不同带茎方式烟叶烘烤过程水分迁移特性
|
摘要
【目的】探究烘烤过程中带茎烟叶水分迁移特性,为揭示带茎烘烤烟叶干燥机理提供参考。【方法以"云烟87"上部叶为试验材料,利用质外体染色示踪法、阿贝折射仪法及核磁成像技术,研究烘烤过程不同带茎位置和不同带茎长度条件下烟叶水分的迁移、状态和干燥特性。【结果】主脉木质部导管与茎秆形态学下端木质部导管相连接,带茎烘烤过程中烟叶位于茎秆形态学上端时,有利于茎秆中的自由水经茎秆形态学下端木质部导管进入主脉木质部导管向叶片迁移,进而显著延缓叶片和主脉组织水分散失,随着带茎长度的增加延缓作用更明显。烘烤过程中带茎烟叶主脉木质部导管迁移速率逐渐降低,与鲜烟叶相比,42和54℃主脉水分迁移速率分别减小75%和94%,主脉木质部导管由叶基至叶尖水分迁移速率也呈降低趋势。烟叶位于2cm长的茎秆形态学上端时,烘烤后期主脉部分水分向茎秆迁移,有利于烟叶的干叶和干筋。【结论】带茎烘烤过程中烟叶位于茎秆形态学上端时,随着带茎长度的增加延缓烟叶干燥的作用增强。
【Objective】This study investigated the water migration and drying characteristics of tobacco upper leaves with stalks during curing.【Method】The upper leaves of tobacco variety "Yunyan-87"were used in this study,and the water migration,water status and drying characteristics of tobacco leaves with stalks in different positions and lengths were studied by apoplastic dyeing,Abbe refract meter and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.【Result】The xylem of midrib was connected with the xylem of the morphological underside of stalks.Tobacco leaf attaching at the morphological upside of stalk was beneficial for free water migration from the morphological underside via the xylem of midrib to the lamina during curing.Thus,the dehydration of the lamina and midrib was significantly delayed.The delay effect of water loss was more significant with the increase of stalk length.The water migration rate in xylem vessel of midrib of tobacco leaves with stalks decreased gradually during curing,and it decreased by 75%and 94%at 42℃and54℃compared with fresh tobacco leaves,respectively.The water migration rate in xylem vessel of midrib decreased gradually from leaf base to tip.When tobacco leaves were attached at the morphological upside of2 cm long stalks,the water of midrib migrated to the stalk in the later curing stage,which was helpful for the drying of lamina and midrib.【Conclusion】The delay drying effect of tobacco leaves was significantly enhanced with the increase of stalk length when tobacco leaves were attached at the morphological upside of stalks.
【Objective】This study investigated the water migration and drying characteristics of tobacco upper leaves with stalks during curing.【Method】The upper leaves of tobacco variety "Yunyan-87"were used in this study,and the water migration,water status and drying characteristics of tobacco leaves with stalks in different positions and lengths were studied by apoplastic dyeing,Abbe refract meter and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.【Result】The xylem of midrib was connected with the xylem of the morphological underside of stalks.Tobacco leaf attaching at the morphological upside of stalk was beneficial for free water migration from the morphological underside via the xylem of midrib to the lamina during curing.Thus,the dehydration of the lamina and midrib was significantly delayed.The delay effect of water loss was more significant with the increase of stalk length.The water migration rate in xylem vessel of midrib of tobacco leaves with stalks decreased gradually during curing,and it decreased by 75%and 94%at 42℃and54℃compared with fresh tobacco leaves,respectively.The water migration rate in xylem vessel of midrib decreased gradually from leaf base to tip.When tobacco leaves were attached at the morphological upside of2 cm long stalks,the water of midrib migrated to the stalk in the later curing stage,which was helpful for the drying of lamina and midrib.【Conclusion】The delay drying effect of tobacco leaves was significantly enhanced with the increase of stalk length when tobacco leaves were attached at the morphological upside of stalks.
引文
[1]徐秀红,王爱华,王传义,等.烘烤期间带茎采收的烤烟顶部叶某些生理生化特性变化[J].烟草科技,2006,39(9):51-54.Xu X H,Wang A H,Wang C Y,et al.Change of physiological and biochemical characteristics of flue-cured tobacco tips harvested with stalk during curing[J].Tobacco Science&Technology,2006,39(9):51-54.
[2]王晓宾,孙福山,徐秀红,等.上部烟叶带茎烘烤中主要化学成分变化[J].中国烟草科学,2008,29(6):12-16.Wang X B,Sun F S,Xu X H,et al.Major chemical component changes in upper tobacco leaves with stalk during flue-curing[J].Chinese Tobacco Science,2008,29(6):12-16.
