莱布尼茨的归纳之思和谜题之解
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摘要
莱布尼茨先于休谟提出了归纳合理性议题,但人们往往忽视了他的归纳逻辑思想,将其视为一个纯粹的理性主义者。莱布尼兹对归纳的论述广泛地散布在他的诸多著作和手稿中,在归纳辩护上表现出折中主义倾向。他把归纳合理性限定在偶然的似真领域,而归纳合理性依赖一些形而上学的普遍假说原则,既强调经验归纳对于获取事实真理的必要性,同时又采取了理性主义的辩护路径。莱布尼茨在其归纳辩护中提出了假说-演绎法的雏形:"先验猜想方法",闪耀着现代科学的方法论光辉,在宏大的形而上学体系中给经验探究留有一席之地。
Leibniz advanced the inductive rationality before Hume. However, for various reasons, people often neglected his thought of induction and regarded him as a pure rationalist. This view is unfair. Leibniz's account of induction is widely scattered in many of his books and manuscripts. Leibniz shows a tendency to eclecticism in inductive defenses. He confines his inductive rationality to occasional hesitation. Rationality relies on some metaphysical universal hypothesis principles, which not only emphasize the necessity of empirical induction for obtaining truth, but also take a rationalist defense approach. Leibniz puts forward "the conjectural method a priori" in his induction and defense-the embryonic form of hypothetico-deductive method, shining the light of modern scientific spirit and leaving a place for empirical exploration in the grand metaphysical system.
Leibniz advanced the inductive rationality before Hume. However, for various reasons, people often neglected his thought of induction and regarded him as a pure rationalist. This view is unfair. Leibniz's account of induction is widely scattered in many of his books and manuscripts. Leibniz shows a tendency to eclecticism in inductive defenses. He confines his inductive rationality to occasional hesitation. Rationality relies on some metaphysical universal hypothesis principles, which not only emphasize the necessity of empirical induction for obtaining truth, but also take a rationalist defense approach. Leibniz puts forward "the conjectural method a priori" in his induction and defense-the embryonic form of hypothetico-deductive method, shining the light of modern scientific spirit and leaving a place for empirical exploration in the grand metaphysical system.
引文
[1]Brandon,L.'Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz'.The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy[EB/OL].(2017reversion).https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/leibniz/.2018-08-26.
[2]Gabbay,D.,Hartmann,S.,Woods,J.Handbook of the History of Logic:Inductive Logic[M].Vol.10.Amsterdam:North-Holland,2011,33.
[3]Rescher,N.'The Epistemology of Inductive Reasoning in Leibniz'[A],Rescher,N.(Ed)Leibniz’s Metaphysics of Nature[C],Dordrecht:Reidel Publishing Company,1981,20-28.
[4]莱布尼茨.人类理智新论[M].陈修斋译,北京:商务印书馆,1982,3.
[5]北京大学哲学系外国哲学史教研室编.16-18世纪西欧各国哲学[M].北京:三联书店,1958,280.
[6]Leibniz,G.,Strickland,L.The Shorter Leibniz Texts:ACollection of New Translations[M].London:Continuum,2006,66.
[7]Leibniz,G.,Loemker,L.Philosophical Papers and Letters[M].Dordrecht:Reidel Publishing Company,1969,283-284.
[8]李帅、任晓明.亚里士多德归纳逻辑思想探赜[J].重庆理工大学学报(社会科学版),2016,30(7):6-11.
[9]罗素.对莱布尼茨哲学的批评性解释[M].段德智、陈家琪等译,北京:商务印书馆,2000,356.
[10]马赛罗·达斯卡尔、杨关玲子.理性的天平--论莱布尼兹的两种理性观[J].自然辩证法研究,2006,22(7):97-101.
[2]Gabbay,D.,Hartmann,S.,Woods,J.Handbook of the History of Logic:Inductive Logic[M].Vol.10.Amsterdam:North-Holland,2011,33.
[3]Rescher,N.'The Epistemology of Inductive Reasoning in Leibniz'[A],Rescher,N.(Ed)Leibniz’s Metaphysics of Nature[C],Dordrecht:Reidel Publishing Company,1981,20-28.
[4]莱布尼茨.人类理智新论[M].陈修斋译,北京:商务印书馆,1982,3.
[5]北京大学哲学系外国哲学史教研室编.16-18世纪西欧各国哲学[M].北京:三联书店,1958,280.
[6]Leibniz,G.,Strickland,L.The Shorter Leibniz Texts:ACollection of New Translations[M].London:Continuum,2006,66.
[7]Leibniz,G.,Loemker,L.Philosophical Papers and Letters[M].Dordrecht:Reidel Publishing Company,1969,283-284.
[8]李帅、任晓明.亚里士多德归纳逻辑思想探赜[J].重庆理工大学学报(社会科学版),2016,30(7):6-11.
[9]罗素.对莱布尼茨哲学的批评性解释[M].段德智、陈家琪等译,北京:商务印书馆,2000,356.
[10]马赛罗·达斯卡尔、杨关玲子.理性的天平--论莱布尼兹的两种理性观[J].自然辩证法研究,2006,22(7):97-101.