulate matter is more harmful to the elderly vulnerable groups. RDD of PM_1, PM_2 and PM_(10) in summer were 116%, 112% and 20% higher than those in winter, respectively. In consequence compared with coarse particulate matter, fine particulate matter is more harmful to human health.
引文
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[3]王伟.上海市交通污染暴露监测及基于GIS的模拟[D].上海:复旦大学,2014.Wang Wei.Traffic-related Air Pollution Exposure Monitoring and Modeling Based on GIS in Shanghai[D].Shanghai:Fudan University,2014.
[4]2017年上海国民经济和社会发展统计公报[R].上海市统计局,2018.Shanghai Statistical Bulletin on National Economic and Social Development 2017[R].Shanghai Statistics Bureau,2018.
[5]吴娇蓉,周冠宇.上海市居民通勤方式链特征分析与效率评价[J].城市交通,2017,15(2):67-76.Wu Jiaorong,Zhou Guanyu.Efficiency and characteristics of Shanghai residents’commuting trip chains[J].Urban Traffic,2017,15(2):67-76.
[6]Goel A,Kumar P.Characterisation of nanoparticle emissions and exposure at traffic intersections through fast-response mobile and sequential measurements[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,107:374-390.
[7]Zhang Chuanfu,Wen Mou,Zeng Jianrong,et al.Modeling the impact of the viaduct on particles dispersion from vehicle exhaust in street canyons[J].Science in China Series E:Technological Sciences,2012,55(1):48-55.
[8]Qiu Zhaowen,Xu Xiaoqin,Song Jianhua,et al.Pedestrian exposure to traffic PM on different types of urban roads:a case study of Xi’an,China[J].Sustainable Cities&Society,2017,32:475-485.
[9]郭谨一.城市道路环境机动车污染物排放扩散及其对行人影响研究[D].北京:北京交通大学,2009.Guo Jinyi.Analysis of Vehicle Exhausts Emission Dispersion and Influence on the Pedestrian in Urban Street[D].Beijng:Beijing Jiaotong University,2009.
[10]Tittarelli A,Borgini A,Bertoldi M,et al.Estimation of particle mass concentration in ambient air using a particle counter[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(36):8543-8548.
[11]Kumar P,Goel A.Concentration dynamics of coarse and fine particulate matter at and around signalised traffic intersections[J].Environ Sci:Processes Impacts,2016,18(9):1220-1235.
[12]王申博,余飞,燕启社.典型背景区大气颗粒物中元素粒径分布特征[J].环境科学与技术,2017,40(6):133-140.Wang Shenbo,Yu Fei,Yan Qishe.Size distributions of elements in atmospheric particulates of the typical background region[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,40(6):133-140.
[13]于建华,虞统,魏强.北京地区PM10和PM2.5质量浓度的变化特征[J].环境科学研究,2004(1):45-47.Yu Jianhua,Yu Tong,Wei Qiang.Characteristics of mass concentration variations of PM10and PM2.5in Beijing area[J].Research of Environmental Science,2004(1):45-47.
[14]雷瑜,张小玲,唐宜西.北京城区PM2.5及主要污染气体“周末效应”和“假日效应”研究[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(5):1520-1528.Lei Yu,Zhang Xiaoling,Tang Yixi.Holiday effects on PM2.5and other major pollutants in Beijing[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(5):1520-1528.
[15]张文霖.主成分分析在SPSS中的操作应用[J].市场研究,2005(12):31-34.Zang Wenlin.Operational application of principal component analysis in SPSS[J].Market Research,2005(12):31-34.
[16]Sánchez-Soberón F,Mari M,Kumar V,et al.An approach to assess the particulate matter exposure for the population living around a cement plant:modelling indoor air and particle deposition in the respiratory tract[J].Environmental Research,2015,143:10-18.
[17]胡彬,陈瑞,徐建勋.雾霾超细颗粒物的健康效应[J].科学通报,2015,30:2808-2823.Hu Bin,Chen Rui,Xu Jianxun.Health effects of ambient ultrafine(nano)particles in haze[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2015,30:2808-2823.
[18]Qiu Zhaowen,Xu Xiaoqin,Liu Wenyue,et al.Investigation into pedestrian exposure to traffic PM around grade separations:a case study in Xi’an,China[J].Air Quality,Atmosphere&Health,2018.