[3]肖波,陈建军,吕永华,等.采收方法对烤烟植株上部叶烘烤特性的影响[J].植物生理学通讯,2008,44(2):221-224.Xiao B,Chen J J,LüY H,et al.Effect of different harvest method on characteristics of upper leaf of flue-cured tobacco[J].Plant Physiology Communications,2008,44(2):221-224.
[4]余金恒,代丽,刘霞,等.采收方式对烤烟上部叶烘烤过程生理特性及品质的影响[J].云南农业大学学报,2009,24(2):210-215.Yu J H,Dai L,Liu X,et al.Effect of the harvesting methods on the physiological characteristics and quality of upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco[J].Journal of Yunan Agricultural University,2009,24(2):210-215.
[5]许自成,黄平俊,苏富强,等.不同采收方式对烤烟上部叶内在品质的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(11):13-17.Xu Z C,Huang P J,Su F Q,et al.Effects of different picking methods on quality of upper leaf in flue-cured tobacco[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2005,33(11):13-17.
[6]代丽,黄永成,童旭华,等.采收方式对烤烟上部叶香味品质的影响[J].华北农学报,2009,24(2):158-163.Dai L,Huang Y C,Tong X H,et al.Effects of different picking methods on flavor quality of upper leaf in flue-cured tobacco[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2009,24(2):158-163.
[7]汪健,杨云高,王松峰,等.烤烟红花大金元上部叶采收方式研究[J].中国烟草科学,2010,31(2):15-19.Wang J,Yang Y G,Wang S F,et al.Harvest method of upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco variety Honghuadajinyuan[J].Chinese Tobacco Science,2010,31(2):15-19.
[8]滕永忠,胡从光,徐建平,等.带茎烘烤的烤烟上部叶的水分散失[J].烟草科技,2007,40(2):53-57.Teng Y Z,Hu C G,Xu J P,et al.Dehydration of upper leaf with stalk during flue-curing[J].Tobacco Science&Technology,2007,40(2):53-57.
[9]徐建平,强继业,藤永忠,等.烤烟上部叶不同烘烤工艺应用32P测定水分运输规律的研究[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(25):11066-11068.Xu J P,Qiang J Y,Teng Y Z,et al.Study of water metabolism of tobacco upper-leaves cured with different method using 32P[J].Journal of Anhui Agri,2008,36(25):11066-11068.
[10]张丽英,许自成,鲜兴明,等.“红花大金元”带茎采烤上部叶色素和水分的动态变化[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2012,40(1):43-48.Zhang L Y,Xu Z C,Xian X M,et al.Dynamic changes of pigment and moisture in the upper leaf under harvesting and curing with stalk about Honghuadajinyuan cultivar[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2012,40(1):43-48.
[11]魏硕,罗定棋,顾勇,等.烤烟上部叶带茎烘烤水分状态及形态变化分析[J].南方农业学报,2017,48(9):1659-1664.Wei S,Luo D Q,Gu Y,et al.Analysis on variation of moisture state and shape of flue-cured tobacco upper leaves with stalk during curing[J].Journal of Southern Agriculture,2017,48(9):1659-1664.
[12]谢兆森,曹红梅,李勃,等.巨峰葡萄果实不同发育期维管束水分运输变化[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(1):111-117.Xie Z S,Cao H M,Li B,et al.Changes of water transportation in berry vascular bundle at different developmental phases of kyohograpeberry[J].Scientia Agricultural Sinica,2012,45(1):111-117.
[13]王艳芳,叶淄,刘昊,等.苹果果实不同发育期维管束结构及水分运输变化[J].植物生理学报,2015,51(9):1414-1418.Wang Y F,Ye Z,Liu H,et al.Changes of vascular bundles structure and water transport of apple fruit in different development period[J].Plant Physiology Journal,2015,51(9):1414-1418.
[14]聂荣邦,唐建文.烟叶烘烤特性研究:Ⅰ.烟叶自由水和束缚水含量与品种及烟叶着生部位和成熟度的关系[J].湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2002,28(4):290-292.Nie R B,Tang J W.Studies on the leaf curing characteristics of flue-cured tobacco:Ⅰ.Relationships between the free water,bound water and the variety,stalk position,maturity[J].Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Natural Science E-dition),2002,28(4):290-292.
[15]李合生.现代植物生理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2012.Li H S.Modern plant physiology[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2012.
[16]宋朝鹏,魏硕,贺帆,等.利用低场核磁共振分析烘烤过程烟叶水分迁移干燥特性[J].中国烟草学报,2017,23(4):50-55.Song Z P,Wei S,He F,et al.Analysis of moisture transfer and drying characteristics in tobacco leaves during flue-curing by low field NMR[J].Acta Tabacaria Sinica,2017,23(4):50-55.
[17]宋朝鹏,李生栋,魏硕,等.低场核磁共振法测定烘烤过程中烟叶水分[J].中国烟草科学,2017,38(3):56-60.Song Z P,Li S D,Wei S,et al.Determination of moisture in tobacco leaves during curing process by low field NMR[J].Chinese Tobacco Science,2017,38(3):56-60.
[18]Domec J C,Scholz F G,Bucci S J,et al.Diurnal and seasonal variation in root xylem embolism in neotropical savanna woody species:impact on stomatal control of plant water status[J].Plant,Cell&Environment,2006,29(1):26-35.
[19]Sperry J S.Hydraulic constraints on plant gas exchange[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2000,104(1):13-23.
[20]李卫芳,张明农,刘萍南.烟叶烘烤过程中叶片组织结构变化的研究[J].安徽农业科学,1999,27(1):73-75.Li W F,Zhang M N,Liu P N.Studies on the variations of leaf tissue structure in flue-curing process of flue-cured tobacco[J].Journal of Anhui Agri,1999,27(1):73-75.
[21]魏硕,徐宸,汪代斌,等.烟叶叶脉水分迁移干燥特性分析[J].南方农业学报,2017,48(7):1286-1290.Wei S,Xu C,Wang D B,et al.Analysis of moisture migration and drying characteristics of flue-cured tobacco veins[J].Journal of Southern Agriculture,2017,48(7):1286-1290.
[22]宫长荣.烟草调制学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2011.Gong C R.Tobacco curing technology[M].Beijing:Chinese Agricultural Press,2011.
[23]宫长荣,周义和,杨焕文.烤烟三段式烘烤导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.Gong C R,Zhou Y H,Yang H W.An introduction to the three stage flue curing of flue cured tobacco[M].Beijing:Science Press,2006.
[2]王晓宾,孙福山,徐秀红,等.上部烟叶带茎烘烤中主要化学成分变化[J].中国烟草科学,2008,29(6):12-16.Wang X B,Sun F S,Xu X H,et al.Major chemical component changes in upper tobacco leaves with stalk during flue-curing[J].Chinese Tobacco Science,2008,29(6):12-16.
[3]肖波,陈建军,吕永华,等.采收方法对烤烟植株上部叶烘烤特性的影响[J].植物生理学通讯,2008,44(2):221-224.Xiao B,Chen J J,LüY H,et al.Effect of different harvest method on characteristics of upper leaf of flue-cured tobacco[J].Plant Physiology Communications,2008,44(2):221-224.
[4]余金恒,代丽,刘霞,等.采收方式对烤烟上部叶烘烤过程生理特性及品质的影响[J].云南农业大学学报,2009,24(2):210-215.Yu J H,Dai L,Liu X,et al.Effect of the harvesting methods on the physiological characteristics and quality of upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco[J].Journal of Yunan Agricultural University,2009,24(2):210-215.
[5]许自成,黄平俊,苏富强,等.不同采收方式对烤烟上部叶内在品质的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(11):13-17.Xu Z C,Huang P J,Su F Q,et al.Effects of different picking methods on quality of upper leaf in flue-cured tobacco[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2005,33(11):13-17.
[6]代丽,黄永成,童旭华,等.采收方式对烤烟上部叶香味品质的影响[J].华北农学报,2009,24(2):158-163.Dai L,Huang Y C,Tong X H,et al.Effects of different picking methods on flavor quality of upper leaf in flue-cured tobacco[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2009,24(2):158-163.
[7]汪健,杨云高,王松峰,等.烤烟红花大金元上部叶采收方式研究[J].中国烟草科学,2010,31(2):15-19.Wang J,Yang Y G,Wang S F,et al.Harvest method of upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco variety Honghuadajinyuan[J].Chinese Tobacco Science,2010,31(2):15-19.
[8]滕永忠,胡从光,徐建平,等.带茎烘烤的烤烟上部叶的水分散失[J].烟草科技,2007,40(2):53-57.Teng Y Z,Hu C G,Xu J P,et al.Dehydration of upper leaf with stalk during flue-curing[J].Tobacco Science&Technology,2007,40(2):53-57.
[9]徐建平,强继业,藤永忠,等.烤烟上部叶不同烘烤工艺应用32P测定水分运输规律的研究[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(25):11066-11068.Xu J P,Qiang J Y,Teng Y Z,et al.Study of water metabolism of tobacco upper-leaves cured with different method using 32P[J].Journal of Anhui Agri,2008,36(25):11066-11068.
[10]张丽英,许自成,鲜兴明,等.“红花大金元”带茎采烤上部叶色素和水分的动态变化[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2012,40(1):43-48.Zhang L Y,Xu Z C,Xian X M,et al.Dynamic changes of pigment and moisture in the upper leaf under harvesting and curing with stalk about Honghuadajinyuan cultivar[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2012,40(1):43-48.
[11]魏硕,罗定棋,顾勇,等.烤烟上部叶带茎烘烤水分状态及形态变化分析[J].南方农业学报,2017,48(9):1659-1664.Wei S,Luo D Q,Gu Y,et al.Analysis on variation of moisture state and shape of flue-cured tobacco upper leaves with stalk during curing[J].Journal of Southern Agriculture,2017,48(9):1659-1664.
[12]谢兆森,曹红梅,李勃,等.巨峰葡萄果实不同发育期维管束水分运输变化[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(1):111-117.Xie Z S,Cao H M,Li B,et al.Changes of water transportation in berry vascular bundle at different developmental phases of kyohograpeberry[J].Scientia Agricultural Sinica,2012,45(1):111-117.
[13]王艳芳,叶淄,刘昊,等.苹果果实不同发育期维管束结构及水分运输变化[J].植物生理学报,2015,51(9):1414-1418.Wang Y F,Ye Z,Liu H,et al.Changes of vascular bundles structure and water transport of apple fruit in different development period[J].Plant Physiology Journal,2015,51(9):1414-1418.
[14]聂荣邦,唐建文.烟叶烘烤特性研究:Ⅰ.烟叶自由水和束缚水含量与品种及烟叶着生部位和成熟度的关系[J].湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2002,28(4):290-292.Nie R B,Tang J W.Studies on the leaf curing characteristics of flue-cured tobacco:Ⅰ.Relationships between the free water,bound water and the variety,stalk position,maturity[J].Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Natural Science E-dition),2002,28(4):290-292.
[15]李合生.现代植物生理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2012.Li H S.Modern plant physiology[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2012.
[16]宋朝鹏,魏硕,贺帆,等.利用低场核磁共振分析烘烤过程烟叶水分迁移干燥特性[J].中国烟草学报,2017,23(4):50-55.Song Z P,Wei S,He F,et al.Analysis of moisture transfer and drying characteristics in tobacco leaves during flue-curing by low field NMR[J].Acta Tabacaria Sinica,2017,23(4):50-55.
[17]宋朝鹏,李生栋,魏硕,等.低场核磁共振法测定烘烤过程中烟叶水分[J].中国烟草科学,2017,38(3):56-60.Song Z P,Li S D,Wei S,et al.Determination of moisture in tobacco leaves during curing process by low field NMR[J].Chinese Tobacco Science,2017,38(3):56-60.
[18]Domec J C,Scholz F G,Bucci S J,et al.Diurnal and seasonal variation in root xylem embolism in neotropical savanna woody species:impact on stomatal control of plant water status[J].Plant,Cell&Environment,2006,29(1):26-35.
[19]Sperry J S.Hydraulic constraints on plant gas exchange[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2000,104(1):13-23.
[20]李卫芳,张明农,刘萍南.烟叶烘烤过程中叶片组织结构变化的研究[J].安徽农业科学,1999,27(1):73-75.Li W F,Zhang M N,Liu P N.Studies on the variations of leaf tissue structure in flue-curing process of flue-cured tobacco[J].Journal of Anhui Agri,1999,27(1):73-75.
[21]魏硕,徐宸,汪代斌,等.烟叶叶脉水分迁移干燥特性分析[J].南方农业学报,2017,48(7):1286-1290.Wei S,Xu C,Wang D B,et al.Analysis of moisture migration and drying characteristics of flue-cured tobacco veins[J].Journal of Southern Agriculture,2017,48(7):1286-1290.
[22]宫长荣.烟草调制学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2011.Gong C R.Tobacco curing technology[M].Beijing:Chinese Agricultural Press,2011.
[23]宫长荣,周义和,杨焕文.烤烟三段式烘烤导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.Gong C R,Zhou Y H,Yang H W.An introduction to the three stage flue curing of flue cured tobacco[M].Beijing:Science Press,2006